Response of Soil Aggregate Stability to Manure Amendments in the Ultuna Long-Term Soil Organic Matter Experiment

The present paper deals with the long-term effects of bare fallow and organic treatments on soil aggregate stability. Soil samples were collected from plots of the long-term soil organic matter experiment in Ultuna/Sweden, which is already running for 38 years. Soil aggregate stability (SAS) showed a clear response to soil management. SAS increased in following order: bare fa llow < no-N < green manure < peat ≤ farmyard manure. Humus contents of the plots had a significant impact on S AS. Increasing C_org^? contents generally enhanced aggregation. However, the unfavourably high C/N ratio of peat treatments and the resulting small size of microbial biomass led to a distinctly lower positive influence of accumu lated soil organic matter in case of peat additions.     

特定培养条件下土壤有机质分解转化规律的研究

通过室内培养实验,应用δ~(13)C方法研究了玉米秸秆分解期间,土壤固有及新形成有机质的分解转化规律。结果表明:玉米秸秆分解期间,土壤固有及新形成的有机质都逐渐分解,但前者的分解速度较慢。第360 d时,玉米秸秆和土壤固有有机质的残留率分别为30.0％和92.2％;720 d时分别为25.3％和78.8％。培养初期,富里酸的形成速度大于胡敏酸,而后富里酸转化为胡敏酸或相互转化;与新形成有机质相比,固有有机质中胡敏酸、富里酸的转化速度相对较慢。     

Dependence of Soil Organic Matter and Plant Residues Decomposition on Temperature and Moisture in the Long-Term Incubation Experiments

Eurasian Soil Science - Temperature and moisture are the main external factors controlling organic matter decomposition and mineralization in soil. The effect of temperature (8 and 22°C) and...     

长期不同施肥对稻田土壤有机质和全氮的影响

通过对湖南新化、宁乡、株洲、桃江、武岗5个国家级稻田肥力长期定位试验点18年的田间定位试验,研究了不同施肥方式下0-20 cm土层土壤有机质和全N含量的演变规律。结果显示,中量和高量有机肥与化肥配合处理在提高土壤有机质和全N含量方面效果明显优于单施化肥和秸秆还田处理,且随有机肥用量的增加而增加,表明有机肥与化肥配合施用是提高土壤有机质和N素肥力的重要措施。在不同施肥方式下,稻田土壤有机质总体上呈现出上升或者下降的趋势,但在不同的年份会有波动。     

Using Sterols to Detect Pig Slurry Contribution to Soil Organic Matter

Samples of pig slurry, as well as dairy and poultry manures collected in Brittany (western France) were analysed to test the ability of sterol profiles to provide a fingerprint of pig slurry contribution to soil organic matter. The data show that the 5β-stanol, known as coprostanol, is the most abundant sterol present in pig slurry, whereas this compound occurs only in minor amounts in both poultry and dairy manures. Moreover, systematic variations of (campesterol + sitosterol)/cholesterol (i.e., C₂₈₊₂₉/C₂₇) and (coprostanol + epi-coprostanol)/cholesterol (i.e., 5β/C₂₇) ratios allow to discriminate clearly pig slurry from poultry and dairy manures. The robustness of the pig slurry “sterol fingerprint” was tested by analysing the sterol profiles of soil samples from an experimental field that had received a massive pig slurry input between 10 to 14 years ago. The results indicate that the specific sterol profile of pig slurry is conservative once the slurry has been incorporated into the soil. In particular, the diagnostic 5β/C₂₇ ratio proves to be constant with time in soils having received pig slurry application, even 10 years after the end of the application. The “sterol fingerprint” of pig slurry is thus sufficiently distinctive from dairy and poultry manures, and also sufficiently time-resistant, to be of diagnostic value in determining whether a soil sample was once contaminated by pig slurry.     

Effect of Long-Term Soil Management on the Mutual Interaction Among Soil Organic Matter, Microbial Activity and Aggregate Stability in a Vineyard

Vineyard management practices to enhance soil conservation principally focus on increasing carbon (C) input, whereas mitigating impacts of disturbance through reduced tillage has been rarely considered. Furthermore, information is lacking on the effects of soil management practices adopted in the under-vine zone on soil conservation. In this work, we evaluated the long-term effects (22 years) of alley with a sown cover crop and no-tillage (S + NT), alley with a sown cover crop and tillage (S + T), and under-vine zone with no vegetation and tillage (UV) on soil organic matter (SOM), microbial activity, aggregate stability, and their mutual interactions in a California vineyard in USA. Vegetation biomass, microbial biomass and activity, organic C and nitrogen (N) pools, and SOM size fractionation and aggregate stability were analysed. Soil characteristics only partially reflected the differences in vegetation biomass input. Organic C and N pools and microbial biomass/activity in S + NT were higher than those in S + T, while the values in UV were intermediate between the other two treatments. Furthermore, S + NT also exhibited higher particulate organic matter C in soil. No differences were found in POM C between S + T and UV, but the POM fraction in S + T was characterized by fresher material. Aggregate stability was decreased in the order: S + NT > UV > S + T. Tillage, even if shallow and performed infrequently, had a negative effect on organic C and N pools and aggregate stability. Consequently, the combination of a sown cover crop and reduced tillage still limited SOM accumulation and reduced aggregate stability in the surface soil layer of vineyards, suggesting relatively lower resistance of soils to erosion compared to no-till systems.     

Using Organic Matter with Chemical Amendments to Improve Calcareous Sodic Soil

Abstract

Kangping soil in northeast China is a sodic soil characterized by a high pH and excessive sodium. The high pH and excessive sodium in sodic soils generally cause loss of soil structure, reduce hydraulic conductivity (HC), increase soil hardness, and make the soil unproductive land. After we mixed organic matter (rice straw) and chemical amendments (H₂SO₄, CaSO₄, and FeSO₄), a column experiment was conducted to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the soil influenced by the changes in HC, penetrability of soil s`urface, pH, electrical conductivity, CO₃ ^2‐, HCO₃ ^?, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, sodium adsorption rate (SAR), available phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe), and leached P.

Organic matter decreased the concentrations of CO₃ ^2‐, HCO₃ ^?, and Na⁺ in soil solution and increased the total volume of the leachate. Organic matter also reduced the amount of available Fe and increased the available P. However, organic matter did not affect the penetrability of the soil surface as much as soil hardness, HC, and SAR within the short period of this experiment. Among the chemical amendments, H₂SO₄ and FeSO₄ were more effective than CaSO₄ to restore HC, electrical conductivity, Na⁺, and SAR. The chemical amendments, compared with organic matter, significantly leached P from the soil in this study, but the leaching was independent of the concentration of available P in the soil. The CaSO₄ had the strongest effect in increasing leached P from the soil without changing the concentration of available P in the soil. Organic matter with added CaSO₄ leached P from the soil more than all other treatments.     

土壤碳水化合物、氨基酸、木质素特性及其颗粒稳定性研究进展

土壤有机质包含一系列具有不同结构的生物分子,然而这些生物分子对土壤物质循环过程的单独贡献仍不十分清楚。结合国内外最新研究进展,综述了一些土壤重要有机组分(碳水化合物(氨基糖、中性糖)、氨基酸、木质素)的生物化学特性及其在土壤颗粒中的保持机制,从分子水平上探讨了土壤有机质组成特性、来源及其转化特征,旨在为土壤有机质的质量评价、管理、调控和改善提供理论指导。     

A New Index of Organic Matter Stability

A new organic matter stability index (S.I.) has been developed determining the humic acid content in samples of compost, both as they stand and when subjected to treatment with apolar and polar solvents and acid hydrolyses for the purpose of eliminating substances (pseudo-humic substances) that interfere with analytical determination of the same. The index, which registers values between zero and one, easily relates to the degree of stability and maturity of organic matter. Checks on the reliability of the index when applied to 10 different types of organic matrices have confirmed its usefulness for direct measurement of the degree of stability (SI > 0.6) and maturity (SI > 0.8) of organic matter, as well as the effectiveness of the analytical method proposed for determining the humified fraction content in organic matter, as a means of obtaining more realistic values, especially in the case of immature substrates.     

Plant Residues Decomposition and Formation of Active Organic Matter in the Soil of the Incubation Experiments

Eurasian Soil Science - The decomposition and mineralization of various plant residues (oak and aspen leaves, pine needles, small branches and thin roots of trees, aboveground biomass and roots of...     

松辽平原黑土有机质含量的遥感反演研究

通过分析遥感影像中裸露黑土的反射光谱值与土壤有机质含量之间的关系,尝试能否利用航天遥感影像进行研究区的农田土壤有机质含量的定量反演。研究将土壤有机质含量和ASTER遥感影像光谱值进行逐步回归分析,得出二者的指数关系式,并将研究区土壤有机质含量分为5个等级,表明利用遥感影像估测土壤有机质含量是可行的。     

长期定位施肥对土壤有机质和碱解氮及冬小麦产量的影响

22年肥料长期定位试验结果表明,施用有机肥和化肥能够显著改善土壤有机质含量,施用有机肥处理效果比无机肥更为显著。在施用有机肥处理中,高肥处理比低肥处理效果更为显著;在施用无机肥处理中,以NPK配合施用效果更为明显,高氮处理与低氮处理相比,二者差异并不显著。长期定位施肥对碱解氮的影响与有机质基本一致。此外,长期定位施肥对冬小麦产量的影响与有机质和碱解氮吻合。     

土壤活性有机质组分的光谱分析方法及应用

光谱分析方法是利用光谱学的原理和实验方法,来确定所测物质的结构及其化学组成和相对含量的方法。土壤活性有机质(labile organic matter,LOM)是生态系统管理措施早期且快速的敏感指标,对土壤质量的变化研究有重要意义。近年来,土壤LOM的含量变化逐渐成为土壤科学工作者研究的焦点。土壤LOM的组分有物理、化学、生物学和联合分组所分离出来的各种不同组分。土壤LOM组分的数量测定方法具有不确定性和难比较性,而应用光谱特性的质量变化的分析方法可以补充和验证数量变化的规律,由此获得准确、详实的结果。本文对利用现代分子技术进行有机质结构表征的紫外-可见光谱(UV-vis)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)和固态核磁共振碳谱(¹³C-NMR)的光谱分析方法进行了详述,并对这些方法在LOM研究的应用进展进行了概述。提出应针对不同的研究目的,选择适合的光谱分析技术,推荐了每种土壤LOM组分所适用的光谱分析方法,为研究解析土壤LOM的数量和质量变化规律提供了技术参考。     

土壤有机质测定方法述评与展望

有机质是土壤的重要组成部分,是判定土壤质量动态变化的重要标准。为了便于了解当前土壤有机质测定方法的优点和局限性,利于今后有机质研究和测定工具的开发,本文对当前测定有机质的方法,包括干烧法、湿烧法、化学氧化法、灼烧法和土壤有机质光谱测定法进行了阐述,分析了各方法的优缺点以及研究中适宜选择的方法,并对当今农业的需求和测定方法的不足,提出了研究无损、原位测量有机质工具的构想,展望了土壤有机质快速测定方法的发展趋势,以此为精准农业的实施和农业的可持续发展,提供基本的信息及建议。     

Compost Changed Soil Organic Matter Molecular Composition: A Py-GC/MS and Py-FIMS Study

Changes in the molecular composition of soil organic matter (SOM) resulting from compost application are not sufficiently known at the molecular scale even though this is a major issue for soil fertility and soil carbon sequestration. Therefore, the present study investigated effects of long-term compost application in comparison to mineral fertilizer on the molecular composition of SOM in a 34-year-old experiment. Soil samples were taken after 19 and 34 years of constant management and analyzed by Curie point Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Cp Py-GC/MS) and Pyrolysis-Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Py-FIMS). In general, compost application increased the organic carbon (C) content. The Cp PyGC/MS revealed larger relative intensities of alkylphenols/lignin monomers at the expense of carbohydrates in the compost treatments. Py-FIMS indicated higher proportions of labile n-fatty acids, lipids and sterols in the compost than in the mineral fertilizer treatment. Permanent cropping of grass between years 19 and 34 revealed similar signal patterns, which is also maintained after conversion of soil from permanent grass to arable use. Thermograms of volatilization indicated enrichments of stable (compounds volatilized in between 370°C and 570°C) phenols/lignin monomers, lipids and alkylaromatics between years 19 and 34 in compost fertilized soils. This was a result of enhanced losses of compounds that are considered easily metabolized by microorganisms (e.g. carbohydrates) after compost addition as derived from Py-GC/MS and Py-FIMS. In summary, long-term application of mature compost was shown to have a positive, long lasting effect on the organic carbon sequestration in agricultural soils.     

京郊耕地土壤有机质丰缺状况分析

对京郊12个区县的292个耕地质量长期定位监测点的监测数据(2006年)进行详细分析,将耕层土壤有机质含量分为五级(参照北京市耕地土壤养分分等定级标准),4级以下(低有机质水平)耕地土壤占总监测面积的55.3%,北京市耕地耕层土壤有机质平均含量为15.40g kg-1;粮、菜、果及其他四种种植模式下,菜田耕层土壤有机质含量最高,达17.65g kg-1,其次是其他种植田、果园和粮田;作为京郊主要土壤类型的褐土和潮土,其耕层土壤有机质含量差异不大,分别为15.40g kg-1和15.09g kg-1;不同质地的耕层土壤,有机质含量差异较明显,土壤越粘重,有机质含量越高。     

Organic Fertilisation Increases C and N Stocks and Reduces Soil Organic Matter Stability in Mediterranean Vegetable Gardens

Given their organic matter (OM) depletion, agricultural soils can act as carbon (C) sinks if adequate management practices are implemented. OM stabilisation in highly OM‐depleted agricultural soils may depend upon the allocation of OM inputs among particle size fractions that differ in their capacity to stabilise OM. In a set of vegetable garden fields, we determined the magnitude of the differences in soil C and N content between organically and conventionally managed fields and the incorporation of the increased C and N pools to the fine fractions as an indication of the stability of the soil OM accrual. It was carried out in a stockless scenario in which exogenous OM was only used in organically managed fields for the last 20 years (as opposed to conventional management only using mineral fertilisers). Organic fertilisation caused a notable increase in soil organic C and N stocks compared with mineral‐fertilised soils. Such increase remained significant below the plough depth. C and N content increased at all fractions, but the relative contribution of the fine‐silt‐plus‐clay fraction to total C and N decreased at all depths. We concluded that organic management increases soil OM storage, but overall, the stability of the increased OM stocks decreases slightly. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土壤团聚体中有机质研究进展

团聚体和有机质是保持土壤结构和肥力的基础,二者相互作用,不可分割,前者是后者存在的场所,后者是前者存在的胶结物质。在现有资料中,分别以团聚体和有机质为主要研究对象的报道较多,而团聚体中有机质性质的研究较少。本文从土壤有机质物理分组与化学分组相结合的角度,介绍国内外有关土壤团聚体中有机质的数量和特性及其对农业措施的响应方面的研究进展,内容包括团聚体分组、数量和稳定性,团聚体中的有机质的数量、未分组有机质的性质和腐殖物质组分的性质,颗粒分组中的有机质数量和性质,团聚体-密度联合分组中的有机质的数量和性质,不同土地利用方式和长期耕作施肥对团聚体中的有机质的影响等。以期推动不同粒级团聚体和不同HS组分相互作用及其对土壤固碳和肥力贡献研究工作的开展,为探索土壤有机质物理保护与化学保护之间的关系,揭示土壤固碳和培肥机理提供依据。     

Organic Matter Associated with Soil Aggregate Fractions of a Black Soil in Northeast China: Impacts of Land-Use Change and Long-Term Fertilization

Soil organic matter plays a pronounced role in soil aggregation, showing a wide variation depending upon soil-management practices. This study was conducted to characterize organic-matter changes in aggregate fractions in response to land-use change and long-term fertilization. Two experimental sites were established for this study: Site 1 included grassland (GL) and bare land (BL); site 2 comprised three treatments under cropland: no fertilizer application (NF), nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application (NP), and NP amended with organic manure (NPM). There was significantly increased carbon (C) sequestration (P < 0.001) in particulate organic matter (POM) observed under grassland and NPM relative to other plots, especially in large macroaggregates, attributable to lack of disturbance and organic input. The protected coarse and fine POM-C together accounted for 15% on average of soil organic carbon, ranging from 10.1 to 18.6% for all plots. The enhanced correlation occurred between protected POM-C fractions and soil C stocks and soil aggregation (calculated as mean weight diameter, MWD) (P = 0.000) relative to other C fractions, indicating that the increases in POM fractions resulting from long-term vegetation restoration and organic amendment enhance soil aggregation and C sequestration in this black soil. In contrast, the significantly negative relationship between MWD and fine-to-coarse POM-C ratio implied that this ratio might account for the decreased soil aggregation. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that three PCs accounted for 42.6, 25.7, and 11.8%, respectively, and together more than 80% of the total variance. The protected POMs with significantly greater positive PC1 loadings (>0.8), particularly for large macroaggregates, were highly sensitive to changes induced by land use and fertilizer-management practices, leading to the wide variations in soil properties. The interrelation of organic matter with soil aggregation helps us to better understand the mechanisms of C protection and restoration in this black soil in the context of soil degradation and climate change.