Magnetization precession by hot spin injection

As electrons are injected at various energies into ferromagnetic material with their spin polarization vector perpendicular to the axis of the magnetization, we observe precessional motion of the spin polarization on the femtosecond time scale. Because of angular momentum conservation, the magnetization vector must precess as well. We show that spin injection will generate the precessional magnetization reversal in nanosized ferromagnetic bits. At reasonable injected current densities this occurs on the picosecond time scale.     

MAGNETISM: Magnets Fast and Small

As magnetic devices become smaller and faster, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the dynamics of magnetic domains on small spatial and temporal scales. In their Perspective, Miltat and Thiaville highlight the report by Acremann et al., whose magnetooptical microscope combines state of the art space and time resolution, thus allowing the precessional motion of magnetic domains to be studied directly. The dynamics they observe are complex, indicating that in both the space and time domains, neither the magnetization nor the applied field should be viewed as uniform.     

Vortex core-driven magnetization dynamics

Time-resolved x-ray imaging shows that the magnetization dynamics of a micron-sized pattern containing a ferromagnetic vortex is determined by its handedness, or chirality. The out-of-plane magnetization in the nanometer-scale vortex core induces a three-dimensional handedness in the planar magnetic structure, leading to a precessional motion of the core parallel to a subnanosecond field pulse. The core velocity was an order of magnitude higher than expected from the static susceptibility. These results demonstrate that handedness, already well known to be important in biological systems, plays an important role in the dynamics of microscopic magnets.     

Precessional forcing of nutricline dynamics in the equatorial atlantic

Climate control of nutricline depth in the equatorial Atlantic can be monitored by variations in the abundance of the phytoplankton species Florisphaera profunda. A conceptual model, based on in situ evidence, associates high abundances of F. profunda with a deep nutricline and low abundances with a shallow nutricline. A 200,000-year record of F. profunda relative abundances, obtained from a deep-sea core sited beneath the region of maximum equatorial divergence at 10 degrees W, has 52 percent of its variance centered on the 23,000-year precessional band. Cross-spectral analysis between the signals of F. profunda and sea-surface temperature, independently derived from zooplankton species, shows their 23,000-year cycles to be coherent and nearly in phase. Abundance minima of F. profunda coincide with times of December perihelion, whereas abundance maxima coincide with June perihelion. These relations indicate that nutricline dynamics in the divergence region of the equatorial Atlantic are controlled by variations in the tropical easterlies, forced by the precessional component of orbital insolation, on time scales greater than 10,000 years.     

Time-domain measurements of nanomagnet dynamics driven by spin-transfer torques

We present time-resolved measurements of gigahertz-scale magnetic dynamics caused by torque from a spin-polarized current. By working in the time domain, we determined the motion of the magnetic moment throughout the process of spin-transfer-driven switching, and we measured turn-on times of steady-state precessional modes. Time-resolved studies of magnetic relaxation allow for the direct measurement of magnetic damping in a nanomagnet and prove that this damping can be controlled electrically using spin-polarized currents.     

Forcing of Atlantic Equatorial and Subpolar Millennial Cycles by Precession

Abundance cycles of the marine alga Florisphaera profunda centered on a period of 7600 carbon-14 years (8400 calendar years) are present in high-resolution records from the equatorial Atlantic spanning 0 to 45,000 years ago. These cycles correlate with Heinrich events 1 through 5, which document rapid changes in continental ice melting around the subpolar North Atlantic. These variations in F. profunda are a direct response to modulation in zonal wind-driven divergence produced by a precessional component of orbital variation during a time of reduced eccentricity modulation.     

Current-induced magnetization switching with a spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscope

Switching the magnetization of a magnetic bit by injection of a spin-polarized current offers the possibility for the development of innovative high-density data storage technologies. We show how individual superparamagnetic iron nanoislands with typical sizes of 100 atoms can be addressed and locally switched using a magnetic scanning probe tip, thus demonstrating current-induced magnetization reversal across a vacuum barrier combined with the ultimate resolution of spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy. Our technique allows us to separate and quantify three fundamental contributions involved in magnetization switching (i.e., current-induced spin torque, heating the island by the tunneling current, and Oersted field effects), thereby providing an improved understanding of the switching mechanism.     

Magnetic lineations in the ancient crust of mars

The Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, in a highly elliptical polar orbit, obtained vector magnetic field measurements above the surface of Mars (altitudes >100 kilometers). Crustal magnetization, mainly confined to the most ancient, heavily cratered martian highlands, is frequently organized in east-west-trending linear features, the longest extending over 2000 kilometers. Crustal remanent magnetization exceeds that of terrestrial crust by more than an order of magnitude. Groups of quasi-parallel linear features of alternating magnetic polarity were found. They are reminiscent of similar magnetic features associated with sea floor spreading and crustal genesis on Earth but with a much larger spatial scale. They may be a relic of an era of plate tectonics on Mars.     

Precession of the Earth as the Cause of Geomagnetism: Experiments lend support to the proposal that precessional torques drive the earth's dynamo

I have proposed that the precessional torques acting on the earth can sustain a turbulent hydromagnetic flow in the molten core. A gross balance of the Coriolis force, the Lorentz force, and the precessional force in the core fluid provided estimates of the fluid velocity and the interior magnetic field characteristic of such flow. Then these numbers and a balance of the processes responsible for the decay and regeneration of the magnetic field provided an estimate of the magnetic field external to the core. This external field is in keeping with the observations, but its value is dependent upon the speculative value for the electrical conductivity of core material. The proposal that turbulent flow due to precession can occur in the core was tested in a study of nonmagnetic laboratory flows induced by the steady precession of fluid-filled rotating spheroids. It was found that these flows exhibit both small wavelike instabilities and violent finite-amplitude instability to turbulent motion above critical values of the precession rate. The observed critical parameters indicate that a laminar flow in the core, due to the earth's precession, would have weak hydrodynamic instabilities at most, but that finite-amplitude hydromagnetic instability could lead to fully turbulent flow.     

Magnetization directions of individual nanoparticles

The magnetization directions of individual monodomain nanoparticles as small as 5 nanometers in diameter are determined using the Foucault method of Lorentz microscopy. A model is developed to explain the images and diffraction patterns of samarium cobalt nanoparticles as a function of the aperture shift direction. Thermally induced changes in the magnetization direction of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles were observed but with a much slower rate than expected, due to surface anisotropy. When the time scale for magnetization reversal is much shorter than the data acquisition time, as in carbon-coated iron cobalt alloy nanoparticles, the images show an average of such thermally induced changes.     

磁处理黄芪多糖和皂甙对鸡淋巴细胞转化的影响研究

通过改变生物活性,增加磁性提高生物免疫功能的研究,利用恒定磁场处理黄芪多糖和黄芪甙,进行鸡淋巴细胞转化试验.结果表明,在一定磁场处理条件下,采用恒磁场磁化植物多糖,可以进一步提高其免疫效用,对ConA诱导的鸡T淋巴细胞增殖和LPS诱导的鸡B淋巴细胞增殖有显著促进作用;T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞增殖反应的最优磁化条件不同.磁化强度和时间与效果之间不存在明显的规律性关系,呈现"窗口效应".磁化条件必须是针对具体的对象,磁化的药物不同,使用的动物对象不同甚至同一动物的细胞不同,磁化的条件也不相同.     

Direct observation of internal spin structure of magnetic vortex cores

Thin film nanoscale elements with a curling magnetic structure (vortex) are a promising candidate for future nonvolatile data storage devices. Their properties are strongly influenced by the spin structure in the vortex core. We have used spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy on nanoscale iron islands to probe for the first time the internal spin structure of magnetic vortex cores. Using tips coated with a layer of antiferromagnetic chromium, we obtained images of the curling in-plane magnetization around and of the out-of-plane magnetization inside the core region. The experimental data are compared with micromagnetic simulations. The results confirm theoretical predictions that the size and the shape of the vortex core as well as its magnetic field dependence are governed by only two material parameters, the exchange stiffness and the saturation magnetization that determines the stray field energy.     

Resonant amplification of magnetic domain-wall motion by a train of current pulses

The current-induced motion of magnetic domain walls confined to nanostructures is of interest for applications in magnetoelectronic devices in which the domain wall serves as the logic gate or memory element. The injection of spin-polarized current below a threshold value through a domain wall confined to a pinning potential results in its precessional motion within the potential well. We show that by using a short train of current pulses, whose length and spacing are tuned to this precession frequency, the domain wall's oscillations can be resonantly amplified. This makes possible the motion of domain walls with much reduced currents, more than five times smaller than in the absence of resonant amplification.     

Stability of the Astronomical Frequencies Over the Earth's History for Paleoclimate Studies

The expected changes over the past 500 million years in the principal astronomical frequencies influencing the Earth's climate may be strong enough to be detectable in the geological records, and such effects have been inferred in several cases. Calculations suggest that the shortening of the Earth-moon distance and of the length of the day back in time induced a shortening of the fundamental periods for the obliquity and climatic precession, from 54 to 35, 41 to 29, 23 to 19, and 19 to 16 thousand years over the last half-billion years. At the same time, the precessional constant increased from 50 to 61 arc seconds per year. The changes in the frequencies of the planetary system due to its chaotic motion are much smaller; their influence on the changes of the periods of climatic precession, obliquity, and eccentricity of the Earth's orbit around the sun can be neglected. Eccentricity periods used for Quaternary climate studies may therefore be considered to have been more or less constant for pre-Quaternary times.     

Late cretaceous precessional cycles in double time: a warm-Earth milankovitch response

Late Cretaceous climatic cycles are reflected in lithological and magnetic variations in carbonate sediments from South Atlantic Deep-Sea Drilling Project site 516F at a paleolatitude of roughly 30 degrees S. Magnetic susceptibility cycles 20 to 60 centimeters in length appear to be controlled by the precession of the equinoxes. Cyclicity is particularly robust within a 24-meter interval in the lower Campanian, where overtone spectral peaks are observed as well as secondary susceptibility maxima within individual precession cycles. One model for this behavior is that sedimentation in the narrow Cretaceous South Atlantic was controlled by equatorial climate dynamics, with the precessional insolation signal rectified by the large land masses surrounding the ocean basin.     

Milankovitch forcing of the last interglacial sea level

During the last interglacial, sea level was as high as present, 4000 to 6000 years before peak Northern Hemisphere insolation receipt 126,000 years ago. The sea-level results are shown to be consistent with climate models, which simulate a 3 degrees to 4 degrees C July temperature increase from 140,000 to 130,000 years ago in high latitudes, with all Northern Hemisphere land areas being warmer than present by 130,000 years ago. The early warming occurs because obliquity peaked earlier than precession and because precession values were greater than present before peak precessional forcing occurred. These results indicate that a fuller understanding of the Milankovitch-climate connection requires consideration of fields other than just insolation forcing at 65 degrees N.     

基于Landsat 8 OLI辅助的亚米级遥感影像树种识别

为研究高空间分辨率遥感影像与多光谱遥感影像协同进行面向对象树种识别的有效性,本研究以QuickBird高空间分辨率(全色0.61 m)和Landsat 8 OLI(30 m)遥感影像为基础数据,在分类的过程中采用2种分割方案(有Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像辅助的QuickBird遥感影像分割和无Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像辅助的QuickBird遥感影像分割)进行多尺度分割,对2种分割方案进行比较。基于QuickBird遥感影像和Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像提取光谱、纹理、空间3方面68种分类特征,应用最邻近分类法和支持向量机分类方法进行面向对象树种分类,采用相同的分类系统、统一的分割尺度以及同一套验证样本,利用Kappa系数、总精度、生产者精度和用户精度4个评价指标进行精度评价。结果表明:单独使用QuickBird高空间分辨率遥感影像的分割结果优于QuickBird高空间分辨率遥感影像与Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像协同分割的结果,最优分割阈值与合并阈值分别为25和90。在最优分割结果的基础上,多光谱Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像与QuickBird高空间分辨率遥感影像协同进行面向对象分类,最邻近分类法和支持向量机分类方法的分类总精度分别为85.35%(Kappa=0.701 3)和88.12%(Kappa=0.853 6);单独使用QuickBird高空间分辨率遥感影像进行面向对象分类,2种方法的分类总精度分别为79.67%(Kappa=0.693 9)和83.33%(Kappa=0.792 5)。QuickBird遥感影像在Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像辅助下,分类结果的地物边界更加清晰,总体精度及主要树种识别精度均得到了提高。研究成果应用在实地森林调查与区划时可有效缩短调査时间、减少调查成本、降低劳动强度、提高成果质量。      

基于多时相影像植被指数变化特征的作物遥感分类

高分一号GF1/WFV遥感影像具有较高的时间和空间分辨率,利用多时相影像开展农作物分类调查具有明显优势。以安徽省颍上县为研究区域,利用2017年5月至9月共6景多时相GF-1/WFV卫星遥感影像数据对主要农作物的分类识别提取。首先,通过分析研究区主要农作物的典型植被指数NDVI、EVI和WDRVI时序变化特征,明析了不同作物在各时相对不同VI的响应特征;其次,基于作物在不同时相的敏感VI变化响应,构建了决策树分层分类模型,成功提取了研究区玉米、水稻、大豆和甘薯四种主要作物种植空间分布情况。结果表明:总体精度达到90.9%,Kappa系数为0.895。同时,采用最大似然法、支持向量机对研究区作物进行分类,通过分类效果对比发现,最大似然法最差,支持向量机次之,决策树分类方法最佳。研究表明:利用多时相时间序列的遥感影像数据,结合作物植被指数特征,采用决策树分类方法可以有效提高作物分类的精度。     

Large magnetic anisotropy of a single atomic spin embedded in a surface molecular network

Magnetic anisotropy allows magnets to maintain their direction of magnetization over time. Using a scanning tunneling microscope to observe spin excitations, we determined the orientation and strength of the anisotropies of individual iron and manganese atoms on a thin layer of copper nitride. The relative intensities of the inelastic tunneling processes are consistent with dipolar interactions, as seen for inelastic neutron scattering. First-principles calculations indicate that the magnetic atoms become incorporated into a polar covalent surface molecular network in the copper nitride. These structures, which provide atom-by-atom accessibility via local probes, have the potential for engineering anisotropies large enough to produce stable magnetization at low temperatures for a single atomic spin.     

超声速化学反应流场迎风格式数值模拟及并行计算

基于有限体积迎风格式对超声速燃烧流场进行了的数值模拟.由于超声速燃烧流场绕流的复杂性,要求对多组分Euler/N-S方程求解的数值模拟方法应具有较高的计算精度及效率.本文引用辅助点方法建立了具有空间二阶精度的van Leer迎风矢通量分裂格式,并应用于超声速燃烧流场绕流的数值模拟.化学反应为氢气/空气十反应模型,采用考虑了化学反应特征时间的当地时间步长显式Runge-Kutta时间推进格式.对钝头体模型爆轰现象、后向台阶氢气喷射及二维内外流超声速燃烧流场模型进行了区域分裂技术的并行计算.计算结果与参考文献作了对比,得到了满意的结果.