重金属胁迫对小麦生长的影响及阈值研究

以当前农业研究的热点领域-重金属污染为切入点,研究大田环境下Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Cr这5种重金属对郑麦9023、小偃22的株高、穗长及产量等生长因子的影响。结果表明,Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Cr胁迫对郑麦9023的穗长及As、Cd、Cr胁迫对小偃22的穗长均表现出抑制效应;而Hg、Pb胁迫对小偃22的穗长表现为促进效应。与对照相比,5种重金属对小偃22的株高均表现为抑制作用;而As、Hg胁迫对郑麦9023的株高则表现为促进作用,Cd、Pb胁迫则表现为"高促低抑"的特点,Cr胁迫表现为"低促高抑"趋势。此外,5种重金属胁迫下,只有重金属Cr胁迫显著降低了2个小麦品种的籽粒产量,而Cd、Hg、Pb、As胁迫则没有表现出抑制现象。通过对重金属胁迫浓度与产量的拟合分析,得出As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb这5种重金属对郑麦9023的产量阈值分别为53.42,1.31,749.73,7.43,555.57 mg/kg,对小偃22的产量阈值分别为42.58,1.80,828.18,10.30,437.01 mg/kg。表明郑麦9023抗As、Pb胁迫能力较强,而小偃22抗Cd、Cr、Hg胁迫的能力相对较强。     

施入生活垃圾堆肥对玉米品质、产量及土壤理化性质的影响

为了评估短期内施入生活垃圾堆肥对作物产量品质及土壤理化性质的影响,以玉米为供试作物,施用化学肥料为对照,通过施用不同量的生活垃圾堆肥和化肥配合,研究施入垃圾堆肥对土壤和玉米籽粒重金属累积的影响。结果表明：土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾随施肥量的增加而增加,土壤肥力明显提高;而Cd、Pb、As、Hg含量随垃圾堆肥用量的增加而增加,Cr含量基本不变;玉米籽粒中Cr、Cd含量随垃圾堆肥用量的增加而增加。各处理土壤5种重金属(Hg、Cd、Cr、As、Pb)含量均未超出“GB 15618—1995（《土壤环境质量标准》）”的二级标准。玉米籽粒中Hg、Cd、Cr、As、Pb含量未超出国家食品卫生标准的标准值。当施肥量为30000 kg/hm2时,玉米产量较对照有明显增加(P<0.05)。由此推断,适量垃圾堆肥农用短期内能提高土壤肥力,并且不会引起土壤重金属污染,也不影响玉米籽粒的食用。     

4种重金属元素对不同潮次平菇产量和质量的影响分析

为对当前食用菌生产质量安全提供可靠建议,促进食用菌产业可持续发展,试验以平菇为试材,通过在培养料中添加不同浓度的Pb、Cd、As、Hg元素,研究4种重金属元素对不同潮次平菇产量和质量的影响。结果表明,除50 mg/kgAs处理待出菇日期延迟8天外,其他Pb、Cd、Hg不同浓度重金属处理均能使待出菇日期提前5~13天;培养料中添加不同浓度的Pb、Cd、As、Hg重金属元素后,均能不同程度提高平菇产量（50 mg/kgAs除外）,其中0.05 mg/kg Pb、1 mg/kg Pb、1 mg/kgAs和10 mg/kg Pb处理增产效果明显;除50 mg/kgAs处理使平菇生物学效率降低了15.3%外,其他Pb、Cd、Hg不同浓度重金属处理生物学效率均有明显提高,0.05 mg/kg Pb处理生物学效率最高为89.2%,较对照高42.4%;另外,相关性和主成分分析结果表明,平菇产量越低,重金属含量越高,富集系数也越高;培养料中的重金属含量越高,后期潮次的重金属含量越高,富集系数也越高,Pb、Cd、As、Hg重金属元素在平菇中的累积作用明显。     

施用污泥堆肥对土壤和小麦重金属累积的影响

以小麦为供试作物,以施用化学肥料为对照,通过施用不同量的污泥堆肥和化肥配合,研究了污泥堆肥对土壤和小麦重金属累积的影响。结果表明:土壤中Zn、Cu、Cd、As、Hg等5种重金属含量随污泥堆肥用量的增加而增加;植株中Zn、As、Cr含量随污泥堆肥用量的增加而增加。各处理土壤中8种重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni含量均未超出"GB15618—1995(《土壤环境质量标准》)"的二级标准。小麦籽粒中Hg、Cd、Pb含量未超出国家食品卫生标准的标准值,污泥用量18000kg/hm2时As含量超出标准值0.02mg/kg;微量元素Zn、Cu在秸秆中的含量小于籽粒中的含量,而其他重金属在秸秆中的含量是籽粒的2~40倍。由此推断,适量污泥堆肥农用短期内不会引起土壤重金属污染,也不会影响可食部分的食用,重复使用多年后应及时监测。     

不同种植模式对稻田土壤重金属含量及晚稻稻米品质的影响

为了寻求消减土壤重金属的种植模式,确保食物安全,以6年定位试验,研究了5种不同种植模式对稻田土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量、晚稻植株重金属的积累与分配、稻米品质及产量的影响。结果表明,与冬闲-双季稻(CK)相比,黑麦草-双季稻(T1)、紫云英-双季稻(T2)、油菜-双季稻(T3)和马铃薯-双季稻(T4) 4种冬种模式对土壤重金属含量表现出明显差异,其中T1土壤As,T2土壤Cd、Hg、As,T3土壤Cd、Hg,T4土壤Pb、Hg含量均显著低于CK,但T1土壤Hg,T3土壤As,T4土壤Cd、As含量显著高于CK。不同种植模式晚稻植株重金属含量均为根>茎叶>糙米,冬种模式根重金属含量均低于CK,茎叶Cd含量均高于CK,茎叶Pb、Hg、As含量表现不稳定,糙米Cd、Pb含量除T4 Cd外,其余均显著低于CK。冬种模式均增加了稻米出糙率、整精米率、胶稠度和直链淀粉含量,降低了垩白米率和垩白大小。冬种模式增加了晚稻产量,其中T4比CK显著增产17.52%。上述结果说明,冬种模式有促进消减土壤部分重金属污染趋势,但其作用有限,并能一定程度降低糙米Cd、Pb含量,改善稻米品质和提高水稻产量。     

晚粳稻籽粒中As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb等重金属含量的基因型与环境效应及其稳定性

选择籽粒Cd、Cr、As、Ni和Pb等重金属含量差异较大的12个晚粳稻基因型，种植于浙江省晚粳稻主产区嘉兴、湖州、杭州、宁波、绍兴等市的6个试点，研究籽粒中5种重金属含量的基因型与环境变异及其稳定性、籽粒和土壤有效态（DTPA提取态）Cd、Cr、As、Ni和Pb等重金属含量之间及与Fe、Zn含量之间的关系，以及土壤pH对籽粒重金属积累的影响。结果表明，环境、基因型及其互作效应对籽粒重金属含量的效应均达极显著水平，表明筛选和选育籽粒重金属含量低的品种以及通过农艺措施减少籽粒重金属含量是可能的。同时，籽粒中这5种重金属含量的稳定性因环境、基因型而有较大差异，且亦因重金属种类而异。因此，为降低籽粒重金属含量，应针对特定重金属污染的环境进行基因型选择，并同时考虑基因型籽粒重金属含量的稳定性。土壤pH不仅影响土壤重金属有效性及水稻籽粒中重金属积累量，还影响籽粒重金属积累的基因型与环境互作效应（即积累稳定性）。此外，土壤中一些重金属常发生复合污染，如Cd和Cr、As或Ni，Cr和As，Pb和As间表现为协同消长，Cd含量较高的稻米往往As和Pb含量也高，Cr和Ni含量以及As和Pb含量之间也呈正相关。     

重金属元素在玉米植株中分布研究

采用ICP等离子体法对黎塘岩溶区铁锰结核胁迫下的土壤和玉米不同器官进行了重金属含量分析,并对玉米不同器官富集系数以及与土壤重金属元素的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：（1）重金属元素As、Cd、Cr已对土壤构成了污染;（2）玉米各器官中As、Cd和Cr含量相对较低,Cu、Pb、Zn和Mn含量相对较高;不同器官对重金属的富集总量以叶最高,茎和种子相对较少;玉米根中Cd、Cr含量最高,茎中Pb含量最高,叶中As、Cu、Zn、Mn含量最高,而玉米茎中Zn、Mn含量最低,玉米种子中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb含量最低;玉米植株对重金属元素的平均富集系数普遍较低,其值均低于1.000。（4）玉米根中Mn、Cr与土壤中Mn、Cr达到了显著正相关,茎中Mn与土壤中Mn达到了显著正相关,而玉米茎中Cd、Pb与土壤中Cd、Pb达到了显著负相关,叶中Pb与土壤中Pb达到了显著负相关,玉米种子中重金属元素与土壤中对应的重金属元素均没有达到显著相关,且相关性较低;重金属含量的分析可为当地农业种植提供方向,种植玉米是当地优先选择。     

贵州柑橘不同土壤类型重金属含量的相关性研究

为探讨贵州柑橘园不同土壤类型重金属含量的相关性,按照土壤重金属元素的测定方法,分析了贵州清水江、红水河、南盘江沿岸柑橘园不同土壤类型中p H值、Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr的含量。结果表明,在黄壤和黄红壤中,Hg与Cd、As、Pb、Cr均呈负相关,不显著,Cr与Cd、Hg、Pb、As均呈负相关,不显著,说明Cd、Pb、As来源于相同的成土母岩,Hg、Cr是源于其它成土母岩;在石灰土柑橘园中,土壤重金属元素间都呈正相关,其中Cd与Hg、Pb互为显著正相关,Pb与Cr呈显著正相关,同样表明,Cd、Hg、Pb,Pb、Cr来源相同成土母岩。且石灰土柑橘园重金属含量最高,黄红壤柑橘园次之,黄壤柑橘园最低。黄壤柑橘园对重金属的吸附能力大于石灰土柑橘园。     

祊河下游河水中重金属污染评价

为了了解祊河水中重金属污染现状,评价河水中Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cd 5种重金属污染程度,将祊河分5个断面采样,采用单因子污染指数法对祊河水中重金属的含量进行普查和分析。采用ICP-OES法测定其中的重金属元素含量。结果发现,祊河河水中的Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cd 5种重金属的平均含量分别为0.00423、0.07643、0.00127、0.04301、0.00057 mg/L。将河水测定结果与《地表水环境质量标准GB 3838—2002》比较,由单因子指数法评价,河水中Pb、Cr和Cd单因子污染指数均小于1,为清洁水平。监测所有水样中,As单因子指数最大值是1.4788,最小值是0.5596,As的综合污染指数为1.1180,为轻微污染。监测所有水样中,Hg单因子指数值最大是912.3,单因子指数最小值是666.4,综合污染指数值为645.1,说明所属水体中汞污染非常严重。     

不同水稻品种在Cd、As和Hg胁迫下的吸收积累特性

为筛选籽粒中Cd、As和Hg低吸收或低积累的品种或育种中间材料,采用人工添加 Cd(CdCl2·2.5H2O)、As(NaAsO2)和 Hg[Hg(NO3)2·0.5H2O]等重金属化合物的方法污粢土壤,研究不同水稻品种对Cd、As 和 Hg 胁迫的吸收积累特性.结果表明,Cd、As 和 Hg 胁迫时,水稻茎叶、稻谷和精米中均会增加相应重金属的含量;As 和 Hg 主要在茎叶中积累,而籽粒中的含量较低;精米中 Cd 的含量与稻谷和茎叶中的含量差异较小.茎叶中 Cd、As 和Hg 的含量显著或极显著高于稻谷和精米,而精米中相应重金属的含量与稻谷中含量的差异均不显著.南粳 41、金陵香糯、武育粳3号、华粳3号、02428、龙睛4号和云南新团黑谷等7个品种精米中Cd和As的含量均达到绿色食品大米标准;所有品种精米中Hg的含量均未达到无公害食品大米标准.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.