谷子SiHd3a基因的克隆及表达分析

分析谷子成花素基因(Hd3a)在不同光周期条件下的表达规律,旨在揭示成花素基因在光周期调控谷子开花过程中扮演的角色。首先利用生物信息学方法获得位于谷子4号染色体的成花素基因序列(Seita.4G067600),命名为SiHd3a,然后根据基因序列设计1对特异引物,提取谷子农家种黄毛谷总RNA,利用RT-PCR技术克隆得到黄毛谷SiHd3a基因cDNA序列,其长度为792 bp,包含一个537 bp的CDS区,编码178个氨基酸;预测SiHd3a蛋白的分子质量为19.74 ku,等电点为6.82,初步判断其为亲水蛋白;蛋白质的二级结构中无规则卷曲所占比例最高(43.26%),其次为延伸链(β-折叠,29.21%)、α螺旋(16.29%)、β转角(11.24%);亚细胞定位分析发现,SiHd3a蛋白定位在细胞质和细胞间质;基于Hd3a蛋白序列进化分析发现,谷子与野生黍、玉米、高粱之间的亲缘关系比较近,聚在一组,而与水稻亲缘关系较远。半定量PCR发现,SiHd3a基因在短日照条件下表现为昼夜节律性表达,在早晨6:00、中午12:00各有1个表达峰,而在长日照条件下基因24 h内表现稳定表达水平。推测谷子SiHd3a基因长、短日照条件下昼夜表达模式的差异是导致其光周期敏感性的可能原因。     

玉米光周期敏感类Hd6基因的克隆和实时定量表达分析

水稻Hd6基因在调节水稻光周期敏感中起重要作用。本研究以热带玉米自交系CML288为材料, 利用同源基因克隆法结合3¢RACE技术克隆了与水稻Hd6基因同源的玉米类Hd6基因。该基因序列中999 bp的开放阅读框可编码332个氨基酸。BLAST分析发现, 该基因与玉米中编码蛋白激酶CK2的一个基因高度同源, 所推测的氨基酸序列包含2个CK2活性区域, 1个N末端区域, 1个ATP结合位点和1个丝氨酸/ 苏氨酸蛋白质激酶活性位点,与玉米、小麦、水稻和拟南芥的CK2氨基酸序列也有较高的同源性。建立了SYBR GREEN法实时荧光定量RT-PCR表达分析系统, 研究了不同光周期处理下类Hd6基因在光周期敏感自交系CML288茎尖和叶片中的表达。结果发现, 该基因在茎尖和叶片中均有表达。在短日条件下, 该基因在6~8叶期茎尖中的表达量存在明显差异, 在光周期敏感的7叶期出现表达高峰, 在叶片中的表达量均低于茎尖。在长日条件下, 该基因在茎尖中6叶期表达量较低, 在光周期敏感的9叶期在叶片中高量表达。由此可推测, 该基因与玉米光周期敏感密切相关, 可能在光周期敏感调节过程中发挥一定的作用。     

维管组织特异表达启动子驱动RID1调控水稻抽穗期

水稻基因RID1突变后表现为"不开花"的表型,且RID1特异在幼叶中表达。本研究利用启动子RPP16,构建表达载体RPP16::RID1,转化rid1突变体,得到了19株转基因阳性植株,其中有9株表现为恢复抽穗,表明在维管组织中特异表达RID1可以恢复rid1突变体表型。RT-PCR检测结果显示,转基因单株中抽穗期基因Ehd1、Hd3a和RFT1的表达量与RID1表达量呈正相关,且RID1表达量高的转基因单株相应抽穗也比较早。     

水稻密穗突变体A989突变基因克隆和转基因植株分析

从水稻T-DNA插入突变群体中分离得到一个密穗突变体A989,表现晚开花、穗二级枝梗和小花数增加以及包颈。分子检测证明A989中T-DNA是单拷贝插入,通过inverse PCR的方法分离得到A989中T-DNA的旁邻序列,表明T-DNA插入在RCN2基因polyA加A位点后330bp处;RT-PCR检测发现在A989中,RCN2基因的表达被显著上调。利用2×35S启动子在野生型水稻Zhonghua 11中超表达RCN2基因,转基因植株表现为不抽穗,通过细胞学观察发现转基因植株能完成营养生长向生殖生长的转变,但是生殖生长期的分生组织在分化出二级枝梗原基后停止分化和生长。此外,通过比较部分开花相关基因在野生型Zhonghua 11、突变体A989中的表达,推测了RCN2基因可能的作用途径。     

水稻质膜H+-ATPase基因对拟南芥遗传转化及其抗盐性分析

RT-PCR扩增得水稻质膜H -ATPase全长cDNA(PM-H -ATPase),构建了植物表达载体获得质粒pBI121-PM-H -ATPase,农杆菌介导、真空渗入法转化PM-H -ATPase基因入拟南芥,得35株T1代卡那抗性植株.抗性植株PCR分析表明,抗性植株整合了目的基因.Northern杂交分析进一步表明T3代转基因拟南芥表达了目的基因.抗盐(NaHCO3和NaC1)性分析表明:转基因植株的耐盐能力明显高于野生型;盐碱胁迫下转基因植株开花优先于野生型植株.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9探究水稻OsPIN5c基因功能

生长素极性运输在植物生长发育中发挥着重要作用,生长素输出载体蛋白(PIN-FORMED,PIN)是控制生长素极性运输的关键蛋白。虽然部分水稻OsPIN基因功能已有报道,但水稻OsPIN5c的生物学功能仍有待研究。本研究在OsPIN5c第1外显子处设计靶点并构建CRISPR/Cas9载体,通过转化粳稻品种日本晴获得24株转基因植株, PCR产物直接测序分析表明其中15株发生突变,突变率为62.5%,突变类型为双等位突变;进一步从T1代突变体中筛选获得3种不同的纯合突变体,将其命名为ospin5c-1、ospin5c-2和ospin5c-3。序列比对分析表明,这3种类型的突变均造成移码突变和蛋白翻译提前终止,由原来的398个氨基酸分别缩短为109、106和250个氨基酸;跨膜螺旋结构域分析表明, 3种突变体中OsPIN5c蛋白的跨膜结构完全消失;蛋白结构预测表明3种突变体中OsPIN5c蛋白螺旋结构明显减少。突变体的苗高、根长和不定根数均显著低于野生型植株。组织特异性表达表明OsPIN5c主要在根中表达。突变体根中OsPIN1a和OsPIN5b表达量提高;生长素合成关键基因OsYUC1、O...     

一个水稻雄配子不育基因MGA1(t)的遗传及表达特征分析

在水稻转基因材料后代中筛选到一个自交后代标记基因呈1:1异常分离的雄配子不育突变体(暂命名为Male gametophyte abortion1,mga1(t))。该突变体花粉约50%败育,花粉败育表型与T-DNA共分离,且只能通过雌配子传递,表明mga1(t)是一个T-DNA插入引起的雄配子败育突变体。Southern blot分析表明,mga1(t)为单拷贝T-DNA插入突变体。侧翼序列分析发现T-DNA插入在水稻3号染色体上一个Bax inhibitor(BI)-1 like家族蛋白基因的5’非翻译区,该基因可能与细胞程序性死亡有关。RT-PCR表达分析显示MGA1(t)基因在水稻不同生长发育期均有表达,尤其在长度发育为0～7mm的颖花中强表达,表明该基因是一个水稻雄配子优势表达基因。     

拟南芥AT2G14260基因功能及其表达特异性分析

拟南芥AT2G14260基因编码脯氨酸亚氨基肽酶，基因芯片表达谱数据显示该基因响应高盐、低温等非生物胁迫。为研究其功能和表达特性，本研究采用野生型和突变体植株pip-1进行低温、干旱和盐胁迫处理，结果显示在正常培养基中野生型与pip-1植株表型没有区别。而在逆境处理下pip-1植株的根比野生型明显短，且在干旱胁迫下，突变体的叶子比野生型植株明显变黄萎蔫。在正常环境、冷、干旱、盐胁迫下，野生型植株脯氨酸含量的平均值分别是突变体的1.11、1.23、1.10和1.34倍，这说明AT2G14260基因对提高非生物胁迫的耐性具有一定的作用。同时分离了该基因的启动子，构建了表达GUS基因的载体并转化拟南芥，结果表明该启动子在正常环境中不表达。胁迫处理时从两叶期开始在根、叶、茎中表达，到达花期后，干旱处理下的花瓣、花枝和冷处理下的花柱头中也有表达。GUS相对活性试验也证明对胁迫的响应能力。可见AT2G14260基因启动子是逆境胁迫诱导表达启动子，同时具有组织表达特异性，因此，AT2G14260基因及其启动子在转基因工程育种中具有潜在的应用价值。     

OsNAC2d基因编辑水稻突变体的创建及其对干旱胁迫的响应

为探究转录因子OsNAC2d的生物学功能及其对水稻耐旱性的影响,本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9编辑技术对粳稻中花11中的OsNAC2d基因进行突变,并考察osnac2d突变体在田间种植下的农艺性状,以及突变体幼苗在干旱胁迫下的生长情况和OsNAC2d基因表达水平。结果表明, OsNAC2d基因主要在水稻成熟籽粒、叶片和花药中表达,在根系和茎中的表达量较低,并且受干旱胁迫诱导,在10株阳性OsNAC2d基因突变株系的T2代植株中,筛选出6种纯合osnac2d突变体,田间试验调查表明,osnac2d突变体与野生型中花11相比,株高、有效穗、穗长、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重和单株产量等农艺性状无显著差异。在干旱胁迫时, osnac2d突变体幼苗的根系与植株生长、根系和地上部生物量的积累均受到抑制,且OsNAC2d在osnac2d突变体中的表达量维持在较低水平,而野生型水稻的OsNAC2d表达则受干旱胁迫诱导而增强,植株生长与生物量积累未受到显著抑制,表明转录因子OsNAC2d正调控水稻响应干旱胁迫。创建的osnac2d突变体材料为进一步揭示OsNAC2d的生物学功能及其响应干旱胁迫的精细调控机...     

水稻(Oryza sativa)OsSPR1突变体及过表达株系对锰胁迫的响应

为了系统分析水稻OsSPR1基因突变体Osspr1及过表达株系对锰胁迫的响应情况。本研究以水稻短侧根突变体Osspr1及过表达株系为试验材料,研究不同锰胁迫条件下水稻生长,锰吸收和累积量及其抗氧化酶活性的差异。研究结果表明,水稻OsSPR1的过表达株系(OV1)的根系发育和植物生长已完全恢复至野生型水平。在锰胁迫条件下,spr1突变体的地上部和根系的锰含量、锰累积量均显著低于野生型。在高锰(4 mmol/L Mn2+)处理下过表达株系OV1的锰含量和锰累积量显著低于野生型,OV1锰转移系数显著低于野生型。锰胁迫条件下,突变体spr1和过表达材料OV1叶片的抗氧化酶过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)的活性均高于或者显著高于野生型。综合以上研究表明Os SPR1基因突变和过表达均可以提高水稻对锰胁迫的耐受能力。本研究为水稻耐锰新品种的选育提供材料和基因资源。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.