外来广聚萤叶甲对非靶标植物的选择行为

为评估外来广聚萤叶甲作为入侵豚草的潜在生物防治作用物对非靶标植物的潜在风险,分别观察了成虫产卵和初孵幼虫取食的选择行为,首次在杂草天敌寄主专一性测定中采用生存分析（失败时间分析）法,比较了在三裂叶豚草、苍耳、食用农家向日葵三道黑品种、油用向日葵辽丰F51品种、多花向日葵和菊芋等菊科向日葵族非靶标植物上的产卵识别期和初孵幼虫取食前期的差异。研究结果表明,在三裂叶豚草和苍耳上产卵的概率与豚草没有显著差异,但在几种向日葵属植物上产卵的概率显著低于豚草;初孵幼虫对农家向日葵的取食选择概率与豚草没有显著差异,在其他供试植物上的取食前期均显著延长（P〈0.05）。对应用广聚萤叶甲防治外来入侵豚草对非靶标植物的潜在风险进行了讨论。     

外来广聚萤叶甲在我国大陆潜在分布区的预测

豚草是传入我国的恶性外来入侵杂草,广聚萤叶甲(Ophraella communaLeSage)是新近发现、专食豚草的潜在有效天敌。为预测广聚萤叶甲的潜在分布范围,利用CLIMEX软件对该叶甲与豚草及其近缘植物三裂叶豚草、向日葵等潜在寄主植物的适生区进行了分析和预测;采用由生态气候指数(EI)衍生的生物-气候风险指数(BCRI),分别分析了该叶甲与这3种植物同域分布的范围。广聚萤叶甲在我国大陆的潜在分布区向北可以分布到沈阳,向南可能分布到海南;而华东、华南和西南东部地区是其适宜的分布区域。广聚萤叶甲与豚草在我国北部的共同适宜边际区到达山东济南,与三裂叶豚草和向日葵的北部边际区达到辽宁沈阳,而该叶甲与这3种植物的共同适宜区主要分布在华东、华南和西南东部等地。我国北方种植的向日葵受广聚萤叶甲取食危害的风险很低。     

危险性杂草——豚草在国内蔓延

豚草属杂草(主要的有豚草 Ambrosiaartemisiifolia L.、三裂叶豚草 A.tri-fida L.等种)原产北美洲,是危险性的农田杂草。这类杂草植株高大(可高达2—3米),生长繁茂,传播蔓延迅速,可使大田、菜园、草场和牧场荒芜。苏联本世纪初从美洲传入这些杂草后(苏联1918年首次发现豚草,1935年首次发现三裂叶豚草),曾遭受草荒危害,当时苏联政府作出决议,责     

密花豚草的入侵风险及预警防控

密花豚草Ambrosia confertiflora是一种原产墨西哥和美国的多年生杂草,后入侵到多个国家,给当地的农业、生态、畜牧业等带来了严重危害。除此之外,密花豚草还是多种有害真菌、昆虫的寄主,散发难闻气味污染环境,花粉还会引起易感人群的过敏反应。2018年欧洲和地中海国家植物保护组织(EPPO)将其列入A2类检疫性有害生物名单。豚草属杂草已经被列入我国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录,虽然密花豚草目前在我国尚无分布记录,但是其潜在入侵风险不可忽视。本文通过CLIMEX生物学动态仿真模型结合地理信息系统的方法,分析其在全球以及在我国的适生范围和适生程度,同时对该杂草进入我国的风险等级进行评估。研究结果表明,与我国贸易往来频繁的一些国家以及我国都存在密花豚草高度适生区,密花豚草极有可能通过国际贸易而进入我国,且密花豚草传入我国的风险等级为高度危险。应该提高对该杂草的风险意识,做好风险预警,提高对外来入侵生物的知识储备和公众对有害生物的防范意识,防止密花豚草进入我国,保护我国的农业、林业以及生态安全。     

三裂叶豚草及其三种变型

三裂叶豚草 Ambrosia trifida L.为菊科一年生杂草,原产北美,近些年在我国北方的一些省市,如辽宁、黑龙江、吉林、北京等地猖獗蔓延,辽宁尤重,几乎遍及全省。三裂叶豚草长势繁茂,竞争力强,常常排挤掉其他植物,成为单一群丛。7～8月份开花散粉,其花期比豚草长,花粉量比豚草大,是比豚草危害更大的人类花粉症的致敏原,也是农作物和果园的严重害草。其形态多变,除正常的3～5掌状深裂叶类型外,还有叶不裂型、深齿型和全裂叶型三种变型,从而造成识     

红毛草(Rhynchelytrum repens)入侵特性、地理分布和风险评估

红毛草是一种外来植物,原产于南非,主要分布于非洲、美洲、亚洲、澳大利亚及部分岛屿,在我国,主要分布于福建、广东、广西、海南及台湾等地区。通过对文献、资料的整理,在了解红毛草生物学、生态学特性、地域分布以及生境类型的基础上,采用中欧风险评估体系(WG-WRA)和澳大利亚(或新西兰)杂草风险评估体系(WRA)对红毛草进行入侵风险评估。结果表明,红毛草繁殖能力强(种子产量大、发芽率高)且具有良好的生态适应性和环境抗逆性,在我国5个省(区、市)19个市均有分布,并呈不断扩大的趋势。2个风险评估体系对红毛草入侵我国北方地区的分值分别为13、14分,属于低风险入侵植物;但是,对于南方地区的入侵分值都为29分,属于高风险外来入侵植物,一旦入侵成功则会威胁到当地的生态安全和生物多样性。因此,在对红毛草引种和应用时,必须加强管理和监测,并做好相应的防控工作。     

辽宁省两种豚草的考察初报

豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.和三裂叶豚草Ambrosia trifolia L.是菊科豚草属杂草,该属共有30余种植物,传到我国的只有上述两种。50年代初在沈阳出现三裂叶豚     

济南地区三裂叶豚草发生及控防措施

2000年9月,在济南市郊区大金庄附近及腊山河一带,发现了检疫性外来有害生物--三裂叶豚草(Ambrosia trifida L.),2001年起我们对该草的发生、生物学特性、防控措施等进行调查研究.     

集安市发现有害植物-豚草

吉林省集安市植物检疫站于2003年7月在市区内点片发现有害植物豚草.有艾叶豚草和三裂叶豚草两种,其中三裂叶豚草居多,经详细调查,确认是2003年从外地新传入杂草,立即组织人力彻底拔除,清除了隐患.     

外来入侵杂草——五爪金龙

五爪金龙抗逆性强,生长繁茂,是一种较难防除、严重危害其他植物生长、影响景观自然性和完整性的外来杂草.因此,了解其生物生态学特性,进行必要的监控与防除及科学利用非常重要.文章归纳了外来杂草五爪金龙的形态特征、生活史、分布、生境类型及其对经济、生态的影响,介绍了利用、预防、控制和管理措施等.     

江西农业外来有害生物及其防治

在江西发生面积较大,危害较严重的农业外来入侵生物主要有水花生、水葫芦、豚草、加拿大一枝黄花、福寿螺等。它们的危害不仅造成农业减产和破坏生态,还可传播病害。对外来有害生物的防治,应采取农业防治、生物防治和化学防治相结合综合防治措施。     

Common ragweed: An emerging threat for sunflower production and human health in Turkey

Common ragweed invasion poses serious risks to human health, biodiversity and agricultural production throughout the world. Although ragweed has an enormous potential to expand its range in Turkey, studies on ragweed have only concentrated on the Black Sea region. An exploratory survey was conducted to observe the level of ragweed occurrence on the nodes of predecided 10 × 10 km grids in the Thrace region of Turkey. Ragweed populations were observed in 44 out of 129 sites in a wide range of habitats, including roadsides, pastures, agricultural fields and non‐agricultural areas. The highest levels of ragweed infestation were recorded in the agricultural fields, followed by the roadsides. The most‐invaded crop was sunflower. The sunflower fields had the highest ragweed coverage as well and invasion even resulted in crop failure alongside the field borders. A spatial analysis of the data indicated that ragweed exhibited an aggregated pattern over the Thrace region. Ragweed distribution was not associated with the characteristics of the soils, which had a varying range of pH, electrical conductivity and texture. The results revealed that ragweed invasion can arise as a serious weed problem, interfering with the sustainability of sunflower production in Thrace and other sunflower‐producing regions of the country. A high degree of ragweed infestation also will contribute to the pollen level counts for the most crowded cities in the region, posing a serious danger to human health.     

What criteria are relevant for predicting the invasive capacity of a new agricultural weed? The case of invasive American species in France

In Europe, exotic species are assessed for their potential threat only after they have already become weeds. To test hypotheses underlying risk assessment procedures, 274 North and South American exotic species naturalized in France were compared to differentiate environmental from agricultural weeds and to characterize weeds of several crops. Most agricultural exotic weeds belonged to the Asteraceae and the Poaceae, but proportionally to the total number of invasive species from a family the most successful families were the Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Poaceae. Weed status in North and South America was the best predictor of agricultural weed status in France, and a pre-1900 date of introduction was associated with a greater likelihood of having become a major weed. The characteristics of 78 species present in field crops were examined in relation to management practices. In annual crops, the life-cycle compatibility of weeds appeared to be the main factor of selection. Exotic species differed in their C4 photosynthesis pathway in maize and rice. In vineyards, many ecological strategies are possible because the habitat is heterogeneous. Intrageneric comparison of exotic and native species showed a superior relative growth rate and higher biomass production under nutrient-rich conditions for exotics. However, it is still difficult to find a predictive function that fits well with all observed cases of weed invasion.     

Risk maps for targeting exotic plant pest detection programs in the United States

In the United States, pest risk maps are used by the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey for spatial and temporal targeting of exotic plant pest detection programs. Methods are described to create standardized host distribution, climate and pathway risk maps for the top nationally ranked exotic pest targets. Two examples are provided to illustrate the risk mapping process: late wilt of corn (Harpophora maydis) and the giant African land snail (Achatina fulica). Host risk maps were made from county‐level crop census and USDA Forest Inventory and Analysis data, respectively. Climate risk maps were made using the North Carolina State University–USDA APHIS Plant Pest Forecasting System (NAPPFAST), which uses a web‐based graphical user interface to link climatic and geographic databases with interactive templates for biological modelling. Pathway risk maps were made using freight flow allocation data sets to move commodities from 7 world regions to 3162 US urban areas. A new aggregation technique based on the Pareto dominance principle was used to integrate maps of host abundance, climate and pathway risks into a single decision support product. The maps are publicly available online ( http://www.nappfast.org ). Key recommendations to improve the risk maps and their delivery systems are discussed.     

林木害虫监测技术的研究进展

随着国际间贸易的频繁,外来林木害虫传入我国的风险加大,评估外来林木害虫扩散趋势和速度,建立有效的外来林木害虫监测系统显得尤为迫切。本文结合本课题组有关林木害虫诱集已取得的成果,综述了近年来国内外对外来林木害虫诱集监测技术的研究进展,并就建立适合我国的外来林木害虫监测体系提出建议。     

农药生态风险评价述评

风险一般指遭受损失、损伤或毁坏的可能性。生态风险是生态系统及其组分所承受的风险。生态风险评价是对产生不利的生态效应的可能性进行评价的过程。农药生态风险评价是采用生态风险评价技术评价农药给整个生态环境带来的风险。本文就农药生态风险评价的基本概念、过程和模型、内容和方法以及农药生态风险的评价研究现状进行了述评。     

外来植物有害生物入侵及其对策

分析了外来植物有害生物传入我国蔓延危害的主要特点、发展态势及潜在风险.我国防范外来植物有害生物入侵,主要存在管理体制、法规制度、检疫手段和技术、人员素质和资金投入等诸方面问题.加强植物检疫职能、整合检疫管理力量、构建快速反应机制、确保安全服务贸易等是有效防范外来生物入侵的重要组织步骤;完善植物检疫立法和管理体制、重视技术标准研制和采用国际标准惯例、加快有害生物风险分析和重新确定检疫性有害生物名录、改进植物检疫检验手段和技术、加强非疫区和非疫生产基地建设、设立植物检疫专项基金、加强国际合作与交流等尤为迫切.     

棉田黄萎病菌致病型结构初步研究

棉花黄萎病是棉花生产中的主要病害之一,广泛分布于世界各产棉国.控制该病的猖獗危害,已成为棉花生产可持续发展的主要问题[1].利用不同抗性的棉花品种对棉黄萎病菌的选择作用,从棉田中分离获得不同的黄萎病菌菌系,在温室中采用2个抗病性差异明显的品种对其致病力进行测定,以明确同一块棉田是否存在不同致病力菌系.     

美国农药水生生态风险评价研究进展

介绍了美国农药水生生态风险评价从商值法到概率风险评价再到多层次生态风险评价的发展过程,重点阐述了当前在美国被广泛采用的多层次生态风险评价系统。对水生生态风险评价中常用的暴露评价模型GENEEC、PRZM 和EXAMS进行了比较分析。介绍了美国已开展的农药水生生态风险评价工作情况,旨在为我国今后的农药水生生态风险评价研究提供有益的借鉴。