Dynamic changes of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in ephemeral runoff processes by typical storm events in Sichuan Basin, Southwest China

This study was carried out in the Xujiawan watershed in Sichuan Province, China. The area is characterized by easy weathering of bedrock (sedimentary sandstone and shale) and vulnerability to erosion due to coarse soil texture and weak soil structure. The objective of this study was to understand the dynamics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses during typical storm events. The results showed that runoff generation was sudden and ephemeral, giving rise to flash floods with sharp, narrow hydrographs and short time lags in this type of agricultural ecosystems. The time lag effect of runoff formation depended on soil conditions before storm events. Suspended solids (SS) concentration peaks occurred at the beginning of the storm flow and decreased as rainfall progressed. Meanwhile, SS losses increased at the beginning of runoff flow, then decreased due to flow volume change. Concentrations of NO₃⁻-N were four times higher than NH₄⁺-N in runoff. NO₃⁻-N concentrations first decreased as runoff volume increased until reaching relatively low concentrations, then increased again as runoff volume decreased. Both NH₄⁺-N and dissolved phosphorus (DP) in runoff remained at low concentrations with a small magnitude of variation. Suspended particulate nitrogen (SN) was the dominant N form. Losses of NO₃⁻-N were higher than NH₄⁺-N in the dissolved nitrogen (DN). Suspended particulate nitrogen losses were several times higher than DN in the early period of runoff formation, but the ratio of SN/DN decreased gradually as rainfall progressed, and by the end of the storm event the rate was lower than 1, indicating DN took the main form after the early physical flush. In the early period of storm events, suspended particulate phosphorus (SP)/DP was above 70 and decreased as rainfall progressed, but remained higher than 1, which showed that SP was the main form of P loss. The transport of N, and particularly P, was intimately linked to sediment in the runoff, indicating an obvious soil erosion-associated nutrient transport, especially in relation to P loss.     

洋河流域缓坡地土壤磷素径流输出特征

坡面径流和侵蚀泥沙是磷素进入洋河水库的主要非点污染源。根据洋河流域多年的降雨特点，通过对天然降雨资料分析和人工模拟降雨，对该流域缓坡地表径流中磷素输出进行了初步的研究，结果表明；洋河流域缓坡地土壤磷素流失以颗粒态磷为主，不同土地利用方式下洋河流域缓坡地地表径流中不同形态磷含量的大小顺序为：小麦-玉米连作地〉高产玉米地〉低产玉米地〉次生灌木林地；随着降雨强度的增加．径流中颗粒态磷的含最逐渐增加，但Ortho-P的含量却下降；不同植被覆盖度下坡面地表径流中颗粒态磷和TP的含量．随着植被覆盖虚增大而减少，但径流中Ortho-P的含量则随着覆盖度的增加而增加。     

Identifying the Tillage Effects on Phosphorus Export from Phaeozems-Dominated Agricultural Watershed: a Plot-Scale Rainfall-Runoff Study in Northeast China

Evaluating tillage effects on soil phosphorus (P) loss at the plot-scale has significant implication for developing best management practices (BMPs) to protect water quality and soil productivity management in agricultural watersheds. This paper aims to quantify P loss from tilled soils under different rainfall patterns in a Phaeozems-dominated agricultural watershed. Eleven rainfall events were monitored at three experimental sites growing corns with conventional till, conservational till, and no-till during a growing season from July to August in 2013. Mean event mean concentration of dissolved phosphorus was 0.130, 0.213 and 0.614 mg L^–1 and mean particulate phosphorus transfer rate was 103.502, 33.359 and 27.127 g ha^–1 hr^–1, respectively for three tillage practices. Results showed that less tillage practices could significantly reduce sediment runoff and PP loss, accompanied with a moderate reduction of runoff yield. While the proportion of PP has been cut down, the proportion of DP could account for the majority. Hydrological factors, including antecedent soil moisture and rainfall variables, could exert various effects on DP, PP and sediment losses under different tillage conditions. Further, the results of this study imply that the soil P loss management and water quality protection in black soil region of Northeast China should take consideration of diverse effects of tillage on phosphorus loss and the dynamics of P between different forms.     

洋河流域缓坡地土壤磷素径流输出特征

坡面径流和侵蚀泥沙是磷素进入洋河水库的主要非点污染源。根据洋河流域多年的降雨特点,通过对天然降雨资料分析和人工模拟降雨,对该流域缓坡地表径流中磷素输出进行了初步的研究,结果表明:洋河流域缓坡地土壤磷素流失以颗粒态磷为主,不同土地利用方式下洋河流域缓坡地地表径流中磷含量的大小顺序为:小麦-玉米连作地>高产玉米地>低产玉米地>次生灌木林地;随着降雨强度的增加径流中颗粒态磷的含量逐渐增加,但O rtho-P的含量却下降;不同植被覆盖度下坡面地表径流中颗粒态磷和TP的含量随着植被覆盖度增大而减少,但径流中O rtho-P的含量则随着覆盖度的增加而增加。     

Sediment and Phosphorus Loads from a Stream Draining Agricultural and Forest Lands in Northwest Spain

ABSTRACT

Transport of suspended sediment (SS) and phosphorus (P) via surface runoff from soils to surface waters is a major problem of water quality degradation in many European rivers and in other parts of the world. This problem is especially serious during wet periods, which can produce twice the P loads of dry periods. In this study, the SS load and particulate phosphorus (PP) exported from a small catchment located in NW Spain (in which cultivated soils had different degrees of vegetation cover) were analyzed during two rainy periods of February 2006 and February 2007. The SS and PP loads were calculated from the data of discharge, and SS and PP concentrations were measured in water samples collected at the catchment outlet. SS and PP loads were higher in 2006 than in 2007, while there was higher rainfall and stream flow in 2007. Differences in the degree of vegetation cover in the cultivated fields with good connectivity with the stream, which was the main source area of sediment in this catchment, explain the differences in SS and PP loads between the two periods. Soil losses caused during both rainy periods were low (0.02 Mg ha^?1); however, they may be detrimental to quality of the stream water due to the P linked to soil particles. PP concentrations were above the critical values of P for eutrophication during the study periods, highlighting the need to take conservation measures to reduce soil erosion and sediment delivery to watercourse.     

太湖地区渗育性水稻土径流中磷组分的研究

本试验于 2 0 0 2年在太湖地区渗育性水稻土上进行 ,研究不同施磷水平下 (P 0、30、70、15 0和30 0kghm-2 )麦稻轮作中土壤径流磷的损失。研究结果表明 :在麦稻轮作期间 ,除最高施磷处理P 30 0kghm-2的径流磷损失达到P 0 75kghm-2 外 ,其余各施肥处理与对照无显著差异。虽然径流损失的磷最多也不足施磷量的 0 1% ;但径流中溶解磷浓度均已超过水体富营养化磷浓度的阈值 ( 0 0 2mgL-1) ,故农田径流携带的磷长期进入水体也会加重水体富营养化。径流携带的磷以产生第一次径流时为最多 ;径流磷中以颗粒磷为主占总磷的 6 0 %以上 ;溶解磷则在 4 0 %以下 ,而溶解磷中以有机磷为主 ,除P 30 0kghm-2 处理外 ,其余处理的径流中溶解有机磷占总溶解磷的 5 2 0 %～ 76 2 %之间。因此 ,仅测定溶解的无机磷作为溶解磷组分 ,必将低估径流溶解磷的数量及其贡献 ;施肥未增加当季径流中溶解有机磷的浓度     

中国亚热带地区土地利用和磷释放的数量关系

The increase of phosphorus concentration is a crucial factor causing the eutrophication of water body.while land use has an important impact on agricultural non-point sources(NPS) phosphorus discharge,Seven sites controlling the water in four sub-watersheds and the main exit of the Meicun Watershed of Xuancheng County,Anhui Provinec,were investigated by dynamic monitoring of stream water and nutrient discharge,integrating interpretation of areial image and GIS analysis to find out how the land use affects phosphorus loss with stream water in typical agriculture-forest watershed in subtropica China.These monitored sites are different in structure of typical agriculture-forest watershed in subtropical China.These monitored sitess are different in structure of land use,Phosphorus concentration of the stream water was analyzed every week and at the next day of rainfall,The velocity of flow was measured by kinemometer to calculate the runoff flux and phosphorus discharge.The results showed that the runoff flux and the discharges of dissolved phosphorus(DP),particle-associated phosphorus(PAP) and total phosphorus(TP) had significant exponential relationships with the area percentages of forest,pond and paddy field.There existed a significant exponential relationships with the area percentages of forest,pond and paddy field.There existed a significant linear relationship between the TP and PAP concentrations in stream water and the area percentages of forest,pond and paddy field,and the discharge of PAP was also significantly linearly correlated with the discharge of suspended soil particles.There was a logarithmic linear relationship between DP and PAP discharges,The study indicated that the adjustment of land used patterns and construction of ecologically sound aldnscape would be an important measure to reduce the runoff discharge of phosphorus,The results would be very useful in building the best management practices(BMPs) of agricultural watershed in subtropics.     

千岛湖流域坡地利用结构对径流氮、磷流失量的影响

通过对千岛湖流域典型坡地各种坡地利用方式降雨径流中总氮 (TN)、可溶氮 (DN)、总磷 (TP)和可溶磷(DP)浓度的监测 ,发现不同坡地利用方式中总氮和总磷浓度变异较大 ,总体说来 ,甘薯地和园地等有人工耕种的坡地流失浓度最大 ,草地和林地等受人工影响干扰少的坡地流失浓度相对较少 ,陡坡林地流失浓度大于缓坡林地。平均 DN/ TN值和 DP/ TP值变化不大 :分别为 0 .4 5和 0 .2 2左右。在不同利用方式下 ,日降雨量与氮、磷浓度的相关性均达到 95 %的显著性水平     

不同利用方式及施肥对黑土地表磷素养分流失的影响

本文针对黑土利用现状,在吉林农业大学教学试验场黑土区选择不同利用方式的玉米地、休闲地、果园、草地,并在玉米区进行了不同数量的施肥。通过野外试验,采集2002年度5~10月历次自然降雨(共7次)产流及泥沙样品,同时采集降雨前后的耕层土壤样品,研究了黑土区地表径流对磷素养分特征及肥力退化的影响。结果表明:径流TP流失比和DP流失比随覆盖度都表现为先增加后逐渐降低;不同利用方式表层土壤的TP和DP相差很大,就全磷富积表现为果园>草地>玉米地>休闲地,可溶性磷的富积却表现为:休闲地>玉米>果园>草地;随P肥用量的增加而径流磷素(TP、DP)浓度及径流磷素流失量也增加;流失泥沙TP浓度随着磷素施入的增加而增加;泥沙磷素浓度、泥沙磷素流失量均比CK大,但泥沙流失量均比CK小;增施氮磷虽能增加作物的产量,但N、P施用量必须适度,从试验期间径流、泥沙的TP、DP流失量观测,可以初步得出黑土氮磷配合施肥的宜于选配的方案是B5区N98P44N570。     

Sediment and phosphorus transfer in overland flow from a maize field receiving manure

Abstract. The transfer of suspended sediment (SS) and phosphorus (P) in overland flow from 30 m² field plots receiving either nil, surface‐applied or incorporated manure (slurry) were monitored to determine the vulnerability of land cropped to continuous forage maize to diffuse pollutant transfer in winter runoff. In the absence of slurry, P export was dominated by particulate forms, with up to 1 t SS ha^?1 and 0.75 kg total P ha^?1 collected from an individual storm event. Background concentrations of P in soluble (<0.45 μm) form were large (c. 0.5 mg L^?1) by eutrophication standards due to the previous build‐up of soil P, and largely independent of SS concentrations. Largest P exports (representing up to 23% of the slurry P applied) were measured when dairy slurry (3–13% dry solids) was surface‐applied. The P mobilized from the slurry accounted for up to 60% of total plot P export, with the majority occurring in a soluble bioavailable form during the first storm event. Initial P concentrations in runoff were in proportion to the amount of slurry P applied and significantly lower where rainfall was delayed after application. In one year, splitting the slurry application (3 × 10 kg ha^?1) reduced total P export by 25% compared to a single surface application (30 kg P ha^?1). In two years, incorporation of slurry, either by ploughing, or by tine cultivation, reduced the amount of overland flow by 50%, and the amount of P export by up to 60%, compared to the surface‐applied slurry treatments. Timeliness of slurry spreading to avoid periods of wet weather and simple cultivation of maize fields after harvest are practical and effective options to minimize SS and P transfer in land runoff from maize fields. The results also draw attention to the need to grow maize, and apply slurry to fields with a low P loss risk.     

Source areas of phosphorus transfer in an agricultural catchment,south-eastern Norway

Abstract

The strategy to mitigate phosphorus (P) losses in areas of arable cropping in Norway has focused on measures to reduce erosion. Risk assessment of erosion has formed the basis for implementation of the measures. The soil P content has increased during recent decades, motivating an evaluation of its effect on P transfer in the landscape. The present study describes the spatial variability of runoff P concentrations from an agricultural dominated catchment (4.5 km²), representative for agriculture in south-eastern Norway. The concentrations of suspended sediments (SS), total P (TP) and dissolved reactive P (DRP) in runoff from 22 subcatchments (0.3–263 ha) during one year (monthly and during runoff-events) were evaluated. Contributions from point sources were 38 kg TP yr^?1 compared to a total P loss of 685 kg yr^?1 from the whole catchment. During low flow, mean diffuse TP concentration in runoff from subcatchments varied from 28 to 382 µg l^?1. The mean low flow TP concentration was 39 µg l^?1 from the housing area (only diffuse runoff) and 33 µg l^?1 from the forested area. During high flow the highest diffuse TP concentration was measured in an area with high erosion risk and high soil P status. At the subcatchment level the transfer of SS varied from 25 to 175% of the whole catchment SS transfer. Correspondingly for TP, the transfer varied from 50 to 260% of the whole catchment TP transfer. For each of five agricultural subcatchments the slope of the relationship between TP and SS concentrations reflected the mean soil P status of the subcatchment. Erosion risk estimates were closely related to the SS concentration (R²=0.83). The study illustrates that soil P status in addition to soil erosion is an important factor for P transfer.     

汾河上游岚河流域非点源输出动态研究

氮、磷元素是造成水体富营养化的主要贡献因子之一,通过采用非点源污染物收支分析的方法,对汾河上游流域的岚河流域段进行非点源输出的动态研究,得出以下结论:该流域内总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的浓度输出主要受其径流量影响;流域的截留率主要受流域的水生植物和微生物影响,TN截留负荷与径流量相关系数为0.724,TP的截留负荷、截留率和径流量相互间的相关系数均达到0.7以上;非点源收支分析方法对流域TN和TP的模拟平均误差率都控制在10%左右,TN的输出浓度和负荷模拟与实际监测的相关系数分别为0.895和0.924,TP的输出浓度和负荷模拟与实际监测的相关系数分别为0.896和0.997。     

紫色土丘陵区农业小流域暴雨事件磷素多尺度流失特征

为了揭示自然小流域尺度降雨、地形、土地利用结构等对泥沙和磷素输出的影响,根据丘陵区农业小流域自然地貌与土地利用特征,设计了不同尺度的小流域监测点,分别为苏荣、截流、大兴、万安,监测面积分别为3.0,34.6,480.3,1 236.4hm~2,并选择了降雨侵蚀力(R)分别为1 411.5,595.7,391.4 MJ·mm/(hm~2·h)的3场降雨事件监测小流域内磷素流失过程特征。结果表明:(1)以居民点集镇和耕地为主的苏荣和截流小流域水文响应速度较快,暴雨事件中径流峰值出现在降雨峰值后的5~10min,较大尺度大兴和万安小流域泥沙浓度峰值与径流峰值滞后于降雨峰值0.5~3h。(2)3场暴雨径流中泥沙与全磷、颗粒态磷均存在较一致的显著相关关系(R0.6,P0.01),泥沙、全磷流失负荷在源头小流域(苏荣、截流)最高,3场暴雨苏荣全磷平均流失负荷达到0.36kg/hm~2,万安小流域泥沙、全磷流失负荷最低,全磷平均流失负荷为0.009kg/hm~2。(3)小流域径流中颗粒态磷占全磷流失量50%以上。(4)多元回归分析结果表明,径流量和泥沙含量可用于进行磷素流失通量预测。坡耕地、林地与水田带状组合结构可显著降低小流域泥沙和磷素流失负荷。研究结果为计算丘陵区农业小流域暴雨过程中磷素多尺度流失负荷提供参考。     

Surface Water Quality as Affected by Sugarcane Residue Management Techniques

This study evaluated the impacts of three sugarcane residue management techniques, namely postharvest burning of residue (BR), shredding of residue (SR), and full postharvest retention of residue (RR), on the water quality of surface runoff from February 2006 to September 2007 in Iberia, LA. Total runoff volumes recorded were 58,418, 57,923, and 46,578 L for the BR, SR, and RR treatments, respectively. Except for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), which was higher for BR than RR or SR, there were no significant differences in total loads of total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand at 5 days (BOD₅), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate-N, nitrite-N, and sulfate among the three residue management techniques, although the RR treatment generally exported the lowest total loads. Regression analyses on the pollutant load and rainfall event showed that the load exported for each water quality parameter was positively correlated with precipitation, with the BR treatment being more sensitive to rainfall amount than the RR and SR treatments in TSS, TKN, TP, BOD, nitrate, and sulfate exports. Runoff TSS and turbidity were also highly correlated (R ²?=?0.95, P?<?0.001). The results suggested that the two sugarcane residue retention practices (RR and SR) had limited benefit on improving surface runoff water quality over the BR practice in subtropical region such as Louisiana.     

基于过程监测的典型小流域径流氮磷含量变化特征分析

以沂蒙山区沂河上游典型小流域——孟良崮小流域为研究对象,利用野外原位定点连续监测试验,获取2010年7月至10月基流状态与降雨条件下的水质与水文过程数据,分析径流不同形态氮、磷含量变化特征。结果表明,在整个监测过程中,总氮（TN）和硝态氮（DNN）的含量均表现为跳跃式变化,铵态氮（DHN）呈波动性变化,次降雨后增加明显;TN的含量普遍高于2mg.L-1,其中DNN占TN的比例均大于50%,DHN所占比例不足7%。总磷（TP）和磷酸盐磷（PO34--P）的含量次降雨出现后均有所增加,且在汛期后基流状态下有明显增加趋势,TP的含量最小值为0.031mg.L-1,其中PO34--P所占比例为6.341%～91.904%。径流中颗粒态氮（PN）和颗粒态磷（PP）的含量在次降雨过程中均表现为短时间内在径流量峰值后达到最大,之后迅速降低,且PN和PP的含量与泥沙含量呈显著正相关。     

Phosphorus and Suspended Sediment Loads in Base-Flow and Runoff Events: A Case Study of a Small Stream in NW Spain

This study focuses on the role of runoff events in influencing concentrations and export of suspended sediments and phosphorus in a headwater stream draining an agroforestry catchment in northwestern Spain. Large differences exist between suspended sediment and phosphorus (P) concentrations measured during base-flow conditions and runoff events, with a higher delivery during runoff events. Suspended sediment and phosphorus exports were 29.44 and 0.08 kg ha^?1 y^?1 respectively, with more than 50% delivered during runoff events (12% of the year). The relative contributions of phosphorus forms to the total annual export were 75% and 25% as particulate and dissolved phosphorus, respectively. Soil erosion is the main source of suspended sediment and phosphorus in the stream.     

Amounts and relative significance of runoff types in the transport of nitrogen into a stream draining an agricultural watershed

The concentration and amounts of NO₃-N and TN transported in surface, accelerated subsurface, and subsurface runoff and stream flow draining a 20 ha pasture watershed were measured over a period of 3 yr. A slight decrease and increase of NO₃-N and particulate N concentrations, respectively, were obtained with increased flow of the runoff types and stream, due to dilution and increased sediment transport, respectively. The concentration of NO₃-N in surface, accelerated subsurface and subsurface runoff and stream flow averaged for the 3 yr was 0.3, 6.6, 4.8, and 4.6 mg 1^?1, respectively, amounting to 0.5, 9.4, 11.6, and 16.8 kg ha^?1 yr^?1, respectively, transported annually. Although NO₃-N accounted for only a minor proportion of the TN transported in surface runoff (10%) it was the main form of N (75%) transported in the other runoff types and in streamflow. Subsurface runoff contributed the major proportion of stream discharge (63%), and NO₃-N (69%), particulate N (44%) and TN (65%) loading of the stream. The results are discussed in terms of non-point pollution of surface waters by NO₃-N.     

三峡库区不同坡度石灰土坡耕地磷素流失特征

[目的]研究石灰土坡耕地在不同坡度下的磷素流失规律,以期为三峡库区农业面源污染的防治和水资源保护提供基础数据。[方法]在三峡库区香溪河流域坡耕地修建径流小区进行原位人工降雨试验,在雨强1.5mm/min时,分析10°,15°和20°这3种坡度下坡耕地的径流量、泥沙浓度,以及地表径流中总磷、颗粒态磷,泥沙中总磷、速效磷浓度的变化趋势,并对径流泥沙进行无机磷分级试验。[结果]坡度越大,地表径流量、径流总量、泥沙流失量越大,初始产流时间越短,但坡度对径流中泥沙流失浓度的影响不显著;不同坡度下径流中总磷(TP)、颗粒态磷(PP)浓度都随着产流时间逐渐变小最后趋于平衡,其中径流中TP主要以PP形式流失,达到80%以上;泥沙中磷素流失主要以无机态磷为主,无机磷分级试验表明被植物高效利用的有效态磷和缓效态磷占无机磷总量的54.1%~57.8%。[结论]坡度主要通过影响地表径流总量和径流携带的泥沙总量而影响磷素流失总量,石灰土坡耕地磷素流失主要以径流泥沙携带为主。     

The Control of a Small Dam in Nutrient Inputs to a Hypertrophic Estuary in a Mediterranean Climate

A two-year study was carried out in the lower part of the Palmones River to describe the role of a small dam controlling the nutrient fluxes to the estuary. Results showed an important spatial heterogeneity in the nutrient content and water properties of lowland catchment due to the effects of the small dam and the effluents of a sewage treatment work. Taking into account the values of hydraulic retention time, the dam could be considered as an optimally dimensioned pre-dam. Therefore, it removed on average more than 25% of total phosphorus (TP) while no net removal was obtained for TN during the studied period. Palmones River exported 11.3 TonsP year^?1 of TP and 72.1 TonsN year^?1 of TN to the estuary showing important seasonal differences. Less than 10% from the total amount of nutrient was exported during low flow conditions, while in four months with important flooding events, the percentage of total nitrogen exported exceeded 64%.     

Retention of phosphorus in soil and vegetation of a buffer zone area during snowmelt peak flow in southern Finland

In regions with a distinct winter-period, nearly half of the annual runoff occurs during a short snow-melt period early in spring. During this time functioning buffer zones are important means of preventing the leaching of phosphorus from forest land into downstream watercourses. Sparse vegetation restricts biological P accumulation and high flows reduce the capacity of deeper soil layers to adsorb P, indicating that the effectiveness of buffer zones may be low. Our aim was to increase the understanding of phosphorus retention in a buffer zone area under such unfavourable conditions for P removal, and to estimate the amount of P sorbed by soil and taken up by vascular plants and mosses. Over a five-day period in spring we added 10kg (60kg ha^-1) of PO₄-P and 185MBq (1100MBq ha^-1) ³²P to a 25-50m wide buffer zone area (0.17ha) in southern Finland. We measured the total P retention and recovery during ten days after the beginning of the experiment. Recovery of ³²P was 16% of added P, of which 90% was in soil, 3% in vascular plants and 5% in mosses. Thus, our results showed that the total P retention was low, most likely because the water flow did not slow down sufficiently and penetrate deeply enough to enable a close contact between P in the runoff and the soil matrix. Most of the recovered P was in the soil suggesting that adsorption by soil was the most important sink for P under early spring high flow conditions.