浅谈果树秋施基肥

果树生长期内的根系发育,一年中有三次生长高峰,即3、6、9月。从果实采收后到落叶前这段时间,果树正是根系生长的第二或第三次高峰,伤根容易愈合,并可发出新根,这时也是树体积累有机养分的时间,及时施足基肥,可增加树体积累,     

砖槽限根对寒富苹果幼树养分分配及枝类构成的影响

通过不同容积砖槽,研究了限根对寒富苹果幼树养分分配及枝类构成的影响。结果表明:总干物质量随根域空间减小而下降,生长季前期干物质及可溶性糖等养分主要分布于叶片中,落叶期粗根中的分配比例增加。根域空间减小提高了枝干韧皮部的干物质分配及养分的分配比例,而木质部的分配比例降低,使植株生长势减弱,形成短枝比例明显增加,有利于促进果树由营养生长向生殖发育方向转化。     

苹果为什么秋施基肥好

答山东省临朐县读者王西杰9月份果实采收后,根系有一个第3次生长高峰, 这次高峰持续时间较长,直至土温降到7℃根系才停止 生长,而且至0℃才停止吸收,因此秋施基肥不仅断根 当年可以愈合,而且根系供应充足无机盐和水分,有利 落叶前叶片的光合作用,以制造养分用于贮藏,为翌年 发芽、展叶、开花和新梢生长提供足够的营养。具体如 何秋施基肥,请参阅本期51页文.苹果为什么秋施基肥好@宋修振     

如何提高果树贮藏营养水平 兼答甘肃读者林志昌

果树树体的贮藏营养主要是碳水化合物(以淀粉为主)、蛋白质和脂肪等,这些物质贮存于皮层、木质部的薄壁细胞及髓中。树体的贮藏营养对越冬及下一个生长季节的萌芽、开花、抽梢展叶、生根、坐果、果实形成等过程的顺利完成都有显著的影响。因此,致力于提高贮藏营养水平,对果树的优质、高产具有重要的作用。一年中,要提高树体冬季贮藏营养水平应采取以下措施。1保护叶片采果后,马上喷2次200倍倍量式波尔多液,以延长叶片寿命,提高叶片的光合功能,从而达到增加树体营养积累的目的。2根外追肥根外追肥简单易行,用肥量小,发挥作用快,且不受养分分…     

梨树休眠期综合管理

<正>梨树休眠期从落叶后到次年萌芽前,落叶后少量营养物质仍按小枝—大枝—主干—根系这一方向回流,并在根系中累积贮存。开春发芽前养分随树液流动便开始从地下部向地上部流动,其顺序与回流正好相反。与生长期相比,休眠期树体活动比较微弱,地上部枝干贮藏营养相对较少,适于冬剪。这时期应采取如下管理技术:(1)注意及时刮除主干、主枝等骨干枝粗老翘皮,并集中烧毁,消灭在树皮裂缝中越冬的害虫;彻底刮治腐烂病、轮纹病病斑,立即烧毁。冬前应对树体涂白,     

黑穗醋栗幼树^14C同化物运转分配特性研究

在盆栽条件下,利用~(14)C示踪和放射自显影技术研究了黑穗醋栗(Ribes nigrum L.)幼树~(14)C同化物运转分配特性。结果表明:1.在年周期中,新生枝条上不同部位叶片~(14)C同化物具有不同的运转分配特点。上部叶在生长初期,制造的~(14)C同化物几乎全部用于自身建造,到生长后期,输出率超过中部叶和下部叶水平,并且输出的~(14)C同化物60％以上运向根系;下部叶在整个生长期中输出率呈降低趋势,生长前期输出的~(14)C同化物一半以上供应地上部,生长后期输出的~(14)C同化物96％以上运向根系;中部叶片输出率比较稳定,生长前期输出的~(14)C同化物主要运向地上部,而生长后期则主要运向根系。2.枝条和根系是~(14)C营养贮藏器官,根系尤其是细根贮藏~(14)C营养物质的能力最强。     

桃园科学施肥技术

1　施肥时期　施肥时期的关键在于掌握桃树在生长发育过程中的需肥临界期。基肥最好秋施 ,9～ 10月结合土壤深翻施入 ,此时正值桃树根系的第 2次生长高峰 ,新根发根多 ,生长速度快 ,切断的根容易愈合再生 ,促发更多的吸收根 ,利于恢复树势和增加贮备营养 ,而且大部分有机质在土壤中经过充分腐熟 ,可在春季桃树开花、萌芽期吸收利用。追肥时期主要根据物候期和生长结实的需要及时进行营养补充。 1)萌芽前及花后追肥。主要是补充贮藏营养的不足 ,提高坐果率和新梢生长 ,以尿素为主。 2 )硬核期追肥。核硬化开始时施入 ,供应胚的发育与核硬化 ,…     

萌芽前苹果枝条对~(15)N─尿素的吸收和分配利用

1988—1989年在田间条件下,研究了早春萌芽前苹果枝条对~(15) N─尿素的吸收及萌芽后的运转特性,结果表明,1.萌芽前苹果枝条对~(15)N—尿素具有一定的吸收能力。2.随着萌芽、展叶、枝条吸收的~(15)N逐渐转移到新生器官中去,具贮藏营养特点。3.萌芽前根外追N,可改善叶片的质量(如叶绿素含量,比叶重和叶面积)。     

不同施肥期沾化冬枣对15N的吸收、分配及利用特性

 盆栽条件下利用¹⁵N示踪技术, 研究不同时期施15N - 尿素, 对沾化冬枣¹⁵N的吸收利用及分配特性的影响。结果表明: 生长季前期(萌芽前和花前) 施用¹⁵N - 尿素, 经根系吸收后, ¹⁵N优先分配到贮藏器官(包括主干、多年生枝和粗根) 中, 然后外运用于树体新生器官(包括枣吊及其叶片、新生营养枝、细根及果实) 的形成, 果实采收后¹⁵N开始向贮藏器官回流; 果实硬核期¹⁵N直接用于树体营养生长和生殖生长, 而不是先贮藏再利用; 果实速长期¹⁵N优先向贮藏器官中积累; 萌芽前施¹⁵N在树体内的运转规律符合落叶果树贮藏N营养分配规律, 优先转运到生长中心。随着施肥期的后延, 植株对¹⁵N - 尿素的当季利用率逐渐下降。     

地表覆盖对陇东旱塬苹果根系生长与越冬前后树体贮藏营养的影响

【目的】探明陇东旱塬区不同覆盖措施(覆膜、覆草)对苹果园根系生长分布及树体不同器官中贮藏营养分配动态的影响。【方法】以14 a生苹果树为试材,采用土壤剖面分层取样法,对不同径级根系进行空间形态分布调查,测定根系、不同枝类越冬期间贮藏营养的分配比例及动态。【结果】覆草处理可提高根系数量,扩展根系分布范围至距干0~150 cm内的0~100 cm深土层中;覆膜处理细根总量与水平分布范围较对照有所减小。贮藏营养分别主要贮藏在细根、1 a生枝与粗根中,并以淀粉含量的提高效果最为显著。【结论】覆草可有效增大根系分布范围,提高不同枝条与根系中贮藏营养含量,是陇东旱塬区苹果园较为适宜的地表覆盖方式。     

秋季叶施尿素及乙烯利对枣树贮藏氮素的影响

枣树(Zizyphus jujuba Mill.)秋季叶施尿素、乙烯利及尿素十乙烯利均可促进叶片及落性枝的氮素向树体回流,增加树体贮藏氮素水平,尤以尿素 200ppm乙烯利的效果最佳;尿素及乙烯利处理均增加了次年枣吊长度、平均单果重及枣果还原糖含量;尿素处理还显著增加了叶片及新梢含氮量,座果数,但降低了枣果蔗糖含量。枣树秋冬季地上部与根系具有同等重要的贮藏氮素作用;蛋白态氮是主要贮藏形态,为非蛋白态氮的2—3倍。     

The Production and Maintenance of Virus-Free Raspberry Plants

Summary

Stubbed rhizomes of Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. were kept at room temperature with good ventilation during their dormant period and then were randomly sampled at different stages of dormancy, i.e. stage 1 (beginning of dormancy), stage 2 (middle of dormancy) and stage 3 (late in dormancy with the buds sprouting). Fresh and dry weights, water content, nitrogencontent and starch and total soluble sugar content decreased in the stubbed rhizome and storage roots during dormancy. Therhizome was the principal organ for N storage and the storage roots were the major organ for carbohydrate storage. Argin ne and glutamic acid were the predominant free amino acids in the rhizome and storage roots, respectively. Free abscisic acid in the rhizome increased from stage 1 to 2 and then decreased by stage 3, while the concentration in storage roots decreased continuously until buds sprouted.     

苹果新根生理生化特性研究

以盆栽３年生新红星／怀来海棠（Ｍａｌｕｓｍｉｃｒｏｍａｌｕｓ）为试材，研究了生长根和吸收根的还原能力、碳氮物质代谢、吲哚乙酸氧化酶（ＩＯＤ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的周年动态变化。结果表明，两类新根均于春、夏、秋形成３次吸收高峰，但还原能力的高峰只于夏秋季出现，其中夏季高峰最大；淀粉、糖、蛋白质含量及ＩＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性随新梢旺长而降低，随新梢缓慢或停止生长而积累，氨基酸含量、ＳＯＤ活性相反；吸收根的吸收能力、淀粉、糖、蛋白质含量、ＰＯＤ、ＩＯＤ活性均显著高于生长根，但吸收根中氨基酸含量、ＳＯＤ活性却小于生长根，因而两类新根的代谢特点和功能不同，其发生数量和比例影响树势和植株的生长发育     

枣树几种修剪方法的对比研究

试验比较了盛果期灰枣树对不同修剪方法的反应。结果表明,枣树连年修剪,根的数量、冠幅、干周均大于(牙刂)枣处理树。萌发枣头的数量、质量和抽生有效枣拐的数量等也表现出相似的结果。修剪树有效枣股数多于(牙刂)枣树,差异显著;百果鲜重较(牙刂)枣处理多40.1g,单株产量提高15.3%。叶片总糖和全氮测定结果:修剪处理在6月下旬含量较高,此时正值枣吊、枣头生长,花芽分化,开花和幼果发育的关键时期,这对树体的生长发育和产量提高都起到良好的作用;其次,修剪与环切结合的效果优于修剪+(牙刂)枣,但次于修剪处理。     

Influence of shoot age on floral development and early fruit set in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass

Floral bud development, early fruit set, bud size, leaf nitrogen and shoot starch content were recorded in spring, summer and autumn shoots of ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Floral initiation occurred in late autumn, but only in buds on terminal shoots (the last-formed shoot module on a terminal or axillary growth axis). In branching systems with three growth flushes, more flowers were produced and more fruit set on autumn and summer, than on spring flush terminal shoots. Floral development and leaf nitrogen accumulation occurred later in autumn than in summer shoots, but leaf numbers, dry and fresh weights, starch content of wood, mean floral status at anthesis and anthesis date were similar. The results suggest that nitrogen and starch were present in excess during floral development, and that shoot age did not influence the ability of a shoot to flower and set fruit, provided the shoot had sufficient vigour to produce new shoot growth in spring.     

Phenological cycling of non-astringent persimmon in subtropical Australia

SUMMARY

The phenological cycle was established for ‘Fuyu’, the most important non-astringent persimmon cultivar grown in subtropical Australia. The chosen environment was different from that in more traditional production regions such as Japan in that it received only 350 effective chill units. Seasonal changes in growth patterns of fruits, shoots and roots and variations in starch and nutrients levels were evaluated. Termination of endodormancy occurred about 40 d in advance of vegetative budbreak. Trees produced a single vegetative growth flush in late spring and two root flushes in mid-late summer. Fruit exhibited a normal sigmoidal growth pattern. Starch reserves were greatest in the roots followed by the trunk and shoots. Reserves dropped to their lowest levels during budbreak and reached their peak at leaf fall. Leaf analysis showed that N, P and K concentrations decreased through the season, while Ca and Mg increased. These studies provide a basis for the correct timing of key management practices such as fertilizing, thinning and irrigation.     

Studies in the Development of the Strawberry: II. Stolon Production by First-Year Plants in 1952

Studies were carried out on the assumption that incompatibility and dwarfness of budded citrus trees result from impaired carbohydrate movement through the bud union. During autumn and winter, carbohydrates move from the tree tops to the roots and accumulate there as starch. The starch level can therefore serve as a measure of this movement.

This study included seven rootstock varieties all budded with Shamouti orange scion. Unbudded rootstocks were included for purposes of comparison.

The starch level was determined in the winter at three locations along the trunk, below and above the bud union.

No clear indication was found of impaired carbohydrate movement through the bud union of stock-scion combinations showing very low growth vigour.

The starch level in bark and wood in the rootstock portion of trunks of budded trees was found to be negatively correlated with tree size. This indicates that the level of starch in the trunk results from the growth vigour of the tree and is not a factor which affects it.

No relation was found between starch level in the scion and tree size. Based on these findings the conclusion was reached that incompatibility and low growth vigour in citrus do not seem to result from impaired carbohydrate movement through the trunk and starvation of the roots.     

果梅对秋施15N-硫铵的吸收与利用

 以细叶青梅/ 桃砧为试材, 研究了秋施¹⁵N-硫铵条件下氮的吸收、分配、贮藏和利用。休眠期果梅各器官均有贮氮能力,¹⁵N浓度根系大于多年生枝。秋施氮肥后, 冬季花中¹⁵N浓度显著高于同期其它器官; 春季果仁> 新梢> 果核> 果肉, 说明此期果仁争夺氮素营养的能力最强。新梢停长后, 当年生枝和叶中¹⁵N浓度显著下降, 而多年生器官在4～6 月均有所上升, 而6～9 月又都大幅度下降, 表明此期为多年生器官加粗和新根大量生长之际; 当年生枝¹⁵N浓度虽有所下降, 但始终高于同期多年生器官, 表明贮氮对当年生枝的花芽分化有持续作用。秋季落叶后, 衰老器官中回撤的氮素营养就近运输, 就近贮藏。次年春, 局部贮藏的氮素营养仍能重新为建造新生器官所使用。所以果梅体内氮素营养有随生长中心转移而转移, 且可较长时期重复利用的特性。     

‘糯米糍’荔枝碳素营养储备动态与坐果的关系

 以10～12年生的‘糯米糍’荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn. ) 为材料, 研究了高产树(60～65 kg·株^{- 1} ) 和低产树(5～10 kg·株^{- 1} ) 不同部位(叶片、各级枝条和主干) 碳素营养储备(淀粉) 的差异及季节动态; 分析了不同果实发育阶段树体碳素营养水平与坐果率的关系。结果表明, 果实成熟时高产树各部位的淀粉含量均低于低产树, 而可溶性糖含量高于低产树。果实采收后, 低产树早于高产树抽发新梢。入冬季前(11月底前) , 低产树和高产树分别抽发了3次和2次秋梢。7～11月秋梢生长发育期间, 高产树和低产树均无显著淀粉积累, 11月中旬以后枝梢生长停滞期间, 各部位, 尤其是4 cm直径以内的枝条大量积累淀粉, 在花穗发育前达到高峰。之后, 随花穗发育、开花及坐果而持续降低。高产树和低产树各部位淀粉高峰并无明显差异, 表明坐果量对树体碳素营养储备的累积并无明显的长期影响。叶片、主枝和主干积累的淀粉含量较低, 总体相对稳定; 而4 cm直径以下的枝梢淀粉含量变化剧烈, 说明这些枝梢是更为活跃的碳素储备库。本研究还表明, 坐果早期(花后3周内) 枝条(2 cm直径) 的淀粉含量与该枝条上最终坐果率呈显著正相关, 而果实发育中期(花后8周) 枝条淀粉含量与坐果率无关, 说明早期果实发 育一定程度依赖树体碳素营养储备, 而中后期果实发育几乎不依赖树体储备。     

水分胁迫下苹果实生苗茉莉酸的积累及其与水分的关系

 用气相色谱法测定苹果抗旱种新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii (Ledb) Roem. ]和较不抗旱种平邑甜茶[M. hupehensis (Pamp) Rehd.]根系、叶片和木质部汁液茉莉酸(jasmonic acid , JA) 对快速和缓慢水分胁迫的反应。结果表明, 两个种对水分胁迫反应灵敏。水分胁迫下两个种叶片气孔阻力与根系、木质部汁液中JA 含量呈显著对数相关关系, 而与叶片中JA 含量相关不显著。