东海三个海鞘优势种的油脂成分分析

不饱和脂肪酸尤其是ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸是对人类健康具有重要意义的一类成分。海鞘是一类典型的海洋污损生物,对东海3个海鞘优势种皱瘤海鞘、乳突皮海鞘和长纹海鞘的油脂类成分进行相对含量分析比较,发现乳突皮海鞘油脂中含有EPA一种ω-3 PUFA,含量为5.20%;长纹海鞘油脂中含有EPA一种ω-3PUFA和二十碳四烯酸一种ω-6 PUFA,含量分别为12.7%和3.17%;皱瘤海鞘油脂中含有EPA、DHA两种ω-3 PUFAs,含量分别为10.9%和5.74%,以及亚油酸和二十碳四烯酸两种ω-6 PUFAs,含量分别为11.6%和5.94%。与磷虾油文献数据相比较,皱瘤海鞘油脂总体质量与磷虾油相近,显示了ω-3/ω-6 PUFAs较为均衡的特点。表明皱瘤海鞘的多不饱和脂肪酸具有较好的开发利用前景。     

星座短腹海鞘脂溶性成分的提取工艺

以星座短腹海鞘(Aplidium constellatum)为研究对象,采用正交试验法对其脂溶性成分的提取工艺进行优化。以提取率和类胡萝卜素含量为指标评定工艺的优劣,并通过气相色谱对提取物中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)进行相对含量分析。结果表明,采用料液比1∶1.5(W/V)、提取时间8 min、溶剂(正丁醇/乙酸乙酯)配比1∶2(V/V)工艺条件最佳。正交试验提取物的总不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量达63.40%~65.00%,其中EPA和DHA总量在15.20%~16.30%。综合2个指标,正交试验法优化星座短腹海鞘脂溶性成分的提取工艺是可行的;利用该提取方法获得的星座短腹海鞘脂溶性提取物中,EPA和DHA两种ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量较高,具有很好的开发前景。     

海鞘油脂的提取及其氧化稳定性研究

分别用乙酸乙酯和超临界CO2提取海鞘中的油脂,并对它们的氧化稳定性进行研究。结果表明,超临界CO2提取的海鞘油脂纯度高,EPA和DHA含量均高于溶剂法提取的油脂,而且具有更好的氧化稳定性,40℃氧化诱导期可达13．9h(柄海鞘)和15．9h(玻璃海鞘)。在其中加入抗氧化成分,发现丹参和荔枝草的乙酸乙酯提取物对海鞘油脂具有很好的抗氧化活性,加入0．04％乙酸乙酯提取物,可使海鞘油脂的氧化稳定性提高8～10倍,而且这些抗氧化成分对溶剂法提取的油脂的抗氧化活性更高。     

从鲢鱼中提取高不饱和脂肪酸的研究

ω-3高不饱和脂肪酸在营养学和医学上具有重要的药用价值,特别是二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic acd,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic acid,DHA).在我国主要淡水鱼中,鲢鱼体内脂肪含量较高,特别在内脏中,脂肪含量高达20%,是提供油脂的良好来源,并且鱼油中高不饱和脂肪酸如EPA、DHA含量也较高.因此在鲢鱼油中提取EPA和DHA具有很高的开发应用价值.     

半滑舌鳎不同家系肌肉中脂肪酸含量的分析

为了研究半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)不同家系肌肉中脂肪酸的组成与含量,并选育出高营养品系的半滑舌鳎家系,用气相色谱法对同一养殖环境中的半滑舌鳎15个不同家系(164个样本)肌肉中的脂肪酸的组成和含量进行了检测和比较分析,同时对高EPA、DHA、EPA+DHA含量的家系进行筛选,并研究了半滑舌鳎性别与EPA、DHA含量的关系。结果表明:(1)15个家系肌肉中脂肪酸种类没有区别,但脂肪酸的组成和含量存在若干差异。其特征均为多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)饱和脂肪酸(SFA)单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)。PUFA以ω-3系脂肪酸为主,且ω-3系脂肪酸与ω-6系脂肪酸比值达到4.16~5.03,其中的2种重要ω-3系脂肪酸EPA和DHA在15个家系中均具有显著性差异,且DHA含量远大于EPA含量;筛选出了3个高EPA、DHA、EPA+DHA含量家系,分别为F13012、F13023及F13031。(2)EPA的含量与半滑舌鳎性别不具有显著性相关关系。本研究对于选育半滑舌鳎优良品种家系具有重要意义。     

柄海鞘——具有广阔加工前景的资源

本文从食用性和药用性两个方面探讨了柄海鞘（Styela clava）资源的加工价值,并且提出了柄海鞘加工为食品、保健品及药品的思路。食用方面：柄海鞘体内的蛋白质含量丰富;氨基酸种类齐全且组成比例很好,牛黄酸含量很高;多不饱和脂肪酸,包括EPA和DHA的含量较高;矿物质元素尤其是人体必需的微量元素含量很高,食用性强,可开发加工为各种调味料及保健产品。药用方面：柄海鞘体内含有抗菌效果明显的三种抗菌肽Clavanins,Styelins,Clavaspirins,以及其他可用于治疗各种疾病的生理活性物质,而且柄海鞘被囊的粗提物就具有很好的抑瘤效果,药效强,因此将柄海鞘用于开发研制各种药物将会有很好的市场前景。     

锦江河大眼鳜和斑鳜肌肉中脂肪酸组成的比较

采用气相色谱法测定了贵州锦江河特有鱼类国家级水产种质资源保护区大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri)和斑鳜(S.scherzeri)肌肉的脂肪酸组成。结果显示:大眼鳜肌肉含有24种脂肪酸,斑鳜肌肉含有20种脂肪酸。大眼鳜肌肉中饱和脂肪酸占36.402%,单不饱和脂肪酸占37.160%,多不饱和脂肪酸占26.438%;斑鳜肌肉中饱和脂肪酸占35.263%,单不饱和脂肪酸占30.747%,多不饱和脂肪酸占33.990%。从脂肪酸的组成特征来看,大眼鳜肌肉中必需脂肪酸占9.780%,反式脂肪酸含量为0.210%,ω-6/ω-3比值为0.634,EPA和DHA含量占8.700%;斑鳜肌肉中必需脂肪酸占10.115%,未检出反式脂肪酸,ω-6/ω-3比值为0.676,EPA和DHA含量占12.329%。结果表明,斑鳜肌肉脂肪酸营养价值较大眼鳜更好。     

七种甲壳类水产品脂肪酸组成的分析研究

水产动物食品中富含ω—3型多稀酸,其中尤其是C_(20:5)(EPA)和C_(22:6)(DHA)对人体有特殊保健功能。本文对七种常见的甲壳类水产品进行脂肪酸组成分析,它们是中国对虾、日本沼虾、安氏白虾、克氏原螫虾、葛氏长臂虾、中华绒螯蟹和三寺疣梭子蟹。测定主要采用黄志斌、李淡秋(1990)的“快速制备脂肪酸甲酯用于气相色谱分析”一文所提供的方法。结果显示,被测样品中不饱和脂肪酸含量高于饱和脂肪酸,而不饱和脂肪酸中多烯酸含量高达60%,且以长碳链(C_(20)、C_(22))ω—3型为特征,表明甲壳类水产品体脂中EPA和DHA含量甚高,超过淡水鱼的一倍,但略逊于海水鱼。值得注意的是,甲壳类水产品中EPA的含量高于DHA的含量,这与鱼类中的情况正好相反。     

企鹅珍珠贝和马氏珠母贝软体部脂肪酸组成

对企鹅珍珠贝和马氏珠母贝软体部脂肪进行了提取和测定。结果表明,企鹅珍珠贝和马氏珠母贝软体部脂肪含量分别为8.3%和9.6%。企鹅珍珠贝脂肪酸中DHA EPA的总含量为39.71%,比马氏珠母贝脂肪酸中DHA EPA的总含量(30.86%)高。2种珍珠贝软体部脂肪酸均具有重要的开发利用价值。     

真海鞘壳化学成分分离及其浸膏抑制人肝癌细胞HepG2活性的研究

采用硅胶柱色谱及薄层制备色谱等手段从真海鞘(Halocynthia roretzi Drasche)壳中分离纯化出了3种化合物。对所获得的化合物经过理化性质、波谱分析和文献对照的方法进行了结构鉴定。同时,采用CCK-8方法对75%EtOH浸提所获得的真海鞘壳浸膏进行了抑制人肝癌细胞HepG2生长测试。结果表明,从真海鞘壳中分离得到3种化合物分别为:Diethyl 24-[(Z)-3-methy-1-hexenyl]-heptatetracontanedioate(化合物1)、胆甾醇(化合物2)和6-(2,,3,-Dihydroxy-4,-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-1,-yl)cyclopentadiene[c]pyrrole-1,3-diol(化合物3)。体外测试表明,75%EtOH浸提所获得的真海鞘壳浸膏具有显著抑制人肝癌细胞HepG2生长的活性,可作为潜在的抗肿瘤药物进行进一步研究。     

Lipid Oxidation and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Retention in Salmon and Mackerel Nuggets During Frozen Storage

The extent of lipid oxidation and retention of omega (ω)-3 fatty acids in milk protein concentrate (MPC)-added mackerel and salmon mince and nuggets during 4-months frozen storage were investigated in order to develop high ω-3 seafood products. Mechanically deboned fish mince formulated with MPC and other ingredients was formed into batter-breaded nuggets with or without par-frying. The addition of MPC at 4% resulted in significantly lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values and helped retain significantly (p < 0.05) higher amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in both salmon and mackerel mince and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the mackerel mince. There were no significant differences in peroxide values (PV) and TBARS values between nugget products with and without par-frying. EPA and DHA were retained less in par-fried than raw nuggets probably due to oil leaching and thermal degradation during frying. The reductions of EPA and DHA in salmon were 67% and 53% for raw and 57% and 39% for par-fried nuggets, while in mackerel they were 63% and 73% for raw and 57% and 56% for par-fried nuggets, respectively. Results suggest that although MPC provided some protection against lipid oxidation, additional measures are needed to improve retention of ω-3 fatty acids in mince-based seafood products during frozen storage.     

Effects of dietary <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-3 fatty acids on Toll-like receptor activation in primary leucocytes from Atlantic salmon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo salar</Emphasis>)

The shortage of the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the international markets has led to increasing substitution of fish oil by plant oils in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) feed and thereby reducing the EPA and DHA content in salmon. However, the minimum required levels of these fatty acids in fish diets for securing fish health are unknown. Fish were fed with 0, 1 or 2% EPA or DHA alone or in combination of both over a period, growing from 50 to 400 g. Primary head kidney leucocytes were isolated and stimulated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to determine if EPA and DHA deficiency can affect expression of important immune genes and eicosanoid production. Several genes related to viral immune response did not vary between groups. However, there was a tendency that the high-level EPA and DHA groups expressed lower levels of IL-1β in non-stimulated leucocytes. These leucocytes were also more responsive to the TLR ligands, inducing higher expression levels of IL-1β and Mx1 after stimulation. The levels of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 in serum and media from stimulated leucocytes were lower in both low and high EPA and DHA groups. In conclusion, leucocytes from low EPA and DHA groups seemed to be less responsive towards immunostimulants, like TLR ligands, indicating that low levels or absence of dietary EPA and DHA may have immunosuppressive effects.     

Administration of two oils rich in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to rat pups of dams fed a diet high in fat and low in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) with 20 or 22 carbons are considered important to the development of infants and sometimes added to infant formulae. In this study, two characteristic sources of n-3 LCPUFA (fish oil and microalgal oil) were orally administrated to rat pups of mildly n-3 PUFA — deficient dams to compare the consequences of the administration. The milk from the dams fed a n-3 PUFA — restricted diet contained less n-3 LCPUFA than that of the dams fed a control diet. Pups were administered 1 mg/g weight of the test oil at the age of 5–7 days. At the age of 7 days, they were sacrificed before or after the administration and fatty acid compositions of the stomach and serum lipid were studied. The administration changed docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n−3) levels in the stomach contents and serum lipids with time. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n−3) levels increased immediately after the administration of fish oil. The administration of microalgal oil also affected the serum lipid EPA level, in spite of a lack of EPA. In this study, both oils effectively supplemented DHA. Fish oil returned the serum EPA level close to the control value while microalgae oil had little effect.     

Optimizing the essential fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, in the diet of the prawn, Penaeus monodon

The dietary requirements of Penaeus monodon for eicosapentaenoic (20:5n‐3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n‐3; DHA) acids were examined. These requirements were examined when dietary levels of linoleic (18:2n‐6; LOA) and linolenic acids (18:3n‐3; LNA) were also provided at previously established optimal levels of 14 and 21% respectively of the total lipid fatty acids. A 5 × 5 factorial design was used with incremental amounts (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% of total fatty acids) of EPA and/or DHA. An additional diet containing cod‐liver oil was provided as a reference diet. The total lipid content of all of the 25 treatments and reference diets was maintained at the same level of 75 g kg^?1. Growth of prawns fed with the reference diet after 50 days was 244 ± 21%. The greatest response to singular additions of EPA or DHA was with a 12% inclusion of either fatty acid, resulting in 287 ± 21 and 293 ± 18% weight gain, respectively. Growth was generally better when combinations of EPA and DHA were used, the optimal combination being EPA 4% and DHA 4%, resulting in 335 ± 25% weight gain. Addition of high levels of either of the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in the diet had a negative effect on growth. Digestibilities of the total neutral lipid and specific fatty acids were examined during the growth trials. The digestibility of total neutral lipid was usually higher when either or both HUFA were present, however there were few significant differences between treatments that contained either or both HUFA. Following the growth trials, digestive glands (DG) of prawns fed with the various diets were analysed to determine the total lipid content and fatty acid composition. Total lipid in the digestive gland increased with the inclusion of DHA, but was not significantly affected by the addition of EPA. The fatty acid composition of the digestive gland lipid generally reflected that of the diet. However, the maximum retention of EPA (11.1% of total DG fatty acids) and DHA (10.7% of total DG fatty acids), was not directly proportional to the amount of either fatty acid present in the diet. These results demonstrate that both EPA and DHA have considerable growth promoting capacity. This growth promoting capacity is enhanced when an optimal balance of both fatty acids are incorporated into the diet.     

HUFA content and DHA/EPA improvements of Artemia sp. with commercial oils during different enrichment periods

Several commercial oils of plant and animal origin were tested in order to improve the HUFA content and the DHA:EPA ratio of Artemia sp. metanauplii. The relationship between the n-3 and n-6 fatty acid series, and more recently, the DHA:EPA ratio seem to be indicators for better survival and growth of marine fish larvae. The tested plant oils were derived from linseed, peanut and sunflower, and the animal oils came from squid, sardine, cod liver and Selco emulsion. For each oil emulsion tested, four different enrichment periods (9, 24, 33 and 48 h) were evaluated in the same Artemia sp. strain (Artemia EG from Artemia Systems Inc., Baasrode, Belgium). The results show that oil emulsions of plant origin give very poor results in relation to either HUFA content or DHA:EPA ratio. All the oil emulsions from animal origin resulted in HUFA incorporation. Sardine oil was the poorest and squid oil the best. The HUFA content and the DHA:EPA ratio increased with enrichment periods up to 33 h, followed by a negligible variation up to the final 48 h.     

锯缘青蟹幼体饵料的营养强化

用酵母、水球藻、鱼油强化和豆油强化四种不同方式培养轮虫，再分别投喂锯缘青蟹幼体，分析测定轮虫和体的生化组成，结果显示，（1）不同方式培养的轮虫之间以及摄食这些轮虫的锯缘青蟹幼体之间的蛋白质含量都没有显著差异；（2）轮虫的脂类含量和脂肪酸组成与培养方式密切相关，小球藻轮虫的脂类含量最高，20：5n-3(EPA)占总脂肪酸的比例也最高 ，为18.05%，鱼油轮虫则含有最多的22：6n-3(DHA)，占总脂肪酸3.16%，脂类含量仅次于小球藻轮虫；（3）锯缘青蟹幼体的脂类含量和脂肪酸组成受相应饵料营养成分的影响。另外，幼体培育实验也发现，饵料营养成分影响幼体的存活率，结果表明，提高轮虫的EPA和DHA含量，尤其晨DHA含量，将有利于锯缘青蟹幼体的存活和发育。     

Effect of Alpha-Linolenic Acid Sources in Diets for Nile Tilapia on Fatty Acid Composition of Fish Fillet Using Principal Component Analysis

This study evaluated the effect of feed supplementation with chia and canola oils as a substitute for soybean oil on the composition of Nile tilapia muscle tissue using chemometrics. Diets were supplemented with 2.1% of each oil and were provided to fish for 15 and 30 days. Compared to soybean oil, supplementation with canola and chia oils significantly increased (P < 0.05) the contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) in Nile tilapia fillet. At 30 days, DHA content increased 97% in Nile tilapia fed chia oil and 91% in treatment with canola oil. The highest EPA content correlated to treatment with chia oil (7.33 mg 100 g^?1). The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) precursors, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, were observed to increase according to treatment type and feed supplementation duration. The principal component analysis resulted in a two-principal-component model that described 92.07% of the total data variance. Also, it highlighted that the replacement of soybean oil with canola and chia oils in Nile tilapia diets contributed to increasing the n-3 LC-PUFA concentration in Nile tilapia fillets, improving its nutritional value.