重金属Hg~(2+)对毛蚶的急性毒性及肝脏组织结构的影响

在水温(12±0.5)℃、盐度27‰的环境下,研究了重金属Hg~(2+)对毛蚶的急性毒性效应和肝脏组织结构的影响。结果表明,Hg~(2+)对毛蚶24、48、96hLC50分别为9.23、5.43和2.07mg/L;安全浓度分别为0.09、0.05和0.02mg/L。通过对Hg~(2+)暴露在不同浓度96h的毛蚶肝脏组织切片观察发现,Hg~(2+)对毛蚶的肝脏组织结构有明显影响,肝脏的损伤程度随着Hg~(2+)浓度的增加而加深,2.91mg/L为毛蚶肝脏解毒的阈值。     

辽东湾毛蚶繁殖季节研究

根据1982年、1983年、1984年辽东湾自然海区毛蚶浮游幼虫调查、生殖腺组织切片比较、生殖腺指数测定以及1983年毛蚶室内产卵试验,初步认为:辽东湾毛蚶繁殖季节是7月10日～8月末,水温22～27℃。产卵盛期在7月15～30日,水温24～26℃。不同年份因水温不同产卵期可相差约5d。毛蚶产卵主要集中在两次产卵高峰期内,每个高峰可持续2～3d,两次高峰期间隔15～20d。     

三角帆蚌细菌病病理组织的显微结构研究

用黄杆菌、温和气单胞菌、不动杆菌、产碱杆菌、产碱假单胞菌及其5种混合细菌人工感染健康的三角帆蚌,切取病蚌肝脏、肠道、鳃和斧足等主要器官的组织,采用美蓝染色法进行细菌涂片和制作石蜡组织切片。试验表明：感染温和气单胞菌、产碱假单胞菌和5种混合细菌的病蚌组织切片与对照组相比,有明显不同,尤其是肝脏、肠道和鳃组织发生了明显的病理变化。     

大黄鱼肝脏病变组织病理学观察

采用石蜡切片和HE染色法,对不同生存条件下的大黄鱼以及肝脏病变的大黄鱼肝组织进行组织切片,在显微镜下进行组织病理学观察,采用酸水解法测定不同生存条件下以及患肝肿大的大黄鱼肝脏的脂肪含量,了解其变化情况。以野生大黄鱼的肝组织细胞结构为参照,初步探明了小网箱养殖大黄鱼的脂肪肝、肝肿大、肝胆汁淤积、肝淤血的组织病理变化情况,讨论了大黄鱼肝脏病变的原因和病变致死原因,并提出了防治措施。     

8种染色方法对组织切片中虾肝肠胞虫染色效果的比较

病理检测是一种诊断病原及观察机体组织病理变化的重要方法,特殊染色是在病变组织中寻找病原体的前提手段,良好的染色有助于将病原体与组织区别,从而增加病原在组织切片中的检出率。为筛选出一种适用于虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei,EHP)病理切片检测的最佳染色方法,使用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色法、Masson染色法、爱显蓝-雪夫(AB-PAS)染色法、甲苯胺蓝(TB)染色法、伟郝夫范吉森(EVG)染色法、劳克坚牢蓝(LFB)染色法、天狼猩红(Sirius red)染色和普鲁士蓝(PB)等8种染色方法对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)感染了虾肝肠胞虫的肝胰腺进行组织病理切片染色,并结合对EHP检出率的统计分析,比较了这些染色方法的优缺点。结果表明:HE染色法、AB-PAS染色法、TB染色法、EVG染色法、天狼猩红Sirius red染色法和PB染色法对孢子的染色效果较差,与背景颜色对比不明显,单个视野检出率较低; LFB染色法虽然使孢子易被识别,但是有孢子丢失现象,且组织染色效果差; Masson染色结果显示孢子呈现品红色,与组织颜色对比鲜明,孢子颗粒清晰可见,对组织细胞结构染色效果较好,且检出率也最高。综合分析染色效果及检出率,Masson染色法是一种非常适用于组织内的虾肝肠胞虫孢子染色的方法,本研究为微孢子虫病的组织病理研究提供一种有效的基础手段。     

温度突变对毛蚶不同组织抗氧化酶活性的影响

为探究温度突变对毛蚶鳃、外套膜和肝胰腺组织中抗氧化酶活性的影响,将毛蚶由11 ℃(对照组)分别转移至14、17、20、23 ℃ 4个温度条件下,在转移后的0、3、6、12、24、48、96 h进行取样,测定毛蚶3种组织中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性的变化情况。试验结果表明,毛蚶鳃、外套膜和肝胰腺中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性在试验期间均呈先升后降的趋势;除20 ℃和14 ℃温度组外套膜和肝胰腺中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性,在6 h到达最大值并显著高于对照组( P <0.05)外,其余温度组各组织中3种抗氧化酶活性,均在3 h时达到最大值并显著高于对照组( P <0.05),24 h后各组织抗氧化酶活性均恢复至对照组水平。毛蚶3种组织中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性在不同温度下均以肝胰腺最高,外套膜次之,鳃最低。本研究探索了温度突变对毛蚶的存活及抗氧化酶活性的影响,明确了毛蚶对温度突变的自身调节过程,为毛蚶养殖提供了科学依据。     

毛蚶同工酶组织表达差异研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板不连续电泳,对毛蚶的肝胰脏、斧足、外套膜、闭壳肌、鳃等5种不同组织进行了6种同工酶(EST、LDH、MDH、α-AMY、POD、CAT)的电泳研究,并对各种酶的同工酶位点及酶谱表型差异进行了分析.结果表明:毛蚶的同工酶系统具有明显的组织特异性,并对同工酶的组织特异性分布及其生理意义进行了讨论.     

渤海湾毛蚶资源现状与恢复途径的讨论

毛蚶是一种分布在河口附近低盐、软泥底质的底栖生物,在渤海毛蚶资源的分布可分为二个区域即辽东湾的内部和渤海湾的大部,并延伸到莱州湾西部,这二个区域中的群落组成和结构基本相似,因此渤海湾就形成了毛蚶的优良渔场,历来是沿岸群众渔业生产的主要品种之一,它对提供人们水产品的需要和增加出口换取外汇都具有重要的意义。     

毛蚶加工机

我厂现有一套专门加工毛蚶的机械,通过它的加工,生鲜毛蚶经过冲洗、蒸熟、脱壳,从而得到加工产品——熟毛蚶肉及付产品——毛蚶壳。生产过程是全部连续机械化。几年来经过不断革新和改进,目前,该机各部运转基本正常,产品质量良好,加工能力可达5吨(生鲜毛蚶／小时)。     

中国对虾复眼的结构及生理功能的作用

对中国对虾复眼进行切片制作，通过对其纵、横切面构造的比较分析，发现中国对虾小眼的横切面是正方形结构，并据此绘制了中国对虾小眼及复眼的纵切面结构图，对对虾眼的固定、脱水、透蜡及组织切片过程中的特殊性作了说明。通过结合视网膜电图的分析，讨论了虾眼的生理作用及如何在育苗生产、养殖及配饵中合理利用虾眼的生物功能。     

The adhesion of Vibrio anguillarum to host tissues and its role in pathogenesis

Abstract. Vibrio anguillarum was shown to adhere to excised sections of rainbow trout gut in numbers which were a function of the concentration of bacterial cells and the time for which the tissue was exposed. Using a standardized method for assaying adhered bacteria the course of infection with vibriosis in rainbow trout was studied. It is suggested that the gut may be an important site of bacterial multiplication in slowly developing infections of mature fish. Bacteria adhere to gut sections of fish protected by vaccination substantially less than to sections from non-vaccinated fish.     

中国对虾溞状幼体的细小病毒(Parvovius)类疾病初检

通过对病变的中国对虾溞状幼体组织学切片观察发现,病虾的肠粘膜、肌肉、神经索、心脏等组织器官普遍坏死。明显的特征是,角质层皮下组织的细胞核内有巨大嗜伊红染料的包涵体。故推论此病是由细小病毒感染所致。     

淡水鱼类组织切片及定向包埋技术

本对淡水鱼类各组织的常规石蜡切片中常迂到的技术障碍进行了探讨性的研究。经过多次反复试验总结出了多种有效方法，使各类组织切片都能得到满意的效果，同时减少了试剂的致毒作用和环境污染。在此工作基础上提出了光镜—电镜的定向包埋技术，使光镜的局限性扩展到超微结构使微观与超微结构能有统一的认识。     

Optimization of fixation methods for image analysis of the hepatopancreas in whiteleg shrimp,Penaeus vannamei (Boone)

Pathology in penaeid shrimps relies on histology, which is subjective, time‐consuming and difficult to grade in a reproducible manner. Automated image analysis is faster, objective and suitable for routine screening; however, it requires standardized protocols. The first critical step is proper fixation of the target tissue. Bell & Lightner's (A Handbook of Normal Penaeid Shrimp Histology, 1988, The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge) fixation protocol, widely used for routine histology of paraffin sections, is not optimized for image analysis, and no protocol for frozen sections is described in the available literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to optimize fixation of the hepatopancreas (HP) from whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) for both paraffin and frozen sections using a semiquantitative scoring system. For paraffin sections, four injection volumes and three injection methods were compared, for frozen sections, four freezing methods and four fixation methods. For paraffin sections, optimal fixation was achieved by increasing threefold the fixative volume recommended by Bell and Lightner, from 10% to 30% of the shrimp body weight, combined with single injection into the HP. Optimal fixation for frozen sections was achieved by freezing the cephalothorax with liquid nitrogen, followed by fixation of the section with 60% isopropanol. These optimized methods enable the future use of image analysis and improve classical histology.     

An epizootic of lymphoma in northern pike, Esox lucius L., from the Åland Islands of Finland

Abstract. An epizootic of lymphoma in northern pike, Esox lucius L., occurring in the Åland Islands in Finnish waters of the Baltic Sea is described. Macroscopic inspection of 19 tumorous pike, 17 males and two females, as well as tissue observations by light and electron microscopy showed that this lymphoma is similar to those previously reported in esocid fishes from North America, Ireland and Sweden. Haematoxylin and eosin-stained light microscopic sections of tumour tissue suggested its classification as a lymphoblastic or stem cell lymphoma. Tumour cells cultured during several months at 4°C showed morphological features of differentiation and resembled plasma cells. No conclusive evidence of the presence of viruses in the lesion was obtained.     

Tissue distribution of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus serotype Sp in naturally infected cultured rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): an immunohistochemical and nested‐PCR study

This study investigates the occurrence and distribution pattern of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) within the pancreas, liver, kidney and spleen of naturally infected cultured rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), using immunohistochemistry (IHC). A nested PCR was also employed to confirm the presence of the virus in the pooled tissues of the specimens. All the examined tissues except spleen were immunohistochemically positive for IPNV, but staining intensity and distribution pattern varied. The kidney tubules had the most intense and widespread staining by IHC, indicating a specific tissue tropism at least for this particular serotype. The nucleotide sequence had the greatest identity with the Sp serotype confirming the presence of the nucleic acid of IPNV in the pooled tissues. Based on the present findings, it could be concluded that the absence of lesions consistent with infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) disease in the H&E‐stained sections cannot rule out the presence of the IPNV, and the use of an alternative rapid confirmatory method such as IHC with formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections is helpful for the final diagnosis of IPN in rainbow trout.     

湘华鲮消化系统的形态学与组织学研究

采用活体解剖、测量、HE染色等方法,对10尾体长(28.98±2.69)cm湘华鲮[Sinilabeo decorus tungting(Nichols)]消化系统形态学、组织学特征进行了研究,旨在阐明其消化系统特征,并探讨其食性及消化、吸收机理。结果表明,湘华鲮消化系统具有以下特点:(1)消化系统由消化道与消化腺肝胰脏组成,消化道包括口咽腔、食管和肠3部分,无胃;肠道极长,可分为前肠、中肠和后肠,比肠长21.42±3.51,肠盘旋次数42±5。(2)湘华鲮属于碎屑食性鱼类,其取食方式为刮食。(3)从前肠往后,黏膜皱褶由网状转变为Z形褶,且逐渐变稀疏,至中肠的中后段难于分辨。(4)食道和肠道壁均由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌肉层和浆膜层4层组成。前肠、中肠、后肠三者相互之间的黏膜下层厚度存在极显著差异(P<0.01),纵肌层的厚度存在显著差异(P<0.05),而在皱褶数量、黏膜皱褶高度、环肌层厚度、浆膜层厚度等方面,前肠、中肠、后肠三者相互之间大部分组织形态指标差异显著。(5)从前咽顶壁开始,经过肠道,至肛门处,湘华鲮消化道各处黏膜中均有黏液细胞的分布,且黏液细胞呈不均匀分布。(6)食管及整个肠道均具有消化吸收功能。...     

中国对虾越冬期褐斑病的组织病理观察

由患不同程度褐斑病对虾的组织病理切片观察发现,各时期的褐斑病都包括甲壳及壳下内部组织两部分的病变;都有增生性和非增生性两种组织应答。故推论是由多种病原菌混合污染所致。在早期褐斑病虾之甲壳表面发现有粘液状分泌物,说明此时在对虾甲壳表面已有了局部免疫反应。     

Use of computer‐assisted image analysis for semi‐quantitative histology of the hepatopancreas in whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Boone)

Despite the increasing use of novel molecular techniques in pathology, histology remains the standard method for monitoring tissue alterations and for assessing pathology. Histopathological evaluation is generally laborious and subjective with risk of discrepancies in semi‐quantitative scoring between pathologists. In contrast, computer‐assisted image analysis (CAIA) is potentially faster, more objective and thus suitable for routine screening. Limited research has been carried out on CAIA in crustacean histopathology, and the methods described were not fully automated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop CAIA in whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) for the study of the hepatopancreas. Paraffin sections were immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibodies WSH8 against haemocytes and counterstained with Mayer′s haematoxylin for detection of haemocytes and B‐cell vacuoles, and modified toluidine blue protocol was used for detection of F‐cells; frozen sections were stained with Oil Red O for detection of lipid droplets within R‐cells. Visiopharm^® software was used to develop and validated protocols for the quantification of morphological parameters (areas of haemocyte infiltration, F‐cells, B‐cell vacuoles, lipid droplets and their ratios to total tissue area and total lumen area). These protocols enable the future use of CAIA for determination of the nutritional and pathological condition of this organ.     

中华鳖淋巴心的组织学研究

采用解剖、石蜡切片和电镜制片方法,对中结鳖淋巴心的解剖部位、大小、显微结构和内容物的超微结构进行了观察。结果表明,中华鳖有３对淋巴心,位于肺部两侧的体腔外,通过结缔组织与背甲相连。测量和统计检验结果显示,其长径和短径均与背甲长呈直线正相关,性别间无显著差异。淋巴心呈椭球形,中央有１个腔,由淋巴心壁向内突出数条环形嵴状瓣膜。淋巴心壁的组织结构可分为４层,由内向外依次为主方上皮层、致密结缔组织层、横纹