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1.
B.C. Brüler F.S. Jojima G. Dittrich A.T. Giannico M.G. Sousa 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(4):254-266
Objectives
To investigate QT instability in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and to determine if this is associated with arrhythmogenesis.Animals
One hundred sixty-seven MMVD dogs that met the study criteria were included.Methods
Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic data were gathered. Fifty consecutive QT intervals were recorded for each dog. Both heart rate–corrected and uncorrected QT intervals were used to calculate average QT (QTa), QT variance (QTv), total instability (TI), short-term instability (STI), and long-term instability (LTI). Sensitivity and specificity of QTa, QTv, TI, STI, and LTI in identifying arrhythmias and cardiac remodeling were calculated. Patient follow-ups were obtained for analyses of disease progression and survival.Results
An increase related to progression was documented for all the studied indices. QTa and STI best identified dilated hearts and arrhythmias, respectively. Dogs with QTa >272 ms and STI >8 ms were 15% more likely to develop ventricular arrhythmias (likelihood ratios of 2.31 [P = 0.0008] and 2.09 [P = 0.0049], respectively). A QTa >258 ms discriminated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine stage B1 from stages B2/C disease with a sensitivity of 63% and specificity of 61%. Dogs in American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine stage C of MMVD have higher STI and 3.34 times increased risk of developing arrhythmias when values more than 8 ms are reached. All indices except LTI and QTv showed prognostic value, with increases relating to all-cause mortality.Conclusion
Analyses of QT intervals demonstrated changes in STI, LTI, and TI. Increased QT prolongation and instability are significantly related to mortality and may be useful in determining prognosis of MMVD patients. 相似文献2.
Carlos Ros Carme Soler Alejandra García de Carellán Mateo 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1085-1090
Objective
To compare the effects of general anaesthesia using sevoflurane or alfaxalone on the brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) test in adult healthy cats.Study design
Prospective, clinical, ‘blinded’, crossover study.Animals
Ten feral adult healthy cats.Methods
Premedication consisted of dexmedetomidine (0.01 mg kg–1) intramuscularly (IM). The first general anaesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane (treatment S) for physical examination, BAER test, complete blood tests, thoracic radiographs and abdominal ultrasound. The second general anaesthesia was induced with alfaxalone (treatment A) IM (2 mg kg–1) and maintained with alfaxalone (10 mg kg–1 hour–1) for the BAER test, followed by neutering surgery.The BAER recordings were compared for differences in latencies, amplitudes and waveform morphology. Data were analysed using Student's t test and Wilcoxon rank test for paired samples for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.Results
General anaesthesia was uneventful; normal BAER comprising five peaks could be identified in both treatments. Mean ± SD latencies were 1.05 ± 0.09, 1.83 ± 0.11, 2.52 ± 0.19, 3.43 ± 0.17 and 4.39 ± 0.15 ms and 1.03 ± 0.04, 1.81 ± 0.73, 2.53 ± 0.15, 3.37 ± 0.13 and 4.33 ± 0.13 ms in treatments S and A, respectively. Median (interquartile range) amplitudes were 2.83 (0.67), 1.27 (0.41), 0.30 (0.40), 1.05 (0.82), 0.61 (0.38) microvolts and 2.84 (1.21), 1.49 (1.18), 0.26 (0.32), 0.91 (0.50) and 0.92 (0.64) microvolts in treatments S and A, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in mean latencies or median amplitudes between both the anaesthetics.Conclusions and clinical relevance
This study demonstrates that there were no statistically significant differences between both the anaesthetics on the BAER test in adult healthy cats. Moreover, two possible anaesthetic protocols are described for cats undergoing this electrodiagnostic test. 相似文献3.
Matheus R. Ribeiro Carolina B. de Carvalho Ricardo H.Z. Pereira Gabriel M. Nicácio Rejane B. Brinholi Renata N. Cassu 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1236-1244
Objective
To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA) as an adjuvant for postoperative pain management in cats.Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical study.Animals
Twenty cats aged (mean ± standard deviation) 25 ± 9 months and weighing 2.7 ± 0.6 kg undergoing ovariohysterectomy.Methods
The cats were sedated with intramuscular (IM) ketamine (5 mg kg?1), midazolam (0.5 mg kg?1) and tramadol (2 mg kg?1). The cats were randomly distributed before induction of anesthesia into two groups of 10 cats each: group YNSA, in which bilateral basic D points were stimulated with a dry needle from 20 minutes prior to anesthetic induction to the end of the surgery; group Control, in which no acupuncture was applied. Postoperative analgesia was assessed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 hours postextubation using an Interactive Visual Analog Scale and Universidade Estadual Paulista-Botucatu Multidimensional Composite Pain Scale (UNESP-Botucatu MCPS). Rescue analgesia was provided with IM tramadol (2 mg kg?1), and the pain scores were reassessed 30 minutes after rescue intervention. If the analgesia remained insufficient, meloxicam (0.2 mg kg?1 as a single dose) was administered IM. Data were analyzed using Student t-test, Fisher exact test, Mann–Whitney U test and Friedman test (p < 0.05).Results
Significantly lower pain scores were observed in YNSA when compared with Control at 1–4 hours based on the UNESP-Botucatu MCPS scores. Although significant differences were not identified between groups requiring rescue analgesia, additional postoperative analgesia was administered to four of 10 cats in Control and no cats in YNSA.Conclusion and clinical relevance
Perioperative YNSA resulted in decreased pain scores and a reduction in postoperative requirement for rescue analgesia in cats. This method should be considered a viable option as an adjuvant analgesic therapy for cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. 相似文献4.
Ilaria Spalla Jessie Rosie Payne Kieran Borgeat Virginia Luis Fuentes David John Connolly 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(3):154-164
Introduction
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has a variable prognosis; left atrial size, presence of clinical signs and left ventricular systolic function have been shown to predict outcomes. Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) assess longitudinal ventricular systolic function and are decreased in cats with HCM. The aim of the study was to ascertain whether MAPSE and TAPSE have prognostic value in HCM and if cats with pleural effusion have lower MAPSE and TAPSE than cats with pulmonary oedema.Animals
One hundred eighty-four client-owned cats diagnosed with HCM.Methods
This is a retrospective study. Echocardiography was used to diagnose HCM (end-diastolic left ventricular wall thickness ≥ 6 mm) and to measure MAPSE and TAPSE. Survival information was obtained.Results
No multivariable model including MAPSE or TAPSE could be generated in this population. Cats with pleural effusion ± pulmonary oedema had lower MAPSE measured at the interventricular septum (MAPSE IVS) and TAPSE, compared with cats with pulmonary oedema only. MAPSE IVS was the only factor predicting pleural effusion on multivariable regression model.Conclusions
Lower MAPSE and TAPSE were not independently associated with outcomes on multivariable analysis. Cats with pleural effusion ± pulmonary oedema had lower TAPSE and MAPSE IVS than cats with pulmonary oedema, and MAPSE IVS was the only predictive factor associated with the development of pleural effusion in this population. 相似文献5.
Alice R. Bird David J. Bird Matthew W. McMillan 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(1):55-63
Objectives
To determine the endotracheal tube cuff pressure produced with two inflation techniques, in two brands of endotracheal tube in cats. To determine the inspiratory pressure which produces an audible leak when the intracuff pressure is 30 cmH2O.Study design
Prospective, clinical, randomized study.Animals
A total of 40 client-owned healthy adult cats.Methods
Following induction of anaesthesia, endotracheal intubation was performed with a Parker Flex-Tip PFLP (Parker; n = 20) or Flexicare VentiSeal (Flexicare; n = 20) endotracheal tube. For each cat, the endotracheal tube cuff was inflated using two methods, minimum occlusive volume (MOV) and pilot balloon palpation (PBP). Intracuff pressure was recorded. Cuff pressure was then set at 30 cmH2O and the pressure within the breathing system when a manual breath first caused an audible leak was measured.Results
PBP pressure was lower for Parker (36 ± 13 cmH2O) compared with Flexicare (45 ± 13 cmH2O, p = 0.048). MOV pressure was not different between tube types (56 ± 28 versus 66 ± 25 cmH2O for Parker and Flexicare, respectively, p = 0.247). MOV produced a higher pressure than PBP for Parker (56 ± 28 versus 36 ± 13 cmH2O, p = 0.001) and Flexicare (66 ± 25 versus 45 ± 13 cmH2O, p = 0.007). When intracuff pressure was set at 30 cmH2O, 95% of cats did not develop an audible leak until the inspiratory pressure was greater than 10 and 12 cmH2O for Parker and Flexicare tubes, respectively.Conclusions
PBP produced lower cuff pressures than MOV, although both techniques produced a cuff pressure above that at which mucosal blood flow is believed to be restricted. A cuff pressure of 30 cmH2O may be sufficient to prevent audible leak in most cats if respiratory pressures are kept at 10–12 cmH2O or below.Clinical relevance
To ensure a safe endotracheal tube cuff pressure, use of a specifically designed pressure gauge is recommended. 相似文献6.
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Elisabetta Giudice Chiara Crinò Francesco Macrì Simona Di Pietro 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):782-787
Objective
To evaluate the effect of limited fluid volume resuscitation (LFVR) administration in cats with severe shock that was unresponsive to initial conventional resuscitation (CR) with isotonic crystalloids.Study design
Clinical pilot study.Animals
Ten client-owned cats with non-cardiogenic shock, unresponsive to CR.Methods
After an initial ineffective CR with isotonic crystalloids (15–20 mL kg?1 in 15 minutes), LFVR was started. The animals were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: hypertonic saline alone (group HTS) or HTS and hydroxyethyl starch (HES) (group HTS/HES). A first bolus of HTS (2 mL kg–1) was administered to both groups, immediately followed by HES (2 mL kg?1) to group HTS/HES over 5–10 minutes and vital signs were re-evaluated. Additional boluses were administered, every 5–10 minutes, until stabilization (vital parameters, such as temperature, heart rate, respiratory frequency, quality of the pulse and sensorium within the physiological ranges). The time until stabilization (minutes), the volume of HTS and colloid administered and the effect of LFVR on vital parameters were determined.Results
A mean ± standard deviation (range) volume of 3 ± 2 (2–6) mL kg?1 of hypertonic saline in group HTS and 4 ± 2 (2–6) mL kg?1 of both hypertonic and colloidal solutions in group HTS/HES was administered. In six cats (60%), a single bolus of HTS alone (group HTS; n = 3/4) or in combination with HES (group HTS/HES; n = 3/6) was sufficient for stabilization. In the remaining four cases (40%), a second bolus was required. Stabilization occurred in 33 ± 13 minutes (15–60 minutes). Of the 10 cats, six had a positive outcome (6–24 months follow-up) and the others died during hospitalization.Conclusions and clinical relevance
LFVR appears to be an efficacious treatment for feline shock and may be an alternative therapy for cats unresponsive to CR. Larger cross-sectional and prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings. 相似文献9.
Graeme M. Doodnaught Marina C. Evangelista Paulo V.M. Steagall 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):364-369
Objective
To evaluate the onset, magnitude and duration of thermal antinociception after oral administration of two doses of tapentadol in cats.Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, experimental study.Animals
Six healthy adult cats weighing 4.4 ± 0.4 kg.Methods
Skin temperature (ST) and thermal threshold (TT) were evaluated using a wireless TT device up to 12 hours after treatment. Treatments included placebo (PBO, 50 mg dextrose anhydrase orally), buprenorphine (BUP, 0.02 mg kg?1) administered intramuscularly, low-dose tapentadol (LowTAP, 25 mg orally; mean 5.7 mg kg?1) and high-dose tapentadol (HighTAP, 50 mg orally; mean 11.4 mg kg?1) in a blinded crossover design with 7 day intervals. Statistical analysis was performed using anova with appropriate post hoc test (p ≤ 0.05).Results
Salivation was observed immediately following 11 out of 12 treatments with tapentadol. The ST was significantly increased at various time points in the opioid treatments. Hyperthermia (≥ 39.5 °C) was not observed. Baseline TT was 45.4 ± 1.4 °C for all treatments. Maximum TT values were 48.8 ± 4.8 °C at 1 hour in LowTAP, 48.5 ± 3.0 °C at 2 hours in HighTAP and 50.2 ± 5.3 °C at 1 hour in BUP. TT significantly increased after LowTAP at 1 hour, after HighTAP at 1–2 hours, and after BUP at 1–2 hours compared with baseline values. TTs were significantly increased in BUP at 1–2 hours compared with PBO.Conclusion and clinical relevance
Oral administration of tapentadol increased ST and TT in cats. The durations of thermal antinociception were similar between HighTAP and BUP, both of which were twice as long as that in LowTAP. Studies of different formulations may be necessary before tapentadol can be accepted into feline practice. 相似文献10.
Julia Deutsch Colette Jolliffe Emma Archer Elizabeth A. Leece 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):794-802
Objective
To assess quality of sedation following intramuscular (IM) injection of two doses of alfaxalone in combination with butorphanol in cats.Study design
Prospective, randomized, ‘blinded’ clinical study.Animals
A total of 38 cats undergoing diagnostic imaging or noninvasive procedures.Methods
Cats were allocated randomly to be administered butorphanol 0.2 mg kg?1 combined with alfaxalone 2 mg kg?1 (group AB2) or 5 mg kg?1 (group AB5) IM. If sedation was inadequate, alfaxalone 2 mg kg?1 IM was administered and cats were excluded from further analysis. Temperament [1 (friendly) to 5 (aggressive)], response to injection, sedation score at 2, 6, 8, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes, overall sedation quality scored after data collection [1 (excellent) to 4 (inadequate)] and recovery quality were assessed. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR) and arterial haemoglobin saturation (SpO2) were recorded every 5 minutes. Groups were compared using t tests and Mann–Whitney U tests. Sedation was analysed using two-way anova, and additional alfaxalone using Fisher's exact test (p < 0.05).Results
Groups were similar for sex, age, body mass and response to injection. Temperament score was lower in group AB2 [2 (1–3)] compared to AB5 [3 (1–5)] (p = 0.006). Group AB5 had better sedation at 6, 8, 20 and 30 minutes and overall sedation quality was better in AB5 [1 (1–3)], compared to AB2 [3 (1–4)] (p = 0.0001). Additional alfaxalone was required for 11 cats in AB2 and two in AB5 (p = 0.005). Recovery quality, HR, fR and SpO2 were similar. Seven cats required oxygen supplementation. Complete recovery times were shorter in AB2 (81.8 ± 24.3 versus 126.6 ± 33.3 minutes; p = 0.009). Twitching was the most common adverse event.Conclusions and clinical relevance
In combination with butorphanol, IM alfaxalone at 5 mg kg?1 provided better quality sedation than 2 mg kg?1. Monitoring of SpO2 is recommended. 相似文献11.
Elizabeth R. Carvalho Tatiana Champion Francielli Ambrosini Gabrieli A. da Silva Gabrielle C. Freitas Ricardo G. D’Otaviano de Castro Vilani 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(1):43-54
Objective
To investigate the effects of a low dose of dexmedetomidine (DEX) followed by constant rate infusion (CRI) and reversal with atipamezole on systolic and diastolic functions in isoflurane-anesthetized healthy cats.Study design
Prospective cohort study.Animals
A group of 11 client-owned adult cats.Methods
Baseline transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed, followed by intramuscular (IM) administration of DEX (5 μg kg?1). After 10 minutes, sedation was scored, adverse effects were recorded and another TTE performed. Approximately 40 minutes after DEX administration, anesthesia was induced by isoflurane mask and maintained with 1.2% end-tidal isoflurane and DEX CRI (1 μg kg?1 hour?1) for 80 minutes. Physiological variables were recorded every 10 minutes, and TTE was repeated 10, 30 and 60 minutes after the start of anesthesia. CRI was stopped, atipamezole (30 μg kg?1) was administered IM and a final TTE was performed after 10 minutes. Repeated measures over time were submitted to one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis test according to data distribution; significance was assumed at p < 0.05.Results
After DEX premedication, mild sedation and a slight but significant increase in systolic arterial pressure occurred, and vomiting was a common adverse effect. The cardiac output (CO) and heart rate decreased during anesthesia, with no changes after administration of atipamezole. Trivial valvular insufficiencies were commonly seen after DEX premedication and during CRI. Myocardial radial and longitudinal systolic functions were not affected by sedation or by anesthesia. The late phase of diastole on both right and left ventricles was affected by isoflurane–DEX CRI. Global left ventricular myocardial performance was not impaired.Conclusions
and clinical relevance Decreased CO and late diastolic impairment were observed in healthy cats administered a low dose of DEX for premedication followed by anesthesia with isoflurane and DEX CRI. 相似文献12.
Y. Heishima Y. Hori K. Nakamura Y. Yamashita N. Isayama N. Kanno M. Katagi H. Onodera S. Yamano Y. Aramaki 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(4):234-243
Objectives
Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels have been reported to be elevated in cats with cardiomyopathy. We investigated the diagnostic accuracy of plasma ANP concentration as an indicator of the severity of cardiomyopathies.Animals
This study included 78 control cats and 83 cats with various types of cardiomyopathy.Methods
This was a prospective multicentre study. Control cats were determined to have a normal heart, and diseased cats were diagnosed by echocardiography. Diseased cats were divided into asymptomatic cats without left atrial dilation (LAD), asymptomatic cats with LAD, and cats with heart failure. Plasma C-terminal ANP concentrations were measured using chemiluminescence.Results
The median plasma ANP concentration in controls was 43.3 (interquartile range, 33.0–56.3) pg/mL. Plasma ANP values were significantly higher in the cardiomyopathic cats with LAD and heart failure, but the values in cats without LAD were comparable to those in control cats. To distinguish cats with cardiomyopathy from controls, a plasma ANP concentration >77.5 pg/mL afforded sensitivity of 66.3% and specificity of 84.6%. Use of plasma ANP concentration >110.9 pg/mL to identify cats with LAD had a sensitivity of 73.6% and specificity of 93.5%. The areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve were 0.80 and 0.86.Conclusions
Plasma ANP concentrations were higher in cats with more advanced cardiomyopathy. Although assaying the ANP concentration alone may not help to diagnose cardiac disease, measuring provides additional information that is useful for assessing the severity of cardiomyopathies. 相似文献13.
Objective
To assess the reaction of client-owned dogs to intravenous (IV) catheter placement after applying a local anaesthetic (EMLA) or placebo cream for either 30 or 60 minutes.Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.Animals
A total of 202 client-owned dogs of various breeds.Methods
With owner consent, dogs were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups: EMLA 60 minutes, EMLA 30 minutes, Placebo 60 minutes and Placebo 30 minutes. After the cream was applied for the allocated time, an IV catheter was placed and the behavioural reaction of the dog was scored. The reaction score was analysed using a Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Mann–Whitney U tests of the multiple pairwise comparisons, with Bonferroni correction.Results
A large number of dogs, even in the placebo groups, did not react to IV catheter placement. However, the Kruskal–Wallis test showed an overall difference between treatment groups (χ2 = 11.029, df = 3, p = 0.012). The pairwise comparisons showed a lower overall reaction score in the EMLA 60 group than in the EMLA 30 and Placebo 60 groups (adjusted p = 0.018 and adjusted p = 0.044, respectively).Conclusions and clinical relevance
This study shows that EMLA cream applied for 60 minutes reduces the behavioural reaction of dogs to IV catheter placement; therefore, this intervention can be advocated for routine use in veterinary medicine to enhance the welfare of dogs undergoing IV catheter placement. 相似文献14.
Bruno H. Pypendop M.G. Ranasinghe Kirby Pasloske 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(5):630-639
Objectives
To determine the context-sensitive half-time of alfaxalone following intravenous infusions of various durations. To estimate the time necessary for plasma concentration to decrease by up to 95%.Study design
Prospective randomized and simulation studies.Animals
A group of six 1-year-old male castrated research cats.Methods
Cats were instrumented with catheters in a jugular and a medial saphenous vein. Alfaxalone was administered using a target-controlled infusion system, to target a plasma alfaxalone concentration of 7.6 mg L–1. The infusion lasted 30 (n = 2), 60 (n = 2) or 240 (n = 2) minutes. Blood samples were collected prior to drug administration, and at several times during and up to 8 hours after the infusion, for the determination of plasma alfaxalone concentration using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Compartment models were fitted to each time–concentration profile, and a population model was fitted to data from all individuals. The context-sensitive half-time was determined from each individual model. In addition, times for plasma alfaxalone concentration to decrease by 50–95% following bolus administration and target-controlled infusions or continuous rate infusions of 0.5–8 hours were estimated by simulation using the population model.Results
Context-sensitive half-times were 2 and 8, 6 and 9, and 18 and 20 minutes for the 30, 60 and 240 minutes, respectively. Time for plasma alfaxalone concentration to decrease by 90% was predicted to range from 7 to 120 or 113 minutes following a bolus to an 8 hour target-controlled or continuous rate infusion, respectively.Conclusion and clinical relevance
Recovery time from alfaxalone anesthesia in cats is predicted to be influenced by the duration of target-controlled infusion. 相似文献15.
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Bruno H. Pypendop M.G. Ranasinghe Kirby Pasloske 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):459-466
Objective
To compare the performance of an alfaxalone constant rate intravenous (IV) infusion versus a 3-step IV infusion, both following a loading dose, for the maintenance of a target plasma alfaxalone concentration of 7.6 mg L–1 (effective plasma alfaxalone concentration for immobility in 99% of the population) in cats.Study design
Prospective randomized crossover study.Animals
A group of six healthy, adult male neutered cats.Methods
Catheters were placed in a jugular vein for blood sampling and in a medial saphenous vein for drug administration. An IV bolus of alfaxalone (2 mg kg–1) was administered, followed by either 0.2 mg kg?1 minute?1 for 240 minutes (single infusion; SI) or 0.4 mg kg?1 minute?1 for 10 minutes, then 0.3 mg kg?1 minute?1 for 30 minutes, and then 0.2 mg kg?1 minute?1 for 200 minutes (3-step infusion; 3-step). Plasma alfaxalone concentration was measured at six time points during the infusions. Measures of performance were calculated for each infusion regimen and compared using the paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test.Results
Median (range) absolute performance error, divergence, median prediction error and wobble were 15 (8–19)%, ?8 (?12 to ?6)% hour?1, ?12 (?19 to ?7)% and 10 (8–19)%, respectively, in the SI treatment, and 6 (2–16)%, 0 (?13 to 2)% hour?1, 1 (?16 to 4)% and 4 (3–6)% respectively, in the 3-step treatment and were significantly smaller in the 3-step treatment than in the SI treatment.Conclusion and clinical relevance
After IV administration of a bolus dose, a 3-step infusion regimen can better maintain stable plasma alfaxalone concentrations close to the target concentration than a single constant rate infusion. 相似文献17.
Niwako Ogata Teppei Kanda Mizuki Kawahata Takayasu Ichikawa Yuki Matsumoto Waka Morimitsu Yukiko Nishino Takamasa Itoi Kayo Furumoto 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1091-1100
Objective
To determine the effects of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution on sedation, heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (fR), rectal temperature (RT) and noninvasive mean arterial pressure (MAP) in healthy cats.Study design
Randomized, blinded crossover study, with 1 week washout between treatments.Animals
Six healthy purpose-bred cats.Methods
Brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution 0.1% (one or two drops; 58.6 ± 3.3 μg per drop) or a control solution (artificial tear solution) was administered to six healthy cats. Behavioural observations and measurements of HR, fR, RT and MAP were recorded before and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes after topical administration. Behavioural scores were analysed using Friedman’s test for repeated measures to evaluate the time effect in each treatment and treatment effect at each time point. Physiological variables (HR, fR, RT and MAP) were analysed using two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures to evaluate the time and treatment effects. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.Results
Dose-dependent behavioural and physiological responses were noted. A dose of two drops of brimonidine resulted in sedation in the cats and decreased HR and MAP. Significant sedative effects occurred between 30 and 120 minutes and for physiological responses up to 360 minutes. The most frequent adverse reaction was vomiting, occurring within 40 minutes in all six cats administered two drops and five of the six cats administered one drop of brimonidine.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The results demonstrated that ocular administration of brimonidine 0.1% ophthalmic solution induced sedation in cats and some cardiovascular effects usually associated with α2-adrenoceptor agonists. Further studies should be performed to determine clinical applications for this agent in cats. 相似文献18.
Preet M. Singh Katherine Reid Ravindra Gaddam Madhav Bhatia Stefan Smith Antony Jacob Paul Chambers 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1149-1155
Objective
To determine the anti-inflammatory efficacy of choline in vivo and in vitro and to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of choline.Study design
Randomized, controlled studies.Animals
In vivo trials used 16 Romney sheep. In vitro experiments utilized RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells.Methods
Hypoxaemia induced in 16 sheep by intravenous (IV) injection of 50 μg kg–1 xylazine, an α-2 agonist, was measured in sheep at 0, 1 and 4 minutes using arterial blood gas analysis with and without 50 mg kg–1 IV choline chloride premedication. Cell culture studies used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure the release of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated macrophages with and without choline chloride premedication. TNF-α release was compared to thalidomide suppressed and untreated cells.Results
Choline premedication in sheep mitigated a reduction in arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) but did not prevent development of clinically significant hypoxaemia. Decrease in mean PaO2 of choline treated sheep was 6.36 kPa (47.7 mmHg) compared to 9.81 kPa (73.6 mmHg) in control sheep. In vitro studies demonstrate that choline administered concurrent with LPS activation did not significantly suppress TNF-α expression but that treatment of cells with choline 10 minutes prior to LPS activation did significantly suppress TNF-α expression. Choline pretreated cells expressed 23.99 ± 4.52 ng mg–1 TNF-α while LPS only control cells expressed 33.83 ± 3.20 ng mg–1.Conclusions
Choline is able to prevent macrophage activation in vitro when administered prior to LPS activation and may reduce hypoxaemia in sheep developing pulmonary oedema after xylazine administration. This effect requires premedication with choline.Clinical relevance
Pharmacological manipulation of autonomic inflammatory responses holds promise for the treatment of inflammation. However, the complex cellular mechanisms involved in this reflex means that an adequate therapy should approach multiple pathways and mechanisms of the inflammatory response. 相似文献19.
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Irene Dimopoulou Tilemahos L. Anagnostou Nikitas N. Prassinos Ioannis Savvas Michael Patsikas 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1189-1197