渔业风险框架模型(RBF)分析与实践——以海洋管理委员会为例

为评估有限数据渔业的绩效指标,海洋管理委员会(Marine stewardship council, MSC)进行渔业标准认证项目时采用风险框架模型(risk based framework, RBF)。RBF是一系列基于风险的预防性评估工具的总称,包括后果分析、生产力敏感性分析、后果空间分析和规模强度后果分析。RBF用于渔业活动对目标物种,主要和次要兼捕物,濒危种、受威胁与被保护物种,栖息地和生态系统的风险影响评估。系统地介绍了RBF四种评估工具的含义、使用条件和适用性,结果表明RBF提供了渔业活动对渔业生物和生态环境影响的有效评价工具,尤其适用于数据缺乏、尚未良好管理的和具有可持续发展潜力的小规模、中上层、无脊椎和发展中国家等渔业,也可为我国的渔业资源管理提供理论支持。     

引进外来物种的环境风险评价初探——以美国斑点叉尾鮰为例

随着我国经济的发展以及全球经济一体化,使得国际贸易往来越来越频繁,为外来物种迁移、传播、扩散创造了条件,对当地生态安全带来了较大的影响,一旦发生生物入侵,将对社会与环境造成巨大的损失。以从美国引进的斑点又尾鮰为例,从生物学特征、相关试验情况、生态安全的影响、风险管理等方面进行了环境风险评估,并提出了风险防范管理措施。     

综合安全评估(FSA)在渔船风险控制中的应用

介绍了船舶安全管理中综合安全评估(FSA)的基本方法和步骤,并且将该方法应用到渔船风险评估工作中.根据渔船航行及作业情况,从渔船危险识别、渔船风险评估、风险控制方案、各种方案的费用/效益评估、决策建议等方面对渔船风险做了全面的分析与评估,就如何确保渔船安全进行了新的探索.研究的初步结果,对提高渔船风险管理水平有积极的作用,并对进一步开展渔船风险评估方面的研究有参考价值.     

海洋渔业船员培训存在的问题及改革探究

2015年1月1日生效的《渔业船员管理办法》对于我国渔业船员的培训提出新的要求,文章分析了我国渔业船员目前在培训管理法规和考试发证体系、培训与考试发证以及培训机构自身等方面存在的问题,并从培训管理法规、三方协作机制、培训质量管理理念以及培训机构自身建设等方面提出合理化建议。     

南海区海洋渔具管理对策

渔具的改革和管理与渔业资源的养护和管理同等重要，都是渔业综合管理的重要措施之一。本文作者着重从行政管理上就海洋渔具的管理问题提出几种可能性对策，以供渔业管理部门参考。     

引进外来物种的环境风险评价初探——以美国斑点叉尾(魚回)为例

随着我国经济的发展以及全球经济一体化,使得国际贸易往来越来越频繁,为外来物种迁移、传播、扩散创造了条件,对当地生态安全带来了较大的影响,一旦发生生物入侵,将对社会与环境造成巨大的损失.以从美国引进的斑点叉尾(魚回)为例,从生物学特征、相关试验情况、生态安全的影响、风险管理等方面进行了环境风险评估,并提出了风险防范管理措施.     

立足渔业 开拓探索 努力为渔业提供更全面的风险保障

从中国渔船船东互保协会山东省办事处到山东省渔业互保协会，山东省的渔业互保事业已走过了15年的发展历程，组织体系、管理模式和运行机制日益成熟，展业面覆盖省内所有沿海和主要内陆渔区，险种也从单一的渔船、渔民保险延伸到渔业养殖和渔港码头、船用产品等领域，风险防范能力进一步增强。近几年。山东省渔业互保事业进入了快速发展期，2009年保费突破亿元大关。渔业互保的社会效益明显，已经成为发展地方渔业经济、保障渔业安全生产、建立渔业风险保障机制的重要载体。     

国外休闲渔业研究述评

文章对国外休闲渔业的研究进行了归纳和评述,其研究焦点集中在休闲渔业管理研究、休闲渔业资源和环境保护研究、休闲渔业游客及市场研究和休闲渔业影响研究四大方面。同时对我国休闲渔业研究进行展望,认为加强有关休闲渔业术语及内涵的研究;加强休闲渔业管理、资源及影响的研究;强化实证研究及定量分析是我国近期休闲渔业研究的主要方向。     

我国近海捕捞渔业发展现状、问题与对策研究

近海渔业资源衰退及海洋生态环境恶化日趋严重已引起社会各方面广泛关注,控制近海捕捞强度,科学养护渔业资源与生态环境成为重要发展方向。本文分析了近海捕捞渔业发展现状与存在问题,梳理了渔业发达国家或国际组织主要管理制度措施及对我国的启示,在此基础上,从完善法律法规、加强渔船渔具管理监督及优化渔业支持政策创设等方面,提出促进近海捕捞渔业可持续发展的相关建议。     

论我国渔业法律体系的结构与完善

本文对我国渔业法律体系进行了简要概述,从法律的渊源、效力、形式和内容几方面论述了我国渔业法律体系的结构;并通过与日本、韩国、我国台湾地区等主要渔业国家的渔业法律制度比较,总结了我国渔业法律体系的特点,剖析我国渔业法律体系的不足;从渔业权制度、立法、执法、司法方面对我国渔业法律体系的完善作出了设想。     

Categorising the risks in fisheries management

Abstract The many risks associated with fisheries management can be attributed to the substantial uncertainties that exist within fishery systems and their numerous possible consequences for fishers and fish stocks. Compounding these risks are the possible disparities between different fisheries professionals on the nature and source of these risks. This paper attempts to categorise the risks as reported by fishery scientists and managers in Australia and along the US Atlantic Coast. Through the use of semi‐structured interview data, this paper attempts to provide a categorisation of the risks identified by fisheries professionals; and to compare the identified risks by professional group and by country. The analysis yields three broad categories and 12 subcategories of risk found in both nations. Results indicate that: (1) fisheries management risks can be broadly categorised through interview data; (2) the frequency of identification of a particular risk category reflects the management system in which they operate; and (3) risk categorisation could be useful from a risk management perspective as risks in different categories may be evaluated and managed using different risk management approaches.     

Risk management for fisheries

Risk management methods provide means to address increasing complexity for successful fisheries management by systematically identifying and coping with risk. The objective of this study is to summarize risk management practices in use in fisheries and to present strategies that are not currently used but may be applicable. Available tools originate from a variety of disciplines and are as diverse as the risks they address, including algorithms to aid in making decisions with multiple stakeholders, reserves to buffer against economic or biological surprises, and insurance instruments to help fishermen cope with economic variability. Techniques are organized in a two‐stage framework. In the first stage, risks are identified and analysed. Strategies presented in this category focus on decision analysis, including multicriteria decision‐making tools, and the related concept of risk assessment. Then in the treatment stage, identified risks can be transferred, avoided, or retained using tools such as the Precautionary Approach, portfolio management, financial contracts to manage price risk and horizontal integration. Published fishery applications are reviewed, and some empirical examples of risks and risk management using US fisheries data are presented.     

Providing context to the global code of practice for recreational fisheries

Abstract An in‐depth explanation of selected content of the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission’s ‘Code of Practice for Recreational Fisheries’ (CoP) is presented. The focus is on core areas that were intensely debated in the drafting the CoP. These include definition of recreational fishing, recreational fishing practices, fish welfare, recreational fisheries management and research. It is anticipated that the CoP for recreational fisheries promotes best practice and management principles for sustainable recreational fisheries, within the recreational fisheries sector and ancillary industries/sectors regionally, nationally, and ultimately globally. To be viable, the CoP for recreational fisheries must be adopted by the international community complementing the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.     

Narrow lenses for capturing the complexity of fisheries: A topic analysis of fisheries science from 1990 to 2016

Despite increased fisheries science output and publication outlets, the global crisis in fisheries management is as present as ever. Since a narrow research focus may be a contributing factor to this failure, this study uncovers topics in fisheries research and their trends over time. This interdisciplinary research evaluates whether science is diversifying fisheries research topics in an attempt to capture the complexity of the fisheries system, or whether it is multiplying research on similar topics, attempting to achieve an in‐depth, but possibly marginal, understanding of a few selected components of this system. By utilizing latent Dirichlet allocation as a generative probabilistic topic model, we analyse a unique dataset consisting of 46,582 full‐text articles published in the last 26 years in 21 specialized scientific fisheries journals. Among the 25 topics uncovered by the model, only one (Fisheries management) refers to the human dimension of fisheries understood as socio‐ecological complex adaptive systems. The most prevalent topics in our dataset directly relating to fisheries refer to Fisheries management, Stock assessment, and Fishing gear, with Fisheries management attracting the most interest. We propose directions for future research focus that most likely could contribute to providing useful advice for successful management of fisheries.     

Reference points for predators will progress ecosystem‐based management of fisheries

Ecosystem‐based management of fisheries aims to allow sustainable use of fished stocks while keeping impacts upon ecosystems within safe ecological limits. Both the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets promote these aims. We evaluate implementation of ecosystem‐based management in six case‐study fisheries in which potential indirect impacts upon bird or mammal predators of fished stocks are well publicized and well studied. In particular, we consider the components needed to enable management strategies to respond to information from predator monitoring. Although such information is available in all case‐studies, only one has a reference point defining safe ecological limits for predators and none has a method to adjust fishing activities in response to estimates of the state of the predator population. Reference points for predators have been developed outside the fisheries management context, but adoption by fisheries managers is hindered a lack of clarity about management objectives and uncertainty about how fishing affects predator dynamics. This also hinders the development of adjustment methods because these generally require information on the state of ecosystem variables relative to reference points. Nonetheless, most of the case‐studies include precautionary measures to limit impacts on predators. These measures are not used tactically and therefore risk excessive restrictions on sustainable use. Adoption of predator reference points to inform tactical adjustment of precautionary measures would be an appropriate next step towards ecosystem‐based management.     

How fisher‐influenced marine closed areas contribute to ecosystem‐based management: A review and performance indicator scorecard

A rapid review of the literature on closed areas that recognize key ecosystem‐based management (EBM) principles of fisheries and biodiversity conservation and had fisher involvement was employed to review closed areas worldwide from a fisheries perspective and to develop a scorecard that can assess their efficacy. The review provided 523 abstracts of which 19 areas from various regions worldwide had peer‐reviewed studies that met strict selection criteria. Criteria included fisher involvement, biodiversity conservation and fisheries management objectives. A repeat search without “fisher” and synonyms found, 62,622 papers indicating that most closed area studies had no mention of any fisher involvement. The general success of the areas selected suggests that fisher involvement benefits both biological conservation and fisheries management. Fisheries and biodiversity conservation outcomes were not exclusive to any one type of management closure (e.g. MPA, Fishery Closure). Twenty‐four indicators were selected, designed to provide measurable targets. High scoring indicators included management, planning and socio‐economic indicators such as local support (100%), habitat protection (100%), conservation and fisheries objectives (100%), monitoring (91.7%) and fishers concerns (91.7%). Bio‐ecological‐based indicators scored lower in most cases for all types of areas. Fisheries closures rated as highly as the MPAs with respect to both fisheries and bio‐ecological indicators. The scorecard provided a reasonable means to evaluate management success in the light of often qualitative or missing data. Addressing the interests and utilizing knowledge of those affected by closures and familiar with the area, most often local fishers, is key to achieving management objectives.     

Catching the future: Applying Bayesian belief networks to exploratory scenario storylines to assess long‐term changes in Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras,Clupeidae) and salmon (Salmo salar,Salmonidae) fisheries

Fisheries management aims to ensure that the fishing activities are environmentally sustainable in the long term, while also achieving the economic, social and food security related management objectives. To facilitate this, both the ecological and human dimensions of sustainability need to be included in fisheries assessment. In addition, assessing long‐term sustainability calls for taking into account plausible changes in the surrounding societal conditions that shape the characteristics of the fisheries governance system, as well as the ecological conditions. The paper uses a combination of qualitative exploratory scenario storylines (ESS) and Bayesian belief networks (BBN) to integrate the environmental, economic, social and food security dimensions in an interdisciplinary assessment of the future sustainability of Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras, Clupeidae) and salmon (Salmo salar, Salmonidae) fisheries. First, four alternative ESS were created based on plausible changes in societal drivers. The ESS were then formulated into a BBN to (a) visualize the assumed causalities, and (b) examine quantitatively how changes in the societal drivers affect the social‐ecological fisheries system and ultimately the fisheries management objectives. This type of probabilistic scenario synthesis can help in thinking qualitative scenarios in a quantitative way. Moreover, it can increase understanding on the causal links between societal driving forces and the complex fisheries system and on how the management objectives can be achieved, thereby providing valuable information for strategic decision‐making under uncertainty.     

Model uncertainty in the ecosystem approach to fisheries

Fisheries scientists habitually consider uncertainty in parameter values, but often neglect uncertainty about model structure, an issue of increasing importance as ecosystem models are devised to support the move to an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). This paper sets out pragmatic approaches with which to account for uncertainties in model structure and we review current ways of dealing with this issue in fisheries and other disciplines. All involve considering a set of alternative models representing different structural assumptions, but differ in how those models are used. The models can be asked to identify bounds on possible outcomes, find management actions that will perform adequately irrespective of the true model, find management actions that best achieve one or more objectives given weights assigned to each model, or formalize hypotheses for evaluation through experimentation. Data availability is likely to limit the use of approaches that involve weighting alternative models in an ecosystem setting, and the cost of experimentation is likely to limit its use. Practical implementation of an EAF should therefore be based on management approaches that acknowledge the uncertainty inherent in model predictions and are robust to it. Model results must be presented in ways that represent the risks and trade‐offs associated with alternative actions and the degree of uncertainty in predictions. This presentation should not disguise the fact that, in many cases, estimates of model uncertainty may be based on subjective criteria. The problem of model uncertainty is far from unique to fisheries, and a dialogue among fisheries modellers and modellers from other scientific communities will therefore be helpful.     

Strong fisheries management and governance positively impact ecosystem status

Fisheries have had major negative impacts on marine ecosystems, and effective fisheries management and governance are needed to achieve sustainable fisheries, biodiversity conservation goals and thus good ecosystem status. To date, the IndiSeas programme (Indicators for the Seas) has focussed on assessing the ecological impacts of fishing at the ecosystem scale using ecological indicators. Here, we explore fisheries ‘Management Effectiveness’ and ‘Governance Quality’ and relate this to ecosystem health and status. We developed a dedicated expert survey, focused at the ecosystem level, with a series of questions addressing aspects of management and governance, from an ecosystem‐based perspective, using objective and evidence‐based criteria. The survey was completed by ecosystem experts (managers and scientists) and results analysed using ranking and multivariate methods. Results were further examined for selected ecosystems, using expert knowledge, to explore the overall findings in greater depth. Higher scores for ‘Management Effectiveness’ and ‘Governance Quality’ were significantly and positively related to ecosystems with better ecological status. Key factors that point to success in delivering fisheries and conservation objectives were as follows: the use of reference points for management, frequent review of stock assessments, whether Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) catches were being accounted for and addressed, and the inclusion of stakeholders. Additionally, we found that the implementation of a long‐term management plan, including economic and social dimensions of fisheries in exploited ecosystems, was a key factor in successful, sustainable fisheries management. Our results support the thesis that good ecosystem‐based management and governance, sustainable fisheries and healthy ecosystems go together.     

Evaluating and implementing social–ecological systems: A comprehensive approach to sustainable fisheries

Fisheries sustainability is recognized to have four pillars: ecological, economic, social (including cultural) and institutional (or governance). Although international agreements, and legislation in many jurisdictions, call for implementation of all four pillars of sustainability, the social, economic and institutional aspects (i.e., the “human dimensions”) have not been comprehensively and collectively addressed to date. This study describes a framework for comprehensive fisheries evaluation developed by the Canadian Fisheries Research Network (CFRN) that articulates the full spectrum of ecological, economic, social and institutional objectives required under international agreements, together with candidate performance indicators for sustainable fisheries. The CFRN framework is aimed at practical fisheries evaluation and management and has a relatively balanced distribution of elements across the four pillars of sustainability relative to 10 alternative management decision support tools and indicator scorecards, which are heavily focused on ecological and economic aspects. The CFRN framework has five immediate uses: (a) It can serve as a logic frame for defining management objectives; (b) it can be used to define alternate management options to achieve given objectives; (c) it can serve as a tool for comparing management scenarios/options in decision support frameworks; (d) it can be employed to create a report card for comprehensive fisheries management evaluation; and (e) it is a tool for practical implementation of an integrated social–ecological system approach.