谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道形态发育的影响

选21日龄断奶的杜大长仔猪72头,按试验要求分为2组,每组3个重复,每重复12头。分别饲喂基础日粮和含1%谷氨酰胺(Gln)日粮,试验期21 d,在断奶后0 d、7 d和14 d分别屠宰取小肠测重,并取十二指肠、空肠、回肠测定绒毛高度和隐窝深度。试验结果表明:断奶后7 d,日粮中添加Gln可显著提高仔猪的平均日增重和小肠相对重量,提高十二指肠和空肠绒毛的高度,降低十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度;断奶后14 d,日粮中添加Gln对断奶仔猪的生长和肠道形态发育影响与基础日粮组相比差异不显著。     

断奶日龄对仔猪肠粘膜形态的影响

本文研究了不同断奶日龄对仔猪肠粘膜形态的影响。试验分17日龄（1组）、21日龄（2组）、28日龄（3组）、35日龄（4组）断奶4个处理组，每个处理3个重复，每个重复1窝，定时定点制杀取十二指肠、空肠上段、空肠下段、回肠作组织切片，观察其绒毛高度、隐窝 深度、绒毛宽度、肠壁厚度。结果表明，仔猪十二指肠、空肠上段、空肠下段和回肠的绒毛高度、隐窝深度、绒毛宽度、肠壁厚度均有不同程度的变化；断奶日龄越早，仔猪肠粘膜变化越大，其中绒毛高度下降幅度越大，恢复时间越长，一般在断奶后8－12d降至最低，随后恢复较快。1组仔猪十二指肠、空肠上段、回肠隐窝深度显著下降；绒毛宽度各组各部位均呈先变窄后变宽趋势，肠壁厚度以1组变化明显。从小肠各部位比较，绒毛高度十二指肠最高，空肠上段次之；隐窝深度、绒毛宽度也以十二指肠最深或最宽；肠壁厚度以回肠最厚。仔猪在29日龄时各组各部位肠粘膜指标降至最低水平，之后，随着日龄的增加，各指标增加显著。     

谷氨酰胺对饲喂生大豆仔猪小肠结构和功能的影响

选18头28日龄断奶体重相近的大长北公仔猪，随机分为3组，每组6头于代谢笼中进行试验。按等氮等能原则平衡各组日粮，基础日粮含5％的生大豆，试验Ⅰ组添加1％的谷氨酰胺、试验Ⅱ组添加2％的谷氨酰胺，49日龄屠宰所有仔猪以研究谷氨酰胺对仔猪小肠结构和功能的影响。结果表明试验Ⅱ组仔猪十二指肠粘膜中的蛋白质含量显著高于试验Ⅰ组和对照组。而空肠和回肠中蛋白质两试验组都高于对照组，但无显著差异；各组间肠道DNA含量无显著差异。两试验组仔猪回肠粘膜重量显著低于对照组，而十二指肠和空肠各组间无明显差异。试验Ⅰ组仔猪十二指肠绒毛高度极显著高于对照组，也显著高于试验Ⅱ组，试验Ⅱ组仔猪十二指肠绒毛高度显著高于对照组；试验Ⅰ组仔猪空肠中段绒毛高度也显著高于对照组。而空肠前段和空肠后段各组间无显著差异。不同肠段的粘膜厚度也无显著差异。试验Ⅰ组空肠中乳糖酶活性极显著低于对照组，而肠道亮氨酰氨基肽酶活性各组间无显著的差异。试验表明了谷氨酰胺可以缓解因饲喂生大豆造成仔猪肠道的损伤。     

不同来源的葡萄糖、乳糖和乳清粉产品在保育仔猪第2阶段开食日粮中的饲喂价值评估

通过两个试验评估日粮中各种不同来源的葡萄糖、乳糖和乳清粉对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响.试验1:选用228头初始体重7.756 kg的仔猪为试验猪,进行为期14 d的试验.试验共设6个日粮处理组:对照组(玉米-豆粕型日粮)、乳糖组(7.2%乳糖 对照组日粮)、无水葡萄糖组(7.2%无水葡萄糖 对照组日粮)、一水葡萄糖组(7.2%一水葡萄糖 对照组日粮)、饲料级乳清粉组(10%饲料级乳清粉 对照组日粮)和食品级乳清粉组(10%食品级乳清粉 对照组日粮).试验仔猪于断奶后饲喂7 d的早期隔离断奶(SEW)日粮和过渡日粮,然后按体重分组,并随机分配入一个日粮处理组.总的说来,乳糖组和食品级乳清粉组仔猪的平均日增重(ADG)和第14天的体重均高于饲料级乳清粉日粮组的仔猪(P＜0.05),其他各日粮处理组仔猪在ADG和第14天体重上无显著差异.乳糖组、一水葡萄糖组和食品级乳清粉组仔猪每天的平均采食量均高于饲料级乳清粉搞组的仔猪(P＜0.05).食品级乳清粉组仔猪的饲料转化率优于一水葡萄糖组的仔猪(P＜0.05).经济效益分析表明,对照组仔猪每千克增重的成本最低(P＜0.01),随后依次是一水葡萄糖组、无水葡萄糖组、饲料级乳清粉组、乳糖组和食品级乳清粉组的仔猪.在扣除饲料成本后的经济收益(Margin-over-feed cost,MOF)上,对照组仔猪高于乳糖组、无水葡萄糖组或乳清粉组的仔猪(P＜0.05).试验2:选用352头初始体重7.756 kg的仔猪为试验猪,进行14 d的饲喂试验,以对7种不同来源的商品乳清粉进行评估.试验共分8个日粮处理组:对照组(玉米-豆粕型日粮)和7个乳清粉组,其中每个乳清粉组的日粮由对照组日粮 10%的不同来源的乳清粉(分别为A、B、C、D、E、F和G乳清粉)组成.试验仔猪在断奶后的最初5 d内喂给SEW日粮和过渡日粮,然后按体重分组,并随机分配到各个日粮处理组中.总的来看,A乳清粉组和E乳清粉组仔猪的平均日增重和第14天的体重均高于对照组、B乳清粉组和D乳清粉组的仔猪(P＜0.05),而G乳清粉组仔猪平均日增重居上述两种水平之间.E乳清粉组仔猪每天的平均采食量均高于对照组或B乳清粉组、C乳清粉组、D乳清粉组和G乳清粉组的仔猪(P＜0.05).A乳清粉组仔猪的饲料转化率优于对照组的仔猪(P＜0.05),其余各乳清粉组仔猪的耗料增重比居上述两种水平之间.经济效益分析表明,对照组仔猪每千克增重的成本最低(P＜0.01);在MOF方面,对照组仔猪高于B乳清粉组、D乳清粉组和G乳清粉组仔猪,A乳清粉组仔猪的MOF居上述两种水平之间,但高于B乳清粉组和D乳清粉组的仔猪(P＜0.05).总之,饲喂不同来源的乳清粉(或乳糖)和葡萄糖的仔猪在生长性能上存在着差异.当为保育仔猪配制饲料时,需要考虑乳糖源的品质、成本和相对饲喂价值.在某些情况下,尤其是当前乳清粉价格板高的情况下,给仔猪饲喂不添加乳糖的第二阶段开食日粮会造成其生长性能轻微下降,但可能会更经济.     

日粮中添加蛋白酶对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道形态和消化酶的影响

为研究日粮中添加蛋白酶对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道形态和消化酶活性的影响,试验采用单因子完全随机试验设计,将50头28日龄断奶仔猪随机分为两组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加0.1%复合蛋白酶制剂。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组断奶仔猪的平均日增重提高5.1%,料重比降低4.67%;试验组空肠的绒毛高度(VH)显著提高40.66μm(P<0.05),且绒毛隐窝比值提高了9.94%(P<0.05);试验组空肠的蛋白酶活性、淀粉酶活性均极显著升高,分别提高了2.89U/mL和23.25U/mL(P<0.01)。综上所述,在饲料中添加蛋白酶明显提高了仔猪的日增重,降低了料重比和成本,且促进了肠道绒毛和隐窝结构的发育和肠道消化酶的活性,改善了仔猪的生长性能。     

通过日粮配制预防仔猪早期断奶综合症

根据仔猪早期断奶综合症的成因和仔猪的生理特点，通过日粮配制可以使早期断奶仔猪顺利渡过断奶关，这对仔猪早期断奶综合症的发生、提高猪场的经济效益将具有重要的实用价值。 　　1碳水化合物 　　大量研究表明，早期断奶仔猪日粮中需要添加简单的碳水化合物如乳糖，而复杂的碳水化合物如淀粉的利用率很低 (Mahan和 Newton,1993)。因此，早期断奶仔猪日粮中广泛使用乳清粉或乳糖等碳水化合物。乳清粉中含有 60％－ 70％的乳糖， 12％左右的粗蛋白 NRC， 1988)。乳清粉中乳糖很容易被早期断奶仔猪消化，并具有促进消化道乳酸菌的增殖、抑…     

包膜丁酸钠对断奶仔猪肠道菌群及生长性能的影响

为了探索包膜丁酸钠对断奶仔猪肠道菌群及生长性能的影响。试验将60头体重相近的28日龄阉割断奶仔猪随机分为2组:A组为对照组,仅饲喂基础日粮;B组为包膜丁酸钠组,在基础日粮的基础上添加0.03%包膜丁酸钠。试验期为28d,期间检测断奶仔猪不同肠段中肠道菌群种类及数量的变化,并记录各试验组仔猪的日采食量、日增重及仔猪的腹泻情况。结果显示:与对照组相比,基础日粮中添加包膜丁酸钠后,仔猪平均日增重提高7.22%,料肉比降低2.76%,且腹泻率与腹泻指数分别降低30.71%、33.85%;检测各肠段细菌含量,显示包膜丁酸钠可显著降低回肠中大肠杆菌的数量(P0.05),增加盲肠和结肠中乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量(P0.05);观察试验后各组小肠组织形态发现,仔猪基础日粮中添加包膜丁酸钠后,小肠绒毛结构更为完整,绒毛更长更粗壮,且绒毛呈圆指状。结果表明,基础日粮中添加0.03%包膜丁酸钠可有效提高仔猪肠道有益菌的含量,促进小肠绒毛的发育,促进仔猪饲料的转化率,并能够降低仔猪腹泻率。     

乳糖代替乳清粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

为了评定乳糖对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响,共选用144头28日龄断奶,体重8.0kg±0.5kg的杜×长×大仔猪,按照随机化完全区组设计,分到4个处理组。每个处理设6个重复,每个重复6头仔猪。处理1为基础日粮添加10%乳糖组,处理2为基础日粮添加6.5%乳糖组,处理3为基础日粮添加3.3%乳糖和5%乳清粉组,处理4为基础日粮添加10%乳清粉组。试验期共28d。各组日粮营养水平相近。试验结果表明,断奶仔猪日粮添加乳糖配合合成氨基酸,可达到与添加高蛋白乳清粉相似的生产水平(包括平均日增重、平均日采食量、饲料/增重);断奶仔猪日粮添加6.5%乳糖,综合效益最佳。     

日粮添加谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪小肠酶的影响

选用大长北仔猪40头 ,21日龄断奶 ,随机分为试验组和对照组。按等氮等能的原则配制日粮 ,试验组日粮添加1.2 %的谷氨酰胺。分别在35日龄和49日龄每组屠宰5头性别相同的仔猪 ,以研究日粮添加谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪小肠酶的影响。试验结果表明 ,日粮添加谷氨酰胺可缓解仔猪49日龄时小肠乳糖酶活性的降低 ;可显著增加35日龄和49日龄十二指肠粘膜和组织中亮氨酰氨基肽酶的活性 ;35日龄时试验组仔猪空肠亮氨酰氨基肽酶的活性也明显增加 ,但与对照组相比差异不显著 ;49日龄时试验组仔猪空肠亮氨酰氨基肽酶的活性与对照组无明显差异 ;仔猪回肠亮氨酰氨基肽酶的活性无论在35天和49天都无显著的变化。日粮添加谷氨酰胺可增加肠道亮氨酰氨基肽酶的活性 ,对乳糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性无明显的影响     

乳清粉、鱼粉及膨化大豆在仔猪早期断奶中的应用

1乳清粉1．1对早期断奶仔猪的营养意义 乳清粉的主要成分是乳糖，对早期断奶仔猪有重要的营养意义。有人指出，谷物日粮中添加乳清粉可提高猪小肠和结肠内容物中乳糖酶的水平。也有报道，乳清粉（20％－25％）提高早期断奶仔猪小肠内容物中胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、淀粉酶等消化酶的活性。有研究表明，乳清粉中的乳糖可提高日粮蛋白质的消化率。据报道，乳清粉日粮的干物质和能量消化率提高、氮存留增加、仔猪血浆尿素氮下降。有研究表明，简单的玉米－豆饼日粮中添加乳清粉和高铜（250毫克／千克），可对仔猪生产性能的提高表现出累加效应。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.