地理信息系统在野生动物生境选择研究中的应用

生境选择研究是野生动物研究中的一个重要内容,地理信息系统(GIS)技术的产生为野生动物生境选择研究提供了广阔空间.笔者简要介绍了GIS的主要功能和数据管理方式,对GIS在野生动物生境选择研究中的主要应用进行了综述,并对其发展趋势做了预测.     

野生动物营养生态学研究中的血液生理生化指标及其意义

野生动物营养生态学因对动物种群健康、环境适应性及生境的间接评价等方面的深层次影响,逐渐被国内外研究者所关注。野生动物血液生理、生化指标相对稳定,与机体的生理或病理变化相关性极高;同时,作为野生动物营养生态学研究重点的食物模式、食物选择、营养需要等在血液生理、生化指标上均有所反映;因此,血液生理、生化指标被应用于营养生态学的研究中。文章综述了营养健康研究中常用的血液生理、生化指标,以期为今后对野生动物进行营养生态学研究提供参考。     

生境变化的种群效应：一种定量评价方法

野生动物的生境可能会在时间和空间上发生变化。在某一地区,各种生境所占比例的变化,可能引起该地区野生动物对整个生境适宜性的改变。因此,需要一个预测野生动物对生境变化所产生反应的生境关系模型(Verner et al, 1986)。本文根据野生动物短期的生境利用和野生动物管理中收集到的有关资料,提出了一种预测生境变化对野生动物影响的方法。生态学上关于生境选择理论是以种群密度大小表示生境质量好坏为前提的。故根据生境利用以及有关资料,便能直接地预测生境变化的结果。一、理论基础 Fretwell等人提出了局部资源的动物生境选择(包括行为、种群和生境)应满足下列6个假设: 1、动物自由地往返于喜爱生境之中。 2、动物喜欢选择的生境是具有最佳地区资源可利用性的生境。     

圈养野生动物营养研究进展

动物营养学是一门阐明营养物质摄入与生命活动之间关系的科学。目前,动物营养学在家畜家禽养殖研究上较为深入,而在圈养野生动物中只在近几十年才取得一些成果。本文主要在野生动物营养研究方法、野生动物营养评价方法和圈养野生动物营养需求三个方面进行阐述,并结合家畜家禽的研究进展进行综述。很多野生动物营养研究是基于家畜家禽的研究,但野生动物又有别于家畜家禽,因此圈养野生动物营养的科学与均衡应该是野生动物饲养工作中的最主要问题。     

微孔草种群空间格局及特征的研究

微孔草是由种子到种子的有性繁殖植物，在繁殖生长过程中常因生境差异，气候变化、繁殖和社群反应呈现了成群星散或成族生长的空间格局，种群个体呈随机分布，并因生境的改变或物种竞争面改变分布区或在分布区中随着着时间的变化而使处群扩大或缩小。微孔草生长地的单位空间容纳量中包括了各种标兵民环境间的相作作用，从而使微孔单受到种内和种间密度制约而使种各的数量发生变化。     

天然林保护与野生动物的相互关系之初步探讨

天然林资源有重要的生态效益,也是众多野生动物的生境。天然林保护与野生动物既相互促进又相互制约。不同的天然林保护方案对野生动物的影响不同,而野生动物对天然林保护有生态方面的作用和管理上的指导意义。天然林保护方案的制定要考虑野生动物的生境需求。     

野生动物保护与利用关系的思考

针对公众对野生动物保护和利用关系所持的不同看法,提出对种群中超过环境容纳量的老、弱、病、残个体进行适当的利用;修改《野生动物保护法》和国家的相关规定:加强对查获野生动物产品的管理;加大对犯罪分子的惩处,从而达到既保护野生动物,又能合理利用野生动物及其产品的目的。     

微孔草种群空间格局及特征的研究

微孔草是由种子到种子的有性繁殖植物,在繁殖生长过程中常因生境差异、气候变化、繁殖和社群反应呈现出成群星散或成簇生长的空间格局,种群的个体呈随机分布,并因生境的改变或物种竞争而改变分布区或在分布区中随着时间的变化而使种群扩大或缩小.微孔草生长地的单位空间容纳量中包括了各种植物与环境间的相互作用,从而使微孔草受到种内和种间密度制约而使种群的数量发生变化.     

试论土地的开发利用与野生动物生境保护

野生动物是一种宝贵的自然资源，与人类生存和社会发展有着十分密切的关系。然而，随着人类活动不断深入到自然领域，对自然资源的开发力度不断加大。许多野生动物的生境遭到不同程度的破坏使得其种群数量呈下降趋势，有的甚至面临灭绝的危险。其中，土地的不合理开发和利用是野生动物生境遭到破坏的主要原因之一。 土地的开发利用对 野生动物生境的影响 随春现代科学技术的不断发展，人类对土地的开发力度不断憎大，然而由于土地开发的不科学和过于盲目，人们过度追求眼前的经济效益，结果破坏了野生动物的生境，造成了大量野生动物濒危和…     

应用分配通道提高动物园场地利用率

动物园有限的面积与园中野生动物对环境条件的需求之间往往存在巨大的差距。应用分配通道提高动物园场地利用率可以缓解这一矛盾,并最终有利于提高动物福利。分配通道的应用可以划分为4个阶段,其发展趋势是将动物园中的所有展区联结成网络,从而使每种动物的生活和展示空间逐步接近动物生态领地模型,使动物园中有限的场地条件能够满足圈养野生动物的环境需求。     

Density and carrying capacity in the forgotten tigerland: Tigers in the understudied Nepalese Churia

While there are numerous wildlife ecology studies in lowland areas of Nepal, there are no in‐depth studies of the hilly Churia habitat even though it comprises 7642 km² of potential wildlife habitat across the Terai Arc. We investigated tiger, leopard and prey densities across this understudied habitat. Our camera trapping survey covered 536 km² of Churia and surrounding areas within Chitwan National Park (CNP). We used 161 trapping locations and accumulated 2097 trap‐nights in a 60‐day survey period during the winter season of 2010–2011. In addition, we walked 136 km over 81 different line transects using distance sampling to estimate prey density. We photographed 31 individual tigers, 28 individual leopards and 25 other mammalian species. Spatial capture–recapture methods resulted in lower density estimates for tigers, ranging from 2.3 to 2.9 tigers per 100 km², than for leopards, which ranged from 3.3 to 5.1 leopards per 100 km². In addition, leopard densities were higher in the core of the Churia compared to surrounding areas. We estimated 62.7 prey animals per 100 km² with forest ungulate prey (sambar, chital, barking deer and wild pig), accounting for 47% of the total. Based on prey availability, Churia habitat within CNP could potentially support 5.86 tigers per 100 km² but our density estimates were lower, perhaps indicating that the tiger population is below carrying capacity. Our results demonstrate that Churia habitat should not be ignored in conservation initiatives, but rather management efforts should focus on reducing human disturbance to support higher predator numbers.     

试述草原地区可持续发展的生态承载力评价体系

简要地介绍了承载力及生态承载力的概念及由来,以及利用承载力衡量可持续发展的理论与方法.分别论述了生态承载力的自然植被净第一性生产力估测方法、资源与需求的差量方法、生态承载力综合评价方法及状态空间法的度量方法.依据草原生态系统特性构建了草原区域生态承载力指标体系,探讨了生态承载力在草原区域可持续发展评价中的应用前景.     

Effects of Plant Secondary Compounds on Nutritional Carrying Capacity Estimates of a Browsing Ungulate

Carrying capacity estimates based on digestible protein (DP) and energy (DE) are useful in comparing effects of land management practices or the ability of different vegetation communities to support herbivores. Plant secondary compounds that negatively affect forage quality would be expected to change nutritionally based estimates of carrying capacity. We evaluated the effect of plant secondary compounds on nutritionally based carrying capacity estimates of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman) in Tamaulipan thorn scrub of northern Mexico. Forage biomass, nutrient concentration, and tannin concentration (protein-precipitating capacity) were measured for 23 forage items during spring and summer in three replicate pastures. Nitrogen in phenolic amines was estimated for the two principal woody browse species in deer diets and was assumed to be unavailable for amino acid synthesis. Carrying capacity estimates were calculated based on three dietary concentrations of DP and DE. Nutritional carrying capacity estimates that accounted for antinutritional compounds were reduced 50 ± 6%, 28 ± 8%, and 0 ± 0% (mean ± SE) for diets of high, medium, and low DE concentration, respectively, compared to estimates from models that ignored the effects of these compounds. Accounting for effects of plant secondary compounds reduced DP-derived carrying capacity estimates 4 ± 3%, 47 ± 9%, and 9 ± 8% for diets with high, medium, and low concentrations of DP, respectively. High variation in percent reduction in carrying capacity estimates occurred because of site and seasonal variation in plant species composition and biomass, making application of a single correction factor to account for plant secondary compound effects on carrying capacity infeasible. Protein-precipitating capacity of tannins accounted for > 98% of the reductions in carrying capacity estimates based on DP. Our results clearly demonstrate the need to consider effects of tannins on ungulate carrying capacity estimates based on DP and DE. Estimates can be further refined by accounting for nonprotein nitrogen and other antinutritional compounds in all forage items.     

Evaluation of fetal growth and estimation of fetal age based on skeletal growth in Hokkaido sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis Heude, 1884)

We investigated fetal development and the estimation of fetal age of 127 Hokkaido sika deer fetuses, categorizing them into three groups according to the nutritional condition of populations. The order and time of the appearance of ossification centers were clarified, and fetal age was determined based on bone length and the appearance of ossification centers. Then we observed the differences in fetal growth among three populations, and discussed the effect of poor nutrition on the fetal growth. The results suggest that fetal diaphysial length of the femur was affected very little by nutritional conditions, whereas conception dates were delayed and fetal weight was restricted as the nutritional condition became poorer. Although it is impossible to know the exact accurate fetal age in wild populations, it was possible to create a standard to estimate fetal age more precisely by the method described in this study. Both the bone length and the appearance of ossification centers are reliable indices to estimate fetal age precisely in measurements available from fetuses of unknown age, and can be applied to estimate the fetal age of other populations of sika deer, whereas estimation of fetal age based on weight is prone to great errors.     

草地生态系统载畜量与合理放牧率研究方法进展

草地载畜量和合理放牧率历来是草地生态系统的研究热点.然而,多年来的研究成果却未能有效解决实现草地可持续发展的管理和技术问题,由此可见,现有的载畜量和放牧率研究体系尚存在一定的缺陷.近年来围绕草地载畜量和合理放牧率的准确评定,各国学者进行了大量研究,涌现出许多新的理论和方法.越来越多的研究开始关注经济因素在放牧草地生态系统中的作用,并将载畜量划分为生态和经济载畜量两类,而且对合理放牧率也有了更进一步的认识.通过对现有载畜量和放牧率研究方法的总结,指出了其中可能存在的缺陷,认为草地载畜量不应仅以生态载畜量为标准,而在确定放牧率时应将农户行为和宏观经济背景纳入考虑范围;在放牧草地生态系统研究中应与生态经济学的理论方法相结合;将大面积草地化整为零,以放牧小区为单位有利于提高载畜量和放牧率评估的精确性.     

桃红岭国家级自然保护区梅花鹿种群现状

梅花鹿南方亚种被IUCN濒危物种红皮书列为濒危级,仅分布于安徽南部、江西东北部和浙江西北部,分布区域日益萎缩,分布区之间隔离程度较大。江西桃红岭是该亚种分布区之一,为保护该亚种,1981年成立桃红岭自然保护区,2001年升级为国家级自然保护区。为了解桃红岭野生梅花鹿现生种群数量,评估保护区过去30 a的保护成效,我们于2011年秋季采用直接计数的广义样线法开展梅花鹿种群调查。调查结果表明,保护区内梅花鹿数量为365只,密度为2.92只/km~2,近年来梅花鹿种群增长较慢。经过30 a的保护,该保护区自然植被正在演替恢复。然而,当地的顶级植物群落可能并不是梅花鹿的适宜生境。因此,近年来,梅花鹿向保护区外扩散趋势明显,由此带来的各种管理问题值得关注。     

Browsing preference and ecological carrying capacity of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor brookei) on secondary vegetation in forest plantation

The browsing preference and ecological carrying capacity (ECC) of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor brookei) in acacia plantations for management and conservation of the ecosystem were investigated at Sabal Forest Reserve in Sarawak, Malaysia. The identification of the species browsed by the sambar deer was based on an observation of the plant parts consumed. ECC estimation was based on body weight (BW) and the physiological stages of animals browsed in six fenced 4‐ha paddocks. Sambar deer were found foraging on only 29 out of 42 species of secondary vegetation in the acacia plantation. The remaining species are too high for the deer to reach. Planted species, Shorea macrophylla are not palatable to the deer. This augurs well for the integration of sambar deer into shorea plantations. The most frequently exploited plants were Ficus spp. Sambar deer preferred woody species more than non‐woody species and they are browser animals. By producing metabolizable energy of 19 000 to 27 000 MJ/ha, the ECC was five head/ha to 5.25 head/ha. Given its contribution to the conservation of wildlife and its capacity to sustain the ecosystem, the sambar deer integrated farming system offers a promising strategy for the future of tropical forestry management.     

Interspecific association of sika deer in terrestrial animal communities of Liancheng National Nature Reserve,China

The prevention and control of invasive of alien species is an important work for nature reserves. This study analyzes the development trend of the alien species sika deer in Liancheng National Nature Reserve. From October 2019 to June 2020, 3523 valid photos and videos of terrestrial animals were acquired from 130 camera traps, and sika deer were recorded in 21 photos from 13 traps. The survival of the sika deer population was investigated by means of morphological identification, population structure analysis, species relative abundance indices, and species spatial association analysis. A total of 13 sika deer individuals were identified by camera trapping, including two kids and three subadults representing the reproductive capacity of the population. Spatially, sika deer is not associated with any local species and was outside the spatial association network of terrestrial animals in Liancheng National Nature Reserve, indicating that the sika deer population has not been integrated into the local community and has failed to perform its ecological function. It is worth noting that the reserve provides habitat suitable for sika deer and that the population has adequate reproductive capacity. Due to the lack of large apex predators in the reserve, the population size of ungulates such as sika deer, red deer, and Siberian roe deer may expand and lead to population outbreaks and the associated problems for the ecosystem. To restore large- and medium-sized carnivores and avoid the population outbreak of the species, the present challenges require immediate attention in Liancheng National Nature Reserve.     

草地生态承载力研究进展及展望

从承载力的起源、演化与发展着手，重点阐述了国内外关于生态承载力的研究进展；论述了目前常用的生态承载力评价方法，包括自然植被净第一性生产力估测法、资源与需求的差量法、综合评价法、状态空间法、生态足迹法等，并对各种评价方法进行了比较评述；指出今后生态承载力研究的发展方向：加强生态承载力基础理论的研究，加强学科交叉融合，应用先进科学技术手段获取数据，实现资源共享。     

Evaluation of historical factors influencing the occurrence and distribution of Mycobacterium bovis infection among wildlife in Michigan

OBJECTIVES: To determine historical events leading to establishment of bovine tuberculosis in the white-tailed deer population in the northeastern corner of the lower peninsula (NELP) of Michigan and describe factors relevant to the present outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in Michigan. SAMPLE POPULATION: Cattle and white-tailed deer in Michigan from 1920 to 1990. PROCEDURES: A search of extant historical documents (eg, scientific journals, books, public reports, and correspondence and internal reports from governmental agencies) was conducted. Factors investigated included the number of cattle and prevalence of tuberculosis, deer population and density levels, and changes in regional environments affecting the population and management of cattle and wild deer. RESULTS: High deer numbers and severe winter feed shortages resulting from habitat destruction in the NELP in 1930 contributed to the transmission of tuberculosis from cattle to deer. Starvation increased the susceptibility of deer to infection and modified behavior such that exposure to infected cattle was increased. Relocation of deer resulted in spread of infection to other sites, including locations at which spatial clusters of tuberculosis presently exist. Ribotyping of Mycobacterium bovis from a human patient suggests that the strain of M. bovis presently infecting white-tailed deer in the region is the same strain that affected cattle farms at that time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Feeding deer to maintain numbers above the normal carrying capacity of the NELP led to deer depending on consumption of livestock feed for survival during winter and increased contact with domestic cattle. This practice should be avoided.