浙江省家兔球虫种类的调查研究

在浙江省６个地区８个市县家兔球虫种类的调查中，发现兔艾美尔球虫１２种：穿孔艾美尔球虫、斯氏艾美尔球虫、大型艾美尔球虫、中型艾美尔球虫、无残艾美尔球虫、肠艾美尔球虫、盲肠艾美尔球虫、梨形艾美尔球虫、长形艾美尔球虫、马氏艾美尔球虫、黄艾美尔球虫和小型艾美尔球虫。其中以穿孔艾美尔球虫所占比例最高，为２６％，其次为大型艾美尔球虫，占１２％。观察、研究了卵囊形态、大小、颜色、内部构造及孢子化时间等。     

家兔球虫病的防治技术

<正>兔球虫病病原是兔艾美尔球虫,寄生于兔的有14种。主要有斯氏艾美尔球虫、穿孔艾美尔球虫、大型艾美尔球虫、中型艾美尔球虫、盲肠艾美尔球虫等。球虫属于单细胞原虫,球虫的滋养体在兔肠上皮细胞或胆管上皮细胞中     

家兔球虫病防控

正球虫是寄生于家兔体内的一种寄生虫,是危害家兔健康的常见严重疾病。1病原学兔球虫属艾美尔科艾美尔属。兔球虫有11种,分别为黄艾美尔球虫、肠艾美尔球虫、小型艾美尔球虫、穿孔艾美尔球虫、无残艾美尔球虫、中型艾美尔球虫、维氏艾美尔球虫、盲肠艾美尔球虫、大型艾美尔球虫、梨型艾美尔球虫和斯氏艾美尔球虫。兔是兔球虫的唯一自然宿主。兔球虫卵囊对外界环境的抵抗力强,可在潮湿的恶劣环境中存活,低浓度的苯酚、高锰酸     

重庆市部分地区家兔球虫的种类调查

对重庆地区的永川、壁山、江津、荣昌等地家兔的球虫感染情况进行调查，发现兔的艾美尔球虫感染率为100％，以断奶后至2月龄的幼兔最易感染，死亡率高。本次共检出兔的13种艾美尔球虫，即：斯氏艾美尔球虫（Eimeria stiedae），大型艾美尔球虫（E.magna），中型艾美尔球虫（E.media），梨形艾美尔球虫（E.piriformis），黄艾美尔球虫（E.flavescens），盲肠艾美尔球虫（E.coecicda），肠艾美尔球虫（E.intesstinalis），兔艾美尔球虫（E.leporis），穿孔艾美尔球虫（E.perfoans），小型艾美尔球虫（E.exigua），新兔艾美尔球虫（E.neoleporis），无残艾美尔球虫（E.irrestidua）和松林艾美尔球虫（E.matsubayashii），其主要致病虫种为斯氏艾美尔球虫、大型艾美尔球虫和梨形艾美尔球虫。     

湟中县甘河滩长毛兔球虫种类调查

用饱和盐水漂浮法对湟中县种兔场及甘河滩乡各村的156只长毛兔球虫种类及感染情况进行调查。结果表明:兔球虫感染率为85.89％,感染强度为2093(200—21600)/opg;发现8种,即斯氏艾美尔球虫Eimeria stiedai,穿孔艾美尔球虫E. perforans。大型艾美尔球虫E. magna,中型艾美尔球虫E. media,无残艾美尔球虫E. irresidua,小型艾美尔球虫E. exigua,兔艾美尔球虫E. leporis,肠艾美尔球虫E. intestinalis。     

西宁市某养兔场球虫病的调查

采用饱和盐水漂浮法和McMaster’s法对西宁市某养兔场球虫病的感染情况进行了调查。结果表明：兔球虫病感染率和o．p．g值分别是：30～40日龄100％(35份，35份)，5685(1200～19400)；90～120日龄86．7％(13份/15份)，1760(0～7400)。球虫种类共发现6种：穿孔艾美尔球虫(Eimeria perforans)，大型艾美尔球虫(E、magna)，中型艾美尔球虫(E．media)，小型艾美尔球虫(E．exigua)，肠艾美尔球虫(E．intestinalis)和斯氏艾美尔球虫(E．stiedae)。     

西宁市苏家河湾一兔场球虫病的调查

采用饱和盐水漂浮法和ＭｃＭａｓｔｅｒ′ｓ ｍｅｔｈｏｄ 对西宁市苏家河湾兔场球虫病的感染情况进行了调查。结果表明：兔球虫病感染率和ｏ ．ｐ ．ｇ 值分别是：３０ ～４０ 日龄１００ ％ （３５ 只／３５ 只） 。５ ６８５（１ ２００ ～１９ ４００） ；９０ ～１２０ 日龄８６７ ％ （１３ 只／１５ 只） ，１７６０（０ ～７４００） 。球虫种类共发现６ 种：穿孔艾美尔球虫（ Ｅｉｍｅｒｉａ ｐｅｒｆｏｒａｎｓ） ，大型艾美尔球虫（ Ｅ．ｍａｇｎａ） ，中型艾美尔球虫（ Ｅ．ｍｅｄｉａ） ，小型艾美尔球虫（ Ｅ．ｅｘｉｇｎａ） ，肠艾美尔球虫（ Ｅ．ｉｎｔｅｓｔｉｎａｌｉｓ） 和斯氏艾美尔球虫（ Ｅ．ｓｔｉｅｄａｅ） 。     

北京地区家兔球虫种类的初步调查

报道了北京周边5个地区家兔球虫种类的初步调查结果，初步认定了北京地区存在13个球虫种，即兔艾美耳球虫、无残艾美耳球虫、黄艾美耳球虫、盲肠艾美耳球虫、新兔艾美耳球虫、中型艾美耳球虫、小型艾美耳球虫、大型艾美耳球虫、斯氏艾美耳球虫、肠艾美耳球虫、梨形艾美耳球虫、松林艾美耳球虫、穿孔艾美耳球虫。     

咸阳市家兔球虫感染情况的初步调查

通过对陕西省咸阳市部分兔场球虫感染情况调查,发现该地区种兔球虫阳性率为100%(300/300),且均为混合感染,感染强度OPG最大值为1 301。共检出9种艾美属的球虫,分别是中型艾美球虫(Eimeria media)、盲肠艾美球虫(E.coeeicda)、穿孔艾美球虫(E.perfoans)、大型艾美球虫(E.magna)、斯氏艾美球虫(E.stiedae)、梨形艾美球虫(E.piriformis)、无残艾美球虫(E.irrestidua)、黄色艾美球虫(E.flaveseens)和肠艾美球虫(E.intesstinalis),其中优势虫种为中型艾美球虫、盲肠艾美球虫和穿孔艾美球虫。     

重庆市江津地区家兔球虫种类的形态学观察

对重庆江津地区家兔球虫感染情况进行调查，发现以断奶后至2月龄的幼兔最易感染，且发病率和死亡率高。调查显示，兔的球虫感染率为100％，多为混合感染，共检出12种艾美耳球虫，即：斯氏艾美耳球虫，大型艾美耳球虫，梨形艾美耳球虫，黄艾美耳球虫，中型艾美耳球虫，盲肠艾美耳球虫，肠艾美耳球虫，穿孔艾美耳球虫，兔艾美耳球虫，小型艾美耳球虫，新兔艾美耳球虫和松林艾美耳球虫，并进行形态观察，初步认为其致病虫种主要为斯氏艾美耳球虫，大型艾美耳球虫，梨形艾美耳球虫和黄艾美耳球虫。     

Diagnosis of Eimeria species using traditional and molecular methods in field studies

The objective of this study was to identify and characterize species of Eimeria in broiler chickens using traditional morphological and pathological plus molecular (DNA amplification) diagnostic methodologies. Using a combination of those techniques it was possible to identify the presence of multiple circulating species in the flock as well as higher frequencies for some of them, especially Eimeria praecox and Eimeria maxima, which were identified in 100% of the flocks. The frequencies of the other species were Eimeria mitis and Eimeria necatrix (93.3%), Eimeria tenella (76,7%), Eimeria acervulina (56.7%) and Eimeria brunetti (16.7%). However using the lesion score, the most common species were E. maxima (46.7%), E. acervulina (30%), E. tenella (23.3%), and E. necatrix (10%). E. brunetti and E. praecox were not identified by using lesion score. DNA amplification had detection sensitivity for Eimeria species in the field samples of at least 20 oocysts. The implementation of DNA amplification as a routine diagnostic technique in aviaries can assist Eimeria population.     

Influence of climatic and management factors on Eimeria infections in goats from semi-arid zones

A survey of Eimeria infections was performed in dairy goats and kids (<6 months old) of six farms from a dry desert area of Gran Canaria Island (Spain). The number of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) was determined by a modified McMaster technique over a total of 2,616 individual faecal samples taken from the rectum in monthly intervals. Eimeria oocysts were found in 96.1% of the samples with OPG ranging from 1 x 10(2) to 1.4 x 10(6). Kid goats had significantly (P < 0.001) higher OPG counts (46,496 +/- 5,228) than dairy females (2,225 +/- 287). Eight Eimeria species were identified, with Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae (30.0%), Eimeria arloingi (28.6%) and Eimeria alijevi (20.5%) being the most frequent species followed by Eimeria caprina (9.1%), Eimeria christenseni (4.5%), Eimeria jolchijevi (3.4%), Eimeria caprovina (3.2%) and Eimeria hirci (0.7%). Although significant differences were observed among goat groups and herds, the eight species were present in the six farms in both dairy goats and kids. The intensity of oocysts shedding was related to some factors such as the size of the herd and was further influenced by the prevailing climatic conditions of the area. The highest OPG counts were recorded during the hot season in dairy goats and close to weaning time in kids reared in small farms having no prophylactic treatments against eimeriosis.     

Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis of rDNA ITS of Three Eimeria Species in Rabbit

In order to study whether the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequence could be used as a molecular marker for the species identification of rabbit coccidian, the rDNA ITS of Eimeria intestinalis, Eimeria flavescens and Eimeria magna were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and were cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector subsequently. The positive recombinant plasmids were identified by PCR and then sequenced. By sequence comparison and comparative analysis with the relative sequences of rabbit Eimeria spp. available in GenBank, the results showed that the lengths of Eimeria intestinalis, Eimeria flavescens and Eimeria magna were 1065, 1009 and 1047 bp, respectively, and the sequence homologies with the same species sequences were 99.2%, 99.0% and 94.5%, respectively, while were 55.3% to 82.1% compared with corresponding sequences of other different species sequences. The phylogenetic analysis using software Mega 5.0 showed that all rabbit coccidia clustered together in a clade, which was divided into two sister lineages, corresponding to the presence or absence of oocyst residuum. The result demonstrated ITS could be used as a molecular marker for the species identification of rabbit coccidia.     

Seasonal distribution of bovine coccidia in beef cattle herd in the university farm

Fecal samples (2,019) from cattle in the university farm, Tohoku University, were examined for coccidian oocysts from April 1986 to January 1987, and 19.3% of them was positive for Eimeria spp. Thirteen Eimeria species were identified. Eimeria bovis (25.7%) was the most dominant species, followed by E. auburnensis (17.6%), E. canadensis (14.5%), E. alabamensis (9.7%), E. ellipsoidalis (8.1%), E. zuernii (7.0%), E. bukidnonensis (5.4%), E. brasiliensis (3.9%), E. cylindrica (1.3%), E. illinoiensis (0.4%), and E. pellita (0.2%). Fecal samples positive for coccidial oocysts amounted to 12.9% and 26.7% on average during grazing on pasture and loose housing, respectively.     

Prevalence of coccidia in pigs in Zimbabwe.

Faecal specimens from 162 piglets, aged 1-5 months, from four farms around Harare were examined for coccidia during 1989-1990. Oocyst count per gram (OPG) of faeces was determined by the McMaster technique. Identification of Eimeria species was done after sporulation of oocysts in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. Measurements of sporulated oocysts were taken from 20 positive cases by using calibrated eye micrometer. Overall incidence was 25.3% (41/162) varying between 15 and 39.5% at different farms. The OPG ranged between 150 and 11,300. Eight species of Eimeria were identified, namely, Eimeria debliecki, Eimeria perminuta, Eimeria suis, Eimeria polita, Eimeria neodebliecki, Eimeria porci, Eimeria scabra and Eimeria spinosa, shown in the order of their prevalence. Eimeria debliecki was the most predominant, showing highest oocyst counts in 45% of 20 pigs, followed by E. suis (25%) and E. polita (20%). On two occasions only one Eimeria sp. was found while in the other 18 (90%) cases, mixed infections of two to six species were recorded.     

Influence of Climatic and Management Factors on Eimeria Infections in Goats from Semi‐arid Zones

A survey of Eimeria infections was performed in dairy goats and kids (<6 months old) of six farms from a dry desert area of Gran Canaria Island (Spain). The number of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) was determined by a modified McMaster technique over a total of 2616 individual faecal samples taken from the rectum in monthly intervals. Eimeria oocysts were found in 96.1% of the samples with OPG ranging from 1 × 10² to 1.4 × 10⁶. Kid goats had significantly (P < 0.001) higher OPG counts (46 496 ± 5228) than dairy females (2225 ± 287). Eight Eimeria species were identified, with Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae (30.0%), Eimeria arloingi (28.6%) and Eimeria alijevi (20.5%) being the most frequent species followed by Eimeria caprina (9.1%), Eimeria christenseni (4.5%), Eimeria jolchijevi (3.4%), Eimeria caprovina (3.2%) and Eimeria hirci (0.7%). Although significant differences were observed among goat groups and herds, the eight species were present in the six farms in both dairy goats and kids. The intensity of oocysts shedding was related to some factors such as the size of the herd and was further influenced by the prevailing climatic conditions of the area. The highest OPG counts were recorded during the hot season in dairy goats and close to weaning time in kids reared in small farms having no prophylactic treatments against eimeriosis.     

重庆市猪球虫病流行病学调查与虫种鉴定

目的为了解重庆市猪场球虫感染情况。方法选取重庆市9个县14个猎场作为采样点,对被检猪采用直肠取粪法或采集猪刚排出的新鲜粪便,饱和食盐水漂浮法收集卵囊,镜检观察。对收集到的卵囊进行培养,待其孢子化后进行种类鉴定。结果14个猪场均感染了球虫,球虫的平均感染率为33.83%,阳性率最高的场为76.09%;仔猪感染率为41.87%,后备猪感染率为26.33%,种猪感染率为67.80%。发现8种艾美耳属球虫和1种等孢属球虫,分别是猪艾美耳球虫(检出率13.56%),豚艾美耳球虫(检出率41.59%),有刺艾美耳球虫(检出率12.84%),平滑艾美耳球虫(检出率4.70%),新蒂氏艾美耳球虫(检出率10.49%),蒂氏艾美耳球虫(检出率11.03%),粗糙艾美耳球虫(检出率2.35%),极细艾美耳球虫(检出率3.07%),及猪等孢球虫(检出率0.36%)。结论重庆市猪球虫感染率较高,应加强猪球虫病的防制。     

The Prevalence of Coccidian Species in Sheep in Kars Province of Turkey

Coccidia were detected in the faeces of 556 out of 592 sheep (93.9%) in sheep in Kars province. The prevalence of coccidiosis was significantly higher (p>0.01) in young (97.9%) and immature sheep (96.6%) than in adult sheep (90.2%). Mixed infections were widespread (71.5%). Ten species of Eimeria were recognized. These species (and their prevalences) were: Eimeria ovinoidalis (47.7%), E. bakuensis (E. ovina) (46.6%), E. parva (37.1%), E. granulosa (27.7%), E. ahsata (23.4%), E. pallida (23.2%), E. faurei (15.1%), E. intricata (13.9%), E. crandallis (13.7%) and E. punctata (2.3%). Eimeria punctata is reported in sheep from Turkey for the first time. The mean oocyst count from infected animals was 3451±409 opg (range 50–117 600). The mean was higher (9529±502) in young sheep. Differences in the counts from young, immature and adult sheep were statistically significant (p>0.01). However, no clinical cases of coccidiosis were encountered.     

Eimeria species in dairy goats in Brazil

The focus of this work is to determine the distribution and identify species of Eimeria parasites of dairy goats in the livestock of the National Goat and Sheep Research Center in Sobral, State of Ceará, Northeast Brazil. Results showed the presence of multiple species in 196 of 215 analyzed samples (91.2%). Fifty five out of these were from kids (28%) and 141 from adult goats (72%). Eight different Eimeria species were identified and their prevalence in the herd was: Eimeria alijevi Musaev, 1970 (26.7%), E. arloingi (Marotel, 1905) Martin, 1909 (20.6%), E. hirci Chevalier, 1966 (18%), E. ninakohlyakimovae Yakimoff & Rastegaieff, 1930 (16.2%), E. jolchijevi Musaev, 1970 (8.7%), E. christenseni Levine, Ivens & Fritz, 1962 (6%), E. caprovina Lima, 1980 (2.8%) and E. caprina Lima, 1979 (1%). Moreover, E. ninakohlyakimovae showed higher prevalence in kids (97%), followed by E. arloingi and E. alijevi (88%). On the other hand, E. alijevi (77%) was more common in adult goats followed by E. hirci (74%) and E. ninakohlyakimovae (70%). The species E. caprina had low frequency in both kids (27%) and adult goats (13%). Data indicated that infection was relatively common among kids and adult goats. The implementation of a routine diagnostic strategy can be useful in maintaining Eimeria populations under monitoring and will enable the determination of its potential impact on dairy goat herds in Northeast Brazil.     

Epizootiology of Eimeria ahsata coccidiosis in León (Spain)

The epizootiology of ovine coccidiosis caused by Eimeria ahsata was studied in four flocks in the province of León (Spain), between January 1978 and December 1979. The intensity of infection was found to be 25.5 +/- 1.7% and was similar in winter and spring. Eimeria ahsata was the most common species in 83.1% of the 1620 samples examined. It was also found in 86.2% of the animals examined. Only 0.3% of the positive samples contained oocysts of a single species, and samples containing four species were the most frequent (19%). Twenty-three percent of samples contained five species and 31.3% contained six species.