Effect of phospholipase C-gamma overexpression on PDGF-induced second messengers and mitogenesis

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates phospholipase C (PLC) activity and the phosphorylation of the gamma isozyme of PLC (PLC-gamma) in vitro and in living cells. The role of PLC-gamma in the phosphoinositide signaling pathway was addressed by examining the effect of overexpression of PLC-gamma on cellular responses to PDGF. Overexpression of PLC-gamma correlated with PDGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma and with PDGF-induced breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). However, neither bradykinin- nor lysophosphatidic acid-induced phosphoinositide metabolism was enhanced in the transfected cells, suggesting that the G protein-coupled phosphoinositide responses to these ligands are mediated by other PLC isozymes. The enhanced PDGF-induced generation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) did not enhance intracellular calcium signaling or influence PDGF-induced DNA synthesis. Thus, enzymes other than PLC-gamma may limit PDGF-induced calcium signaling and DNA synthesis. Alternatively, PDGF-induced calcium signaling and DNA synthesis may use biochemical pathways other than phosphoinositide metabolism for signal transduction.     

A LAT mutation that inhibits T cell development yet induces lymphoproliferation

Mice homozygous for a single tyrosine mutation in LAT (linker for activation of T cells) exhibited an early block in T cell maturation but later developed a polyclonal lymphoproliferative disorder and signs of autoimmune disease. T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-induced activation of phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1) and of nuclear factor of activated T cells, calcium influx, interleukin-2 production, and cell death were reduced or abrogated in T cells from LAT mutant mice. In contrast, TCR-induced Erk activation was intact. These results identify a critical role for integrated PLC-gamma1 and Ras-Erk signaling through LAT in T cell development and homeostasis.     

Inhibition of serum- and ras-stimulated DNA synthesis by antibodies to phospholipase C

Several immunologically distinct isozymes of inositol phospholipid-specific phospholipase C (PLC) have been purified from bovine brain. Murine NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were found to express PLC-gamma, but the expression of PLC-beta was barely detectable by radioimmunoassay or protein immunoblot. A mixture of monoclonal antibodies was identified that neutralizes the biological activity of both endogenous and injected purified PLC-gamma. When co-injected with oncogenic Ras protein or PLC-gamma, this mixture of antibodies inhibited the induction of DNA synthesis that characteristically results from the injection of these proteins into quiescent 3T3 cells. However, when oncogenic Ras protein or PLC-gamma was co-injected with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to Ras, only the DNA synthesis induced by the Ras protein was inhibited--that induced by PLC was unaffected. These results suggest that the Ras protein is an upstream effector of PLC activity in phosphoinositide-specific signal transduction and that PLC-gamma activity is necessary for Ras-mediated induction of DNA synthesis.     

Production of an epidermal growth factor receptor-related protein

Human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells in culture produce a soluble 105-kilodalton protein which, by the criteria of epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding, recognition by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to the EGF receptor, amino-terminal sequence analysis and carbohydrate content, is related to the cell surface domain of the EGF receptor. The high rate of production and the finding that with biosynthetic labeling the specific activity of this 105-kilodalton protein exceeds that of the intact receptor indicate that it is not derived from membrane-bound mature receptor but is separately produced by the cell. These cells thus separately synthesize an EGF receptor that is inserted into the membrane and an EGF receptor-related protein that is secreted.     

表皮生长因子对动物肠道健康的影响

 表皮生长因子是一种重要的肽类物质,因具有特殊生理功能而逐渐成为当今研究的一道亮点。本文主要综述了EGF对动物肠道黏膜机械屏障、化学屏障和免疫屏障的影响,阐述了EGF对动物肠道分泌、消化和吸收功能的影响,从而探讨EGF对肠道健康的保护作用及其可能的作用机制,同时讨论了研究中存在的一些问题     

Quantitative imaging of lateral ErbB1 receptor signal propagation in the plasma membrane

Evidence for a new signaling mechanism consisting of ligand-independent lateral propagation of receptor activation in the plasma membrane is presented. We visualized the phosphorylation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged ErbB1 (ErbB1-GFP) receptors in cells focally stimulated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) covalently attached to beads. This was achieved by quantitative imaging of protein reaction states in cells by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) with global analysis of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) data. The rapid and extensive propagation of receptor phosphorylation over the entire cell after focal stimulation demonstrates a signaling wave at the plasma membrane resulting in full activation of all receptors.     

表皮生长因子及其受体、转化生长因子-α在实验性胃溃疡愈合中的作用

目的探讨胃黏膜表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)及其受体(epidermal growthfactor receptor,EGFR)、转化生长因子-α(transforming growth factor-alpha,TGF-α)在大鼠胃溃疡愈合中的变化及意义。方法胃前壁黏膜下注射冰乙酸制备大鼠胃溃疡模型,免疫组织化学法检测溃疡组(42只)和正常组(6只)大鼠胃黏膜EGF、EGFR、TGF-α的表达,测量各指标的积分光密度值。结果 EGF、TGF-α以胞浆表达为主,EGFR以胞膜表达为主,三者均可见壁细胞、内分泌细胞阳性表达,阳性信号以靠近黏膜肌层为主。EGF、EGFR阳性细胞在溃疡术后1d即有增多(P<0.05或P<0.01),TGF-α于溃疡术后2d增多较为明显(P<0.01),之后均呈渐强趋势,EGFR阳性细胞在溃疡术后6d表达最强,EGF、TGF-α阳性细胞于溃疡术后10d积分光密度值达到高峰,溃疡愈合后期三种指标积分光密度值均有降低,但仍显著高于正常组(P<0.01)。结论大鼠胃溃疡自愈时期胃黏膜能特异性表达内源性EGF、EGFR、TGF-α,三者共同参与了胃溃疡愈合过程。     

Imaging of memory-specific changes in the distribution of protein kinase C in the hippocampus

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) can mimic the biophysical effects of associative learning on neurons. Furthermore, classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane (a form of associative learning) produces translocation of PKC activity from the cytosolic to the membrane compartments of the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Evidence is provided here for a significant change in the amount and distribution of PKC within the CA1 cell field of the rabbit hippocampus that is specific to learning. This change is seen at 1 day after learning as focal increments of [3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate binding to PKC in computer-generated images produced from coronal autoradiographs of rabbit brain. In addition, 3 days after learning, the autoradiographs suggest a redistribution of PKC within CA1 from the cell soma to the dendrites.     

成熟液中不同添加物对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌胚胎发育的影响

试验研究了在成熟液中分别添加0.1% PVA、10% FBS和不同浓度的EGF(20、30、40、50 ng·mL-1)对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响,以确立猪卵母细胞体外成熟的最佳务件.结果表明,在成熟液中添加0.1%PVA和10% FBS后,对猪卵母细胞的成熟率影响无显著差异(P＞0.05),对猪卵母细胞孤雌激活后36 h的卵裂率和第6天的桑葚胚率无显著差异(P＞0.05);添加不同浓度的EGF对猪卵母细胞体外成熟率无显著差异(P＞0.05);但是添加30和40 ng·mL-1 EGF组在36 h的卵裂率要极显著地高于添加20和50ng·mL-l EGF的两组(P＜0.01);而分别添加30、40和50 ng·mL-1 EGF 3组处理在第6天的桑葚胚率无显著差异,且极显著地高于添加20 ng·mL-1 EGF组的(P＜0.01).所以,在成熟液中添加0.1% PVA可以替代10% FBS.尤以添加30 ng·mL-1 EGF组对猪卵母细胞的体外成熟效果较好.     

EGF、EGFR在牦牛卵母细胞中的表达及对胚胎发育能力的作用

【目的】探明表皮生长因子（epidermal growth factor,EGF）及其受体（EGFR）在牦牛卵母细胞成熟过程中的表达动态,并且研究EGF对牦牛卵母细胞成熟的影响及可能的分子作用机制。【方法】采集牦牛卵巢,捡取质量较好的牦牛卵丘-卵母细胞复合体（cumulus-oocyte complexes,COCs）,进行体外成熟培养;分别处理未成熟和成熟的牦牛COCs,采用Real-time PCR和间接免疫荧光方法检测COCs成熟过程中EGF及EGFR在基因和蛋白水平的表达动态;牦牛COCs成熟培养时在基础培养基中分别添加0、50、100和200 ng·mL^-1 EGF及最佳作用浓度的EGFR抑制因子Gefitinib,比较作用前后卵母细胞成熟率、受精后卵裂率及囊胚率;Real-time PCR方法分析不同浓度EGF和Gefitinib作用后成熟COCs中凋亡相关基因Bax和Baxi的相对表达量。【结果】EGF,EGFR基因在成熟COCs的表达显著高于未成熟COCs,成熟COCs中EGF基因的相对表达量为未成熟COCs 的2.17±0.36倍,EGFR基因在成熟COCs的表达量为未成熟COCs 6.82±0.21倍,且在未成熟和成熟COCs中EGFR基因表达量均显著高于EGF。免疫荧光检测显示未成熟COCs和成熟COCs均表达EGF和EGFR蛋白,EGF和EGFR蛋白的标记荧光主要集中在卵丘细胞,卵母细胞表达较弱。100 ng·mL^-1 EGF可以显著提高COCs成熟率（73.45±2.09）%及其受精后的卵裂率（59.46±1.41）%和囊胚率（26.23±1.08）%;对照组中（0 EGF）COCs成熟率为(54.16±3.25)%,卵裂率为 (48.33±1.93)%,囊胚率为(15.34±0.43)%;EGF浓度为50 ng·mL^-1时成熟率、卵裂率及囊胚率分别为(61.79±1.04)%、(51.76±0.61)%和(18.62±1.13)%;200 ng·mL^-1成熟率、卵裂率及囊胚率分别为(71.26±4.18)%、(57.13±2.06 )% 和(23.96±0.53)%;而加入EGFR抑制因子Gefitinib显著的降低了COCs的成熟率及其受精后的卵裂率及囊胚率,分别为(43.63±1.46)%、(41.79±2.81)%和(12.65±0.67)%。COCs成熟过程中EGF的作用可以显著抑制促凋亡基因Bax的表达,在50 ng·mL^-1、100 ng·mL^-1、200 ng·mL^-1EGF作用后成熟COCs中Bax基因的相对表达量分别仅为对照组（0 EGF）的0.83±0.12,0.21±0.02,0.27±0.03倍,EGF浓度为100 ng·mL^-1时Bax基因表达量最低,而Gefitinib作用后可以显著促进成熟COCs中Bax基因的表达,其相对表达量为对照组的4.24±0.10倍;EGF在COCs成熟过程中可以显著促进抗凋亡基因Baxi的表达,其相对表达量在EGF浓度为50、100、200 ng·mL^-1EGF分别为对照组的2.18±0.12、7.06±0.59和6.73±0.31倍,EGF浓度为100 ng·mL^-1时Baxi基因表达量最高,而Gefitinib作用后可以显著降低成熟COCs中Baxi基因的表达,其相对表达量为对照组的0.32±0.04倍。【结论】EGF和EGFR作为牦牛COCs体外成熟过程中重要的自分泌因子,且外源的EGF可以显著提高卵母细胞成熟率、卵裂率及囊胚率,最佳作用浓度为100 ng·mL^-1,其作用机制可能与调控凋亡相关基因Bax和Baxi表达有关。     

A Study on Heat Resistance and Initial Characterization of Protease Inhibitors in Porcine Colostrum

Porcine colostrum was separated into the acid-soluble fraction (SF) and casein fraction (CF) by acidifying followed by centrifuge. SF was further separated by liquid chromatography and anisotropic membrane filtration. Capacities of the SF or CF of porcine colostrum, to inhibit trypsin and chymotrypsin activity and to inhibit the epidermal growth factor (EGF) degradation in pig small intestinal contents, were determined under different heat treatments. The study showed that trypsin inhibitors in porcine colostrum survived heat treatments of 100℃ water bath for up to 10 min, but exposure to boiling water bath for 30 min significantly decreased the inhibitory activity. Compared with the trypsin inhibitors, the chymotrypsin inhibitors were more heat-sensitive. SF was more heat-sensitive than CF. Separation of the SF of porcine colostrum by liquid chromatography and anisotropic membrane filtration revealed that the porcine colostrum protease inhibitors, those had the capacity to inhibit the trypsin-chymotrypsin activity and enhanced the stability of EGF in the gastrointestinal(GI) lumen of weaned pigs, existed mainly in SF, milk-derived, were a group of heat-labile small proteins with molecular weight of 10 000-50 000.     

EGF对牛卵母细胞体外成熟及胚胎发育的影响

在卵母细胞体外成熟液(含FSH)中分别添加10,30,50ng/ml表皮生长因子(EGF),24h后检查成熟率,并进行孤雌激活。结果表明:添加10ng/ml、30ng/mlEGF组牛卵母细胞成熟率较对照组(未添加EGF)无显著差异(79.8%vs71.5%vs70.4%,p>0.05),但EGF添加至50ng/ml时牛卵母细胞第一极体排出率显著提高,达85.4%(P<0.01);在实验1的基础上,比较培养液中添加10ng/ml、30ng/ml、50ng/mlEGF对牛孤雌激活胚胎体外发育的影响,结果发现在培养液中添加EGF并不能显著提高牛卵母细胞体外孤雌发育囊胚率(P>0.05),但可显著提高其囊胚孵化率(P<0.01)。     

短光照对绒山羊绒毛生长相关激素的影响

为研究控制光周期对绒山羊绒毛生长相关激素的影响,从短光照试验和对照组绒山羊中选择2周岁6对双胞胎绒山羊母羊,采集血液样品利用酶联免疫法进行激素含量测定,利用SAS9.0软件进行显著性检验和相关性分析。结果发现:一天24h当中,绒山羊进入棚圈后褪黑激素MLT(melatonin,mLT)和IGF-1含量显著增加,PRL含量显著减少,EGF和GH含量在2组中差异不显著;一年当中,进入光控棚圈后6月份绒山羊血液中的MLT(P0.05)、IGF-1和EGF(P0.05)含量均增加,PRL含量显著降低;9月份试验组绒山羊MLT、IGF-1和GH含量高于对照组(P0.05),PRL含量依然低于对照组(P0.05)。在相关性分析中,试验组和对照组PRL与其他激素之间的相关系数为负数;与对照组相比短光照明显增加了MLT与PRL、EGF,PRL与IGF-1、EGF、GH,IGF-1与EGF、GH,EGF与GH之间的相互作用(P0.05),减弱了MLT与IGF-1、GH之间的相互作用。结果表明,短光照通过增强各激素间的协同或拮抗作用而提前诱发绒毛生长。     

Oxygen affinity in red cells: changes induced in vivo by propranolol

Propranolol, a blocking agent for the beta adrenergic receptor, produces a redistribution of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the red cell. At concentrations of 3.3 x10(-5)M, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the red cell membrane becomes unbound in vitro. The administration of propranolol to hunmns produces similar changes and results in a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.     

A chimeric, ligand-binding v-erbB/EGF receptor retains transforming potential

Comparison of amino acid sequences from human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and avian erythroblastosis virus erbB oncogene product suggests that v-erbB represents a truncated avian EGF receptor gene product. Although both proteins are transmembrane tyrosine kinases, the v-erbB protein lacks most of the extracellular ligand-binding domain and a 32-amino acid cytoplasmic sequence present in the human EGF receptor. To test the validity of the proposed origin of v-erbB and to investigate the functional significance of the deleted extracellular sequences, a chimeric gene encoding the extracellular and the transmembrane domain of the human EGF receptor joined to sequences coding for the cytoplasmic domain of the avian erbB oncogene product was constructed. When expressed in Rat1 fibroblasts, this reconstituted gene product (HER-erbB) was transported to the cell surface and bound EGF. Its autophosphorylation activity was stimulated by interaction with the ligand. Expression of the HER-erbB chimera led to anchorage-independent cell growth in soft agar and EGF-induced focus formation in Rat1 monolayers. Thus, it appears that v-erbB protein sequences in the chimeric receptor retain their transforming activity under the influence of the human extracellular EGF-binding domain.     

牛小腔前卵泡体外生长发育的研究

 在添加有ITS、丙酮酸钠、次黄嘌呤、血清、FSH、LH、E2的α-MEM基础液中加入表皮生长因子（EGF）和碱性成纤维生长因子(bFGF)及氢化可的松（HC），对直径＜100 ?m（平均直径61～70?m）的牛小腔前卵泡进行体外培养。结果表明，试验I，在FSH、LH、E2浓度分别为0.25 ?g·ml-1、5 iu·ml-1、0.5 ?g·ml-1时，卵泡体外培养7 d， EGF和bFGF联合存在好于分别单独存在时的培养效果，当bFGF（25 ng或50 ng）剂量保持不变，提高EGF含量（25 ng,50 ng）有抑制卵泡发育的作用；增加bFGF的剂量有助于腔前卵泡的发育。 试验II，当FSH、LH、E2分别调整到4 ?g·ml-1、10 iu·ml-1、0.1 ?g·ml-1，并添加了氢化可的松（40 ng·ml-1），卵泡体外培养13 d，在试验3组（EGF 25ng）和试验4组（EGF 25 ng+ bFGF 50 ng），卵泡发育率和卵泡平均增长直径均显著好于试验1组（未添加EGF、bFGF、氢化可的松）和试验2组（只添加氢化可的松）。体外培养第20 d，试验3组和试验4组卵泡发育率分别为15.79 %和25.58 %，卵泡最大增长直径分别为300和320 ?m，并形成小的卵泡腔（成腔率分别为7.69 %和17.65 %），而试验1组和试验2组其卵泡发育率均为0。表明体外培养腔前卵泡时，不同的培养体系对其生长发育有十分重要的影响，各种成分之间存在互作的关系。     

Modulation of epidermal growth factor receptors on 3T3 cells by platelet-derived growth factor

Platelet-derived growth factor does not compete with epidermal growth factor (EGF) for binding to EGF receptors on the murine 3T3 cell surface, but it modulates EGF receptors in two ways: (i) it induces a transient down regulation of EGF receptors and (ii) it inhibits EGF-induced down regulation of EGF receptors. These data suggest a common cellular internalization mechanism for the receptors for both hormones.     

EGF对牛卵母细胞成熟及孤雌发育能力的影响

研究表明：表皮生长因子（EGF）对牛卵母细胞的成熟和孤雌激活后发育有促进作用。与对照相比,添加10 ng·mL^-1的EGF就可以明显提高牛卵母细胞体外成熟率、激活后的卵裂率和囊胚率。但EGF水平的提高,对提高卵母细胞成熟率的作用要高于提高后期胚胎发育的作用。40 ng·mL^-1的EGF的卵母细胞成熟率明显高于30 ng·mL^-1时的成熟率,但囊胚率未见明显提高。     

Signal transduction through the EGF receptor transfected in IL-3-dependent hematopoietic cells

An expression vector for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor was introduced into the 32D myeloid cell line, which is devoid of EGF receptors and absolutely dependent on interleukin-3 (IL-3) for its proliferation and survival. Expression of the EGF receptor conferred the ability to utilize EGF for transduction of a mitogenic signal. When the transfected cells were propagated in EGF, they exhibited a more mature myeloid phenotype than was observed under conditions of IL-3-directed growth. Moreover, exposure to EGF led to a rapid stimulation of phosphoinositide metabolism, while IL-3 had no detectable effect on phosphoinositide turnover either in control or EGF receptor-transfected 32D cells. Although the transfected cells exhibited high levels of functional EGF receptors, they remained nontumorigenic. In contrast, transfection of v-erbB, an amino-terminal truncated form of the EGF receptor with constitutive tyrosine kinase activity, not only abrogated the IL-3 growth factor requirement of 32D cells, but caused them to become tumorigenic in nude mice. These results show that a na?ve hematopoietic cell expresses all of the intracellular components of the EGF-signaling pathway necessary to evoke a mitogenic response and sustain continuous proliferation.