暗纹东方鲀仔鱼早期发育阶段摄食和行为的研究

研究结果表明:1.在4－10日龄内,暗纺东方Hun(Takifugu obscurus)仔鱼摄取的蛋黄颗粒越来越大,4日龄仔鱼对粒径0.125-0.260mm的蛋黄颗粒的摄食率最高,10日龄仔鱼以0.191-0.309mm的为最高。2.6-10日龄仔鱼的摄食率在光照400－3000lx的范围内以1000－2000lx为最好,但没有显著影响。3.3日龄仔鱼以间歇式巡游为主,至7日龄才建立起完全的巡游模式。4.仔鱼摄食行为的发育分为较明显的两个阶段：一是前期仔鱼的前冲摄食,二是后期仔鱼身体呈现“L”攻击型和“咬食攻击型”的姿势摄食;12日龄之后,饥饿仔鱼的摄食反应次数明显低于正常仔鱼。     

暗纹东方鲀仔鱼早期发育阶段摄食和行为的研究

研究结果表明 :1.在 4～ 10日龄内 ,暗纹东方 ( Takifugu obscurus)仔鱼摄取的蛋黄颗粒越来越大 ,4日龄仔鱼对粒径 0 .12 5～ 0 .2 60 mm的蛋黄颗粒的摄食率最高 ,10日龄仔鱼以0 .191～ 0 .30 9mm的为最高。2 .6～ 10日龄仔鱼的摄食率在光照 4 0 0～ 30 0 0 lx的范围内以 10 0 0～ 2 0 0 0 lx为最好 ,但没有显著影响。 3.3日龄仔鱼以间歇式巡游为主 ,至 7日龄才建立起完全的巡游模式。 4 .仔鱼摄食行为的发育分为较明显的两个阶段 :一是前期仔鱼的前冲摄食 ,二是后期仔鱼身体呈现“L”攻击型和“咬食攻击型”的姿势摄食 ;12日龄之后 ,饥饿仔鱼的摄食反应次数明显低于正常仔鱼     

江黄颡鱼的仔稚鱼发育及行为生态学

江黄颡鱼从出膜仔鱼至夏花历时26d。仔、稚鱼发育分为仔鱼前阶段、仔鱼阶段、稚鱼前阶段和稚鱼阶段;每个阶段义分为3个时期,共12个时期。其中仔鱼前期分为附着期、平游期和开口期。在仔鱼附着时期要提供合适的附着物;仔鱼开口时期的饵料是小型枝角类。仔鱼阶段仍为混合营养阶段,除消耗卵黄外。其主要摄食枝角类。进入傩龟阶段后,其食性先后经2次转食：第1次由浮游动物转为底栖动物;第2次转食由底栖动物转为以动物性饵料为手的杂食性,并开始摄食人工精饲料。根据江黄颡鱼仔、稚鱼的发育特性,提出了一整套提高江黄颡鱼出苗率和成活率的科学方法。     

鲟鱼仔、稚、幼鱼的生物学及苗种的培育

鲟鱼仔鱼期一般指孵化后至开口摄食的阶段,稚鱼期则指开口摄食至鱼体表上五列骨板形成的阶段。也有人把仔鱼称为前期仔鱼,稚鱼则称为后期仔鱼。幼鱼则是指体表五列骨板已长至尾柄基部,外观上具备成鱼体型的鲟鱼。在生产上通常把仔鱼、稚鱼称为鱼苗,幼鱼称为鱼种。鱼苗、鱼种是发育过程中变化最快的一个时期,与成鱼相比,无论从形态、生活习性及生理特征上都有很大的差别。在苗种培育阶段要经历仔鱼的开口摄食和幼鱼的转食两个敏感时期,且此阶段的鲟鱼对环境变化的适应能力及对病原体的抵抗能力都较差,很容易因营养、疾病及环境不适等原因而衰…     

黄颡鱼早期发育阶段的摄食节律及日摄食率

研究了黄颡鱼早期发育阶段摄食的昼夜节律性及日摄食率。结果如下：黄颡鱼仔稚鱼摄食具有明显的昼夜节律性。胃平均饱满指数在仔鱼前期、仔鱼后期和稚鱼期分别于21：00、3：00、6：00达最高峰，均于15：00达最低值。不同发育阶段的日摄食率分别为：仔鱼前期69.96%，仔鱼后期28.84%，稚鱼期10.00%。     

黑点青鳉的生长和摄食行为发育

针对黑点青鳉实验室养殖成活率低的问题,对其摄食行为发育进行研究,了解其早期阶段的摄食行为发育状况,为人工养殖提供理论依据。通过单摄像机结合镜面成像的方法,对黑点青鳉胚后发育阶段90 d摄食行为的观察与分析,研究了投喂卤虫无节幼体条件下黑点青鳉的生长特征和摄食行为发育。结果显示,幼体体长平均生长率为2.579%/d,体长与日龄间关系为y=3.132+0.383x-0.004x^2+0.00003x^3,R^2=0.98。通过各项摄食行为指标将其幼体生长发育分为3期6个阶段:仔鱼期(0~10 d)分为前仔鱼期(0~4 d)和后仔鱼期(5~10 d),稚鱼期(11~30 d)分为前稚鱼期(11~18 d)、中稚鱼期(19~24 d)和后稚鱼期(25~30 d),幼鱼期(31~65 d)。黑点青鳉幼体出膜4 d后开始投喂初孵卤虫,至10 d所有鱼苗均能捕食。黑点青鳉仔鱼期幼体死亡率较高,但摄食能力稳步提升,至该期末,摄食成功率提升至45%~55%,摄食效率达0.5~0.6个/min;稚鱼期幼体的各项摄食指标均有大幅度提升,对饵料的响应时间不断缩短,摄食速率提高,响应距离也逐渐增长,摄食量增大,摄食成功率已提升至90%~95%;幼鱼期各项摄食指标已接近成鱼,摄食效率达9个/min以上,摄食功能已趋于完善。研究表明,黑点青鳉在仔鱼期对卤虫无节幼体的响应距离短、摄食速率低下,摄食成功率与摄食效率均处于较低水平,随着其自身的发育以及摄食能力的稳定提升,摄食成功率和摄食效率逐步提高,成活率趋于稳定。养殖期间,通过密切注意黑点青鳉的摄食行为变化,改变投喂的数量和频次,使更多的仔鱼尽快过渡到稚鱼期,可能是提高养殖成活率的一条有效途径。     

鬼鲉早期发育阶段的摄食节律与饥饿致死时间

采用实验生态学方法研究鬼鲉(Inimicus japonicus)早期发育阶段的摄食特性和仔鱼饥饿致死时间.结果表明,仔鱼和营游泳生活的稚鱼摄食高峰出现在白天,并以白天摄食为主,6日龄仔鱼、17日龄营游泳生活稚鱼的摄食率高峰为10:00和14:00.随着生活习性的转变,其摄食节律也发生明显变化,稚鱼和幼鱼在营底栖生活方式的阶段,以夜间摄食为主,另一摄食小高峰出现在早晨.进入底栖生活阶段的29日龄稚鱼、40日龄幼鱼的摄食高峰为22:00和6:00.鬼鲉仔、稚、幼鱼各阶段的日摄食率分别为:6日龄仔鱼69.7%,17日龄稚鱼57.7%,29日龄稚鱼42.3%,40日龄幼鱼17.7%.在饥饿条件下鬼鲉初孵仔鱼、1、3、5、8和10日龄仔鱼的全部死亡时间分别为192 h、216 h、168 h、80 h、178 h和264 h,半数死亡时间分别为144h、120 h、120h、60h、108 h和144h,说明5日龄仔鱼是鬼鲉早期发育中最为敏感的阶段.饥饿仔鱼呈现头大、体短、身瘦、体色发白等形态特征,行为上表现为游动缓慢,反应迟钝和静卧底部.长期饥饿后仔鱼脑后部下陷明显,其形态特征可作为判断仔鱼饥饿致死的重要指标.     

高白鲑仔鱼、稚鱼在不同温度条件下的摄食强度试验

通过对高白鲑仔鱼、稚鱼在不同温度条件下的摄食强度试验,探索胚后期发育、温度与摄食活动的关系。仔鱼在10℃,稚鱼在15℃时摄食强度最大,摄食活幼20分钟时为摄食高峰。该项试验为高白鲑苗种培育中确定最适摄食温度及摄食时间提供重要的技术参数。     

西伯利亚鲟(F2)胚后发育的形态观察

对人工养殖西伯利亚鲟(F₂)仔鱼的胚后发育形态进行了观察,从仔鱼刚出膜［0日龄,(9.16±0.21) mm］开始一直观察到早期稚鱼阶段［53日龄,(87.12±1.92) mm］。从形态发育来看,西伯利亚鲟仔鱼的胚后发育可以分为2个时期：早期仔鱼,即从刚出膜（0日龄）到初次开口（9日龄）摄食;晚期仔鱼,从开口摄食至器官发育基本完全（37日龄）;以后进入早期稚鱼期。早期仔鱼期的形态建成与分化明显地比晚期仔鱼和早期稚鱼快,其中,早期仔鱼的感觉、摄食、呼吸、游泳等器官快速分化;晚期仔鱼,主要表现为各骨板的分化和完善,当仔鱼在形态上完成向成鱼转变时,表示进入了早期稚鱼期。西伯利亚鲟胚后发育的观察结果显示,发育的早期阶段各器官协调并快速发育,感觉、摄食、呼吸、游泳等器官的出现和完善,使仔鱼在短时间内具备了躲避敌害和摄食的能力,其生存能力大大提高。     

黑鲪早期发育与摄食的初步观察

对黑鲪Sebastes schlegelii早期发育及摄食进行了研究。结果表明,在水温15.4～16.0℃、盐度30～32、pH8.4的培养条件下,黑鲪初产仔鱼全长为6.07±0.25mm,腹部有残存的卵黄囊;1日龄仔鱼全长为6.21±0.31mm,大部分仔鱼进入摄食期,开口饵料为经小球藻强化过的褶皱臂尾轮虫;20日龄仔鱼全长为8.81±0.40mm,开始增投经营养强化的卤虫无节幼体,仔鱼进入快速生长期。依照TL=aD3+bD2+cD+d方程式,对仔鱼个体的全长与日龄进行回归,得到其生长模型为:TL(mm)=0.0096D2-0.0415D+6.7503(R2=0.9877)。仔鱼耐受饥饿的时间临界点(PNR)发生在产出后第4天(3日龄),不可逆转饥饿期的时间为2d。黑鲪仔稚鱼在24h内均有不同程度的摄食。1日龄仔鱼的摄食高峰出现在8:00,5日龄仔鱼摄食高峰则出现在16:00,12日龄仔鱼的摄食强度在12:00达到最大,相应的摄食率高峰出现在16:00,19日龄仔鱼在12:00～0:00出现摄食率高峰,24日龄稚鱼的摄食强度在12:00达到最大,30日龄稚鱼的摄食高峰出现在12:00～16:00,且16:00的峰值明显高于12:00,24h内摄食率达到100%。结果表明,黑鲪仔稚鱼无明显的摄食节律,属于全天摄食型,摄食高峰出现在白天。     

Effects of calcium availability on growth of larval Lake Sturgeon

A variety of environmental factors are known to influence growth rate and survival of larval fish. The effects of water chemistry, such as calcium hardness of freshwater systems, have been reasonably well‐described in teleosts in the early life stages. However, the Lake Sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, is unusual in the conjunction of high calcium demand for growth in early life (as in all vertebrate animals), but low internal calcium reserves due to relatively few bony structures, especially in early life. This study reared Lake Sturgeon from hatch until after first feeding in 0.1, 0.2 and 1.5 mM [Ca²⁺]. No differences were observed between rearing environments in hatching success or survival. Fish reared in the lowest [Ca²⁺] demonstrated earlier significant increases in wet weight and total length, and absorbed yolk at a faster rate. Fish in all treatments accumulated Na⁺ and Cl^? throughout the pre‐feeding stages and continued to increase whole‐body [NaCl] in the calcium‐limited water after feeding. Continued growth of fish in the lowest calcium concentration was significantly impacted as the fish grew, suggesting that water chemistry was an important influence on developmental progression, and therefore, factors relevant to long‐term survival such as condition and available time for feeding onset to occur.     

Onset and development of aggressive behavior in the early life stage of Japanese flounder

Onset and development, and diel rhythm of aggressive behavior were observed in the early life stages of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . The frequency of nip was counted as an index of aggressive behavior. No aggressive behavior was observed during the larval stage until day 39 after hatching (when fish were 13.2 mm in standard length (SL)) in the experimental tanks. The onset of aggressive behavior was observed on day 39, coinciding with completion of metamorphosis from the larval to the juvenile stage, and it developed until day 46. During the metamorphosing stage, typical shivering behavior (Ohm (Ω)-posture) was observed, and it showed a peak on day 19 (SL 7.6 mm) and decreased thereafter. Ω-Posture disappeared in the juvenile stage. Aggressive behavior and Ω-posture were only observed in the daytime. Settlement was first observed from day 19 in less than 30% of larvae and all individuals settled from day 39. As Ω-posture was observed regardless of the presence or absence of food and the peak of frequency in Ω-posture was observed in a specific stage of metamorphosis, this behavior is not related to feeding behavior, and it is possibly a precursor to aggressive behavior in this species.     

Transpositional feeding rhythm of loach <Emphasis Type="Italic">Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</Emphasis> from larvae to juveniles and its ontogenesis under artificial rearing conditions

The diel feeding rhythm and ontogenesis during early life stage of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus were investigated under experimental conditions (light: L 06:00–18:00, D 18:00–06:00 h). Morphological and behavioral developments of loach from newly hatched to 40 days after hatching were observed. Larvae were able to prey on daphnia 3–4 days after hatching at 23 ± 0.5°C. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity and incidence for day-4 larvae were highest at 10:00 and 16:00 h. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day-12 larvae occurred at 08:00, 12:00, and 18:00 h as did feeding incidence. By day 20, when the larvae metamorphosed, the highest levels of feeding intensity occurred at 06:00, 18:00, and 24:00 h and were concurrent with the highest feeding incidence. After metamorphosis, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages before day 20, feeding intensity for day-30 juveniles peaked at 05:00 and 20:00 h, about 1–2 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The feeding rhythm of loach juveniles at day 40 was almost the same as the day-30 juveniles. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 43.1%, 33.4%, 19.0%, 12.8%, and 5.8% of body weight on days 4, 12, 20, 30, and 40, respectively. Thus, loach was found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre- and post-metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in daytime during the larval planktonic stage before metamorphosis, and intensely nocturnal feeding behavior during the juvenile benthic stage after metamorphosis.     

Feeding rhythm and growth of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, during its early life stages

The feeding rhythm and growth characteristics of the early life stages of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, were studied. Larvae began to prey on rotifers about 2–3 days after hatching at 23°C. About 12 days after hatching, larvae had grown to 8–9 mm in total length and were able to prey on Artemia larvae. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity for day‐6 larvae was highest at 12:00 and 18:00 hours, about 2–3 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day‐16 larvae occurred between 09:00 and 18:00 hours. By day 26, when the larvae had metamorphosed, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages, feeding intensity peaked at 18:00 and 24:00 hours concurrently with feeding incidence. Thus, tongue sole were found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre‐ and post‐metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in the daytime during the larval planktonic stage, and at night during the juvenile benthic stage. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 65%, 40% and 11% of body weight on days 6, 16 (larvae) and 26 (juveniles) respectively. Size variation increased markedly with development.     

美洲鲥仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育与生长特征

通过对美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)仔、稚、幼各发育期的连续取样,系统观察了仔、稚、幼各期的形态变化及生长发育特征.结果显示:在水温(20±1)℃下,初孵仔鱼全长(6.75±0.60)mm;2日龄仔鱼即开口摄食,进入混合营养期;4 日龄仔鱼卵黄囊吸收完毕进人晚期仔鱼阶段,完全依靠外源物质获取能量,主要以鳔室、脊椎形成及各鳍的分化与形成为主要标志;培育至36 d,仔鱼鳃盖后缘及脊椎骨两侧线有少量鳞片状突起,标志美洲鲥结束仔鱼期进入稚鱼期;培育至65 d,仔鱼身上鳞片基本长出,腹膜闭合,美洲鲥完成变态成为幼鱼.仔鱼培育期间,除了严格控制培育水温在(20±1)℃外,2日龄仔鱼开口后就应及时投喂轮虫类开口饵料,密度为5～10 ind/mL,这是苗种培育中不可忽视的重要环节.稚鱼期间在主食枝角类、桡足类的同时进行驯食.本实验采用特制缓沉饲料及时驯化转食再过渡到伞部摄食人工浮性膨化颗粒饲料,驯食时间为21 d,驯食是成功进行人工池塘养殖的关键所在.本研究旨在探讨提高美洲鲥早期培育过程中的成活率及成功进行池塘养殖的可行性.     

Coupling ecosystem and individual‐based models to simulate the influence of environmental variability on potential growth and survival of larval sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.) in the North Sea

To investigate the impact of changing environmental conditions in the North Sea on the distribution and survival of early life stages of a marine fish species, we employed a suite of coupled model components: (i) an Eulerian coupled hydrodynamic/ecosystem (Nutrients, Phyto‐, Zooplankton, Detritus) model to provide both 3‐D fields of hydrographical properties, and spatially and temporally variable prey fields; (ii) a Lagrangian transport model to simulate temporal changes in cohort distribution; and (iii) an individual‐based model (IBM) to depict foraging, growth and survival of fish early life stages. In this application, the IBM was parameterized for sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.) and included non‐feeding (egg and yolk‐sac larval) stages as well as foraging and growth subroutines for feeding (post‐yolk sac) larvae. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the angle of visual acuity, assimilation efficiency and the maximum food consumption rate were the most critical intrinsic model parameters. As an example, we applied this model system for 1990 in the North Sea. Results included not only information concerning the interplay of temperature and prey availability on larval fish survival and growth but also information on mechanisms underlying larval fish aggregation within frontal zones. The good agreement between modelled and in situ estimates of sprat distribution and growth rates in the German Bight suggested that interconnecting these different models provided an expedient tool to scrutinize basic processes in fish population dynamics.     

Modeling the effects of temperature on the survival and growth of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) through the first year of life

Temperature and body size are widely agreed to be the primary factors influencing vital rates (e.g., growth, mortality) in marine fishes. We created a biophysical individual‐based model which included the effects of body size and temperature on development, growth and mortality rates of eggs, larvae and juveniles of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the North Sea. Temperature‐dependent mortality rates in our model were based on the consumption rate of predators of cod early‐life stages. The model predicted 35%, 53% and 12% of the total mortality to occur during the egg, larval and juvenile stages, respectively. A comparison of modeled and observed body size suggested that the growth of survivors through their first year of life is high and close to the growth rates in ad libitum feeding laboratory experiments. Furthermore, our model indicates that experiencing warmer temperatures during early life only benefits young cod (or theoretically any organism) if a high ratio exists between the temperature coefficients for the rate of growth and the rate of mortality. During the egg stage of cod, any benefit of developing more rapidly at warmer temperatures is largely counteracted by temperature‐dependent increases in predation pressure. In contrast, juvenile (age‐0) cod experiences a higher cumulative mortality at warmer temperatures in the North Sea. Thus, our study adds a new aspect to the ‘growth–survival’ hypothesis: faster growth is not always profitable for early‐life stages particularly if it is caused by warmer temperatures.     

Bacteria associated with early life stages of halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., inhibit growth of a pathogenic Vibrio sp.

Abstract Bacteria capable of inhibiting growth of a pathogenic Vibrio sp. were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of cultured halibut larvae during the first feeding and weaning stages. No such bacteria were found among isolates from the surface of eggs or the gastrointestinal tract of yolk sac larvae. The fraction of pathogen-inhibitors among the total number of isolates ranged between 0–100% (first feeding) and 0–66% (weaning). All pathogen-inhibitors were Gram-negative rods, and 95% were oxidase and catalase positive fermentative isolates, capable of producing acid aerobically from a varying range of carbohydrates. These isolates possessed the characteristics of the Vibrio/Aeromonas -group, but only 19% were sensitive to the vibriostatic agent 0/129. Isolates from eggs and yolk sac larvae were dominated by bacteria belonging to the Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Flavobacterium - group. The high fraction of isolates with the ability to inhibit growth of the pathogenic Vibrio sp. among the total number of isolates indicates that pathogen inhibition may be an important mutualistic role of the intestinal flora of early life stages of halibut.     

The Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Early Life Stages of Black Sea Bass Centropristis striata

Along the Atlantic coast black sea bass occur from the Gulf of Maine to Florida and support important commercial and recreational fisheries. Interest in commercial production of black sea bass has increased in recent years due to high demand and limited seasonable availability. Efforts towards large-scale production have been hampered by a high incidence of early larval mortality. Two of the most important environmental variables affecting hatchery production of marine finfish larvae are temperature and salinity. In the wild, larval black sea bass are found in waters with temperatures of 12–24 C and salinity levels of 30–35 ppt. Studies were conducted to define the temperature and salinity ranges that support growth and development of black sea bass during early life stages. Three developmental phases were investigated: 1) fertilization to hatch: 2) hatch through yolk sac absorption: and 3) during the initial exogenous feeding stage (5–14 days post hatch: DPH). Fertilized eggs were obtained by manual spawning of fish following administration of LHRH_a. Fertilized eggs were transferred to 300-mL glass Petri dishes or 500-mL beakers to assess the effects of salinity and temperature through hatch and yolk sac absorption, respectively. To determine environmental effects on growth and survival during initial exogenous feeding 400 actively feeding larvae were cultured in green water and fed enriched rotifers for a 9-d period. For investigation of the effect of salinity, sea water (35 ppt) was diluted gradually to 15, 20, 25, and 30 ppt and maintained at 21 C. For examination of the effect of temperature, seawater was adjusted from 21 C to 12, 15, 21, 27, or 30 C at a rate of 3 C/h. No eggs hatched at 12 C or when salinity was maintained at 0 or 5 ppt. Hatching was uniformly high (≥ 85%) at temperatures between 15 and 27 C and at salinities ≥ 15 ppt. Survival through yolk sac absorption was greatest at temperatures between 18 and 27 C and at salinities ≥ 20 ppt. Survival through first feeding stage was highest at temperatures ≥ 18 C and 30 ppt salinity. Larval growth through first feeding was not significantly affected by salinity level but did increase with rearing temperature. The results indicate that survival and development of black sea bass during early life stages are most favorable at temperatures >18 C with salinity levels approaching full strength seawater.