共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
Alberto Vázquez de Castro Juan A. Oliet Jaime Puértolas Douglass F. Jacobs 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(1):91-99
Context
Tube shelters have been shown to enhance field performance of several Mediterranean species, but responses of newly planted seedlings to the microenvironment induced by shelter walls with different light transmissivity are still poorly documented.Aims
We studied effects of a range of shelters with varying light transmissivity on post-planting seedling responses during the wet season establishment phase for two Mediterranean trees of contrasting functional ecology.Methods
Root growth, biomass allocation, water potential, and chlorophyll fluorescence of Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis seedlings were evaluated across shelters varying in light transmissivity (80, 40, 20, and 10 % plus a mesh shelter) with irrigation.Results
Plants in dark tubes (20 and 10 % light transmissivity) had less above- and belowground growth and more than two times greater leaf to protruding roots mass ratio, with shoot growth response of Q. ilex being less plastic. Ratio of leaf area/protruding roots area decreased when light transmissivity increased, although no differences were found at ≥40 % transmissivity. Xylem water potential indicated lack of water stress, and high maximum photosynthetic efficiency (F v/F m) values show no photoinhibition symptoms irrespective of light transmissivity.Conclusion
Shelter transmissivity ≥40 % promotes rapid and vigorous root growth immediately after planting for these species. This minimum transmissivity should be considered as a target when designing shelters to help root development and improve water balance of Mediterranean seedlings. 相似文献2.
Douglas Godbold Arvo Tullus Priit Kupper Jaak Sõber Ivika Ostonen Jasmin A. Godbold Martin Lukac Iftekhar U. Ahmed Andrew R. Smith 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(8):831-842
Context
Anthropogenic activity has increased the level of atmospheric CO2, which is driving an increase of global temperatures and associated changes in precipitation patterns. At Northern latitudes, one of the likely consequences of global warming is increased precipitation and air humidity.Aims
In this work, the effects of both elevated atmospheric CO2 and increased air humidity on trees commonly growing in northern European forests were assessed.Methods
The work was carried out under field conditions by using Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) and Free Air Humidity Manipulation (FAHM) systems. Leaf litter fall was measured over 4 years (FACE) or 5 years (FAHM) to determine the effects of FACE and FAHM on leaf phenology.Results
Increasing air humidity delayed leaf litter fall in Betula pendula, but not in Populus tremula?×?tremuloides. Similarly, under elevated atmospheric CO2, leaf litter fall was delayed in B. pendula, but not in Alnus glutinosa. Increased CO2 appeared to interact with periods of low precipitation in summer and high ozone levels during these periods to effect leaf fall.Conclusions
This work shows that increased CO2 and humidity delay leaf fall, but this effect is species-specific. 相似文献3.
Samah Mhamdi Oliver Brendel Pierre Montpied Hanah Ghouil-Amimi Ibrahim Hasnaoui Erwin Dreyer 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(7):675-684
?Context
Oak species display a large within-species diversity combined with significant gene flow between species. Quercus afares Pomel is an endemic species that grows as a small relict population in Northern Tunisia, together with Quercus suber L. and Quercus canariensis Willd. It is considered to be a fixed hybrid between the two latter.?Aims
We tested (1) whether this population of Q. afares is declining with respect to the neighbouring populations of the two other species and (2) whether the spatial distribution of leaf morphology is random among individuals within this small population of Q. afares or influenced by the neighbouring species.?Methods
Spatial distribution and diameter at breast height were recorded in the population of Q. afares. We identified two perpendicular transects across the population reaching from areas dominated by Q. canariensis to areas dominated by Q. suber and defined 20 plots along each. Eleven traits were assessed on 10 leaves collected from the upper crown of trees from the three species. A multiple correspondence analysis and an ANOVA were used to test for within and between-species diversity in leaf morphology.?Results
Q. afares individuals occurred at a low frequency among the two other species. Nevertheless, Q. afares showed no particular evidence of decline with respect to the two other species. Leaf traits displayed a large inter-specific variability with very little overlap between Q. afares and Q. suber and some between Q. afares and Q. canariensis. A high level of diversity was detected for these traits within Q. afares, but we were unable to unravel any spatial organisation of this diversity; in Q. afares, leaf traits varied independently of the presence of neighbouring Q. suber or Q. canariensis.?Conclusion
Q. afares seems to be a fixed species with specific leaf traits that are independent of that of the species of the neighbouring trees. This population is not suffering a detectable trend towards decline except for the lack of any visible regeneration below any of the three species. 相似文献4.
Carmen Sotelo Montes John C. Weber Dimas A. Silva Clarice Andrade Graciela I. B. Mu?iz Rosilei A. Garcia Antoine Kalinganire 《Annals of Forest Science》2012,69(6):747-756
? Context
There is little information about inter- and intra-specific variation in fuelwood properties of trees/shrubs in West Africa.? Aims
We studied variation in fuelwood properties of Balanites aegyptiaca, Combretum glutinosum, Guiera senegalensis, Piliostigma reticulatum, and Zizyphus mauritiana in the Sahelian and Sudanian ecozones of Mali.? Methods
Trees were sampled on different soil (sandy, sandy/loam, or rocky), land use (parkland agroforest or woodland), and terrain (flat, temporarily flooded, or hill slope) types in five regions extending from the drier eastern to the more humid western parts of Mali. Basic density, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash content, moisture content, gross calorific value, and fuel value index were measured for each tree and adjusted for tree age.? Results
All fuelwood properties differed significantly among species, but there were significant species by region interactions. Most fuelwood properties of four species differed significantly among regions. Soil and/or land use type had significant effects on a few fuelwood properties of four species.? Conclusion
In general, fuelwood production is recommended in all regions for G. senegalensis, in drier regions for B. aegyptiaca and C. glutinosum, in more humid regions for Z. mauritiana, and on rocky soils for all species. Fuelwood production of P. reticulatum is not recommended. 相似文献5.
Florian Delerue Maya Gonzalez Anne Atlan Sylvain Pellerin Laurent Augusto 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(3):219-228
Context
While many woody perennials grow and reproduce in varying environments, their ability to modify their reproductive allocation under varying resource availability is unclear.Aims
This study aimed to demonstrate the occurrence of plasticity of reproductive allocation in a pioneer woody species (Ulex europaeus).Methods
We studied seed production in 144 plants under different irradiance and population densities. We measured their basal area, their whole shoot biomass and photosynthetic biomass, and their reproductive output (number of fruits per individual and number of seeds per fruit).Results
We found that newly produced photosynthetic biomass was influenced by environmental variation, which in turn determined its reproductive output. In addition, in low light conditions investment in reproduction was more reduced than investment in growth indicating plasticity of reproductive allocation.Conclusion
These results provide the first evidence for plasticity of reproductive allocation of a woody plant. It may lead to the ability of this pioneer species to survive and to continue to reproduce even at low rates in non-optimal shady habitats and to maintain a non-empty seed bank in forest systems with long unfavourable periods between two disturbances. 相似文献6.
Daniela Baldantoni Alessandro Bellino Fausto Manes Anna Alfani 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(6):571-578
Context
The evaluation of changes in litter decomposition rate due to increasing trend in tropospheric ozone is an emerging field of investigation, providing relevant information on long-term forest ecosystem sustainability.Aims
This research aims to clarify the effects of ozone exposure on Quercus ilex leaf chemical composition and decomposition slow down.Methods
Young plants were fumigated in growth chambers at a cumulative dose of 17.15 ppm h. To assess the fumigation effectiveness, stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis were monitored. Leaves were analysed for C, N, S, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, total soluble sugars, starch, acid-detergent fibre (ADF), lignin and cellulose prior to the incubation in litter bags in mesocosms, and during decomposition along 395 days.Results
Ozone-exposed leaves showed a significant reduction in net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance but did not differ from control leaves in all the chemical parameters analysed. Nevertheless, leaf decomposition rate was lower in treated leaves. The main differences between the models describing the mass loss in exposed and control leaves were played by ADF for exposed leaves and by lignin for control leaves, as well as by N, that showed a greater contribution in the model for the exposed leaves.Conclusion
Ozone fumigation of Q. ilex results in leaf litter decomposition slowing down, mainly due to ADF joint dynamics with the other variables describing mass decay, even if no detectable changes in initial leaf composition occur. 相似文献7.
Walnut (Juglans spp.) ecophysiology in response to environmental stresses and potential acclimation to climate change 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
? Context
Walnuts (Juglans spp.) are ecologically and commercially important trees, yet synthesis of past and current research findings on walnut ecophysiology is lacking, especially in terms of potential acclimation to climate change.? Aims
This study aims to (1) investigate walnut ecophysiology by comparing its attributes to associated deciduous angiosperms, (2) address potential acclimation of walnut to climate change, and (3) identify areas for prioritization in future research.? Results
There is considerable uncertainty regarding the magnitude of potential effects of climate change on walnut. Some studies tend to indicate walnut could be negatively impacted by climate change, while others do not. Walnut may be at a disadvantage due to its susceptibility to drought and frost injury in current growing regions given the projected increases in temperature and extreme climatic events. Other regions that are currently considered cold for walnut growth may see increased establishment and growth depending upon the rate of temperature increase and the frequency and severity of extreme climatic events.? Conclusion
Research investigating a combination of environmental factors, such as temperature, carbon dioxide, ozone, water, and nitrogen is needed to (1) better project climate change effects on walnut and (2) develop management strategies for walnut acclimation and adaptation to climate change. 相似文献8.
Spatially explicit competition in a mixed planting of Araucaria cunninghamii and Flindersia brayleyana 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jerome K. Vanclay David Lamb Peter D. Erskine David M. Cameron 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(6):611-619
? Context
A 20-year-old Nelder wheel planted with hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D.Don) and Queensland maple (Flindersia brayleyana F.Muell.) in 18 spokes and 8 rings represents nominal point densities of 3,580, 2,150, 1,140, 595, 305, 158, 82, and 42 stems/ha and offers an opportunity to examine competition and spatial interaction between these two species.? Aims
This study aimed to evaluate the intraspecific and interspecific competition between two contrasting tree species and to determine the distance over which competition can be observed.? Methods
Competition was estimated using Hegyi’s index, implemented using the Simile visual modeling environment, and calibrated using nonlinear least squares with PEST.? Results
Interactions were detected between pairs of stems closer than D ij ?<?40(d i ?+?d j ) where D is distance (in centimeters) and d is stem diameter (in centimeters diameter at breast height). F. brayleyana trees surrounded by A. cunninghamii trees experience negligible competition, whereas A. cunninghamii surrounded by F. brayleyana trees suffer strong competition.? Conclusion
Forty times diameter offers a useful guide to the extent of competition in even-aged stands planted with these species. Competition can be observed empirically when pairs of trees are closer than 40 times the sum of their diameters, but the intensity of the competition may vary considerably with species. 相似文献9.
?Context
Understanding tree interactions requires an insight into their spatial distribution.?Aims
We looked for presence and extent of tree intraspecific spatial point pattern (random, aggregated, or overdispersed) and interspecific spatial point pattern (independent, aggregated, or segregated).?Methods
We established twelve 0.64-ha plots in natural bottomland hardwood stands in the southeastern USA.?Results
Spatial point pattern analyses (Ripley’s K, L, and L 12) indicated that, when species were combined, trees were frequently aggregated and less commonly overdispersed. Plots with larger trees were more likely to exhibit overdispersion, confirming a shift to this pattern as trees grow. The intraspecific pattern of cherrybark oak and water oak was either aggregated or random. Sweetgum was aggregated on all plots and always at smaller distances (less than 5 m) than the two oak species. Intraspecific overdispersion was very rare. Interspecific segregation among the two oak species was more commonly observed (six plots) than aggregation (one plot). Cherrybark oak and sweetgum were segregated at some scale on seven of the 12 plots and aggregated on only two plots.?Conclusion
The results from the analyses suggest that strong interspecific competition may result in segregation of trees from different species, while weaker intraspecific competition may lead to aggregations of conspecifics. 相似文献10.
Christopher Reyer Petra Lasch-Born Felicitas Suckow Martin Gutsch Aline Murawski Tobias Pilz 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(2):211-225
? Context
Projecting changes in forest productivity in Europe is crucial for adapting forest management to changing environmental conditions.? Aims
The objective of this paper is to project forest productivity changes under different climate change scenarios at a large number of sites in Europe with a stand-scale process-based model.? Methods
We applied the process-based forest growth model 4C at 132 typical forest sites of important European tree species in ten environmental zones using climate change scenarios from three different climate models and two different assumptions about CO2 effects on productivity.? Results
This paper shows that future forest productivity will be affected by climate change and that these effects depend strongly on the climate scenario used and the persistence of CO2 effects. We find that productivity increases in Northern Europe, increases or decreases in Central Europe, and decreases in Southern Europe. This geographical pattern is mirrored by the responses of the individual tree species. The productivity of Scots pine and Norway spruce, mostly located in central and northern Europe, increases while the productivity of Common beech and oak in southern regions decreases. It is important to note that we consider the physiological response to climate change excluding disturbances or management.? Conclusions
Different climate change scenarios and assumptions about the persistence of CO2 effects lead to uncertain projections of future forest productivity. These uncertainties need to be integrated into forest management planning and adaptation of forest management to climate change using adaptive management frameworks. 相似文献11.
So Hanaoka Ching-Te Chien Shun-Ying Chen Atsushi Watanabe Suzuki Setsuko Kazutaka Kato 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(5):575-584
? Context
Little is known about the potential of gene flow and resulting genetic structures of trees employing sea-drifting seed dispersal in island populations.? Aims
Current genetic structure and the magnitude of historical gene flow were estimated in island populations of Calophyllum inophyllum L., a typical plant employing sea-drifting seed dispersal.? Methods
Samples were collected from the northern extreme of the species’ distribution (Taiwan and the Sakishima, Daito, and Ogasawara Islands, Japan) and genotyped using 15 EST-SSR markers. Genetic differentiation (F ST and AMOVA), genetic structure (STRUCTRE analysis), and historical gene flow (assignment testing) were determined.? Results
Frequent gene flow within and rare gene flow among island groups was determined using assignment testing. Clear genetic structures were also detected using the STRUCTURE analysis, which demonstrated differentiation between dominant clusters among geographically constructed island groups.? Conclusions
The potential for gene flow via sea-drifting seed dispersal was high, and this was possible even among small islands. However, the extent and frequency of gene flow were not great enough to prevent genetic differentiation in a range of over a few hundred kilometers. 相似文献12.
Jan Suszka Beata P. Plitta Marcin Michalak Barbara Bujarska-Borkowska Tadeusz Tylkowski Paweł Chmielarz 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(5):543-549
Context
Black poplar (Populus nigra L.) is an alluvial forest tree species whose genetic pool is decreasing in Europe. Poplar trees produce short-lived seeds that do not store well.Aim
The feasibility of seed storage in conventional and cryogenic conditions after their desiccation from water content (WC) of 0.15 to 0.07 g H2O g?1 dry mass (g g?1) was investigated.Methods
Seed germinability was evaluated (seeds with a radicle and green cotyledons were counted) after storage of seeds for a period of 3 to 24 months at different temperatures: 20°, 10°, 3°, ?3°, ?10°, ?20° or ?196°C.Results
Seeds desiccated to a 0.07 g g?1 WC can be stored successfully at ?10 °C and ?20 °C for at least 2 years. A significant decrease in germination was observed only after 12 months of seed storage (WC 0.15 g g?1) at temperatures above 0 °C. We demonstrated that both fresh (0.15 g g?1 WC) and desiccated (0.07 g g?1 WC) seeds can be preserved at ?196 °C for at least 2 years.Conclusions
Seed storage temperature and time of storage were statistically significant factors affecting seed storability. The presented data provide a foundation for the successful gene banking of P. nigra seeds. 相似文献13.
Karina Martins Cristina Herrero-Jáuregui Patrícia da Costa Hélio Tonini Michelliny de M. Bentes-Gama Abadio H. Vieira Lúcia Helena de O. Wadt 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(3):319-328
? Context
Copaifera species produce an oleoresin of commercial importance that is widely extracted in Amazon communities.? Aims
This paper addresses two questions. (1) What are the morphological characteristics of Copaifera species that influence oleoresin production? (2) How do different Copaifera species respond to repeated harvests?? Methods
We performed a large-scale experiment in the Brazilian Amazon. We tapped 110 Copaifera trees belonging to four species, and several morphological tree characteristics were measured to determine their effect on oleoresin production.? Results
The proportion of Copaifera reticulata and Copaifera paupera trees that yielded more than 1 ml oleoresin was higher than the other species. The oleoresin volumes from yielding Copaifera pubiflora trees were significantly higher than those from C. reticulata and C. paupera, with Copaifera multijuga yielding intermediate values. Interestingly, none of the studied morphological tree characteristics had a significant effect on the proportion of yielding trees. Hollowed trees yielded significantly smaller volumes than non-hollowed trees. Both the proportion of yielding trees and oleoresin volumes decreased from the first to the second harvests for C. reticulata and C. paupera; however, the opposite pattern was observed for C. pubiflora.? Conclusions
Oleoresin production capacity varies by species, and management protocols should account for these differences. 相似文献14.
Yuhua Bai Ming Zhao Liming Bai Ryo Hasegawa Jun-ichi Sakai Toshiaki Hasegawa Tomokazu Mitsui Hirotsugu Ogura Takao Kataoka Katsutoshi Hirose Masayoshi Ando 《Journal of Wood Science》2011,57(1):56-65
Sixteen cardenolide triglycosides (1?C16) were isolated from stems, twigs, and leaves of Nerium oleander. Among them, 3??-O-(4-O-gentiobiosyl-d-diginosyl)-7??,8-epoxy-14-hydroxy-5??,14??-card-20(22)-enolide, named cardenolide B-3 (16), was isolated from natural sources for the first time. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 1?C16 were examined on the basis of inhibitory activity against the induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Compounds 1?C5 were active at an IC50 value of less than 7 ??M. The cytotoxic activity of isolated compounds was evaluated against three human cell lines: normal human fibroblast cells (W-38), malignant tumor cells induced from WI-38 (VA-13), and human liver tumor cells (HepG2). Compounds 1?C5 were active toward WI-38 cells; compounds 1, 3, and 5 were active toward VA-13 cells; and compounds 1?C5 were active toward HepG2 cells at IC50 values of less than 10 ??M. The multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer-reversal activity of compounds 1?C16 was evaluated on the basis of the amount of calcein accumulated in MDR human ovarian cancer 2780AD cells in the presence of each compound. Compounds 13 and 14 showed significant effects on calcein accumulation. 相似文献
15.
Lichao Wu Jie Liu Atsushi Takashima Keiichi Ishigaki Shin Watanabe 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(5):535-543
?Context
Selective logging followed by natural regeneration is rarely employed for restocking subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in East Asia compared with the use of clear-cutting.?Aims
To clarify the succession of these forests, the effects of selective logging on stand structure, species diversity, and community similarity were studied in a mature and regenerating forest in Okinawa, Japan.?Methods
Four study plots were established, and trees ≥1.2 m height were identified by species name, tree height, and diameter at breast height.?Results
The results showed that the species composition of regenerating forest was similar to mature forest; however, the former had a greater species density and Shannon–Wiener index than the latter. Castanopsis sieboldii and Distylium racemosum, the predominant trees in the mature forest, continued to dominate the regenerating forest, with a broad layer distribution. High Sørensen and Jaccard community similarity indices for mature and regenerating forest indicated that the regeneration occurred in a progressive succession.?Conclusion
The similar species composition and stand structure for both mature and regenerating forest, and the higher species diversity for the latter, provided no evidence of forest degeneration and suggested that the regenerating forest may develop into a stand similar to preselective logging forest. 相似文献16.
Laura Hernández Isabel Cañellas Iciar Alberdi Iván Torres Fernando Montes 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(2):161-171
? Context
It is assumed that global change is already affecting the composition, structure and distribution of forest ecosystems; however, detailed evidences of altitudinal and latitudinal shifts are still scarce.? Aims
To develop a method based on National Forest Inventory (NFI) to assess spatio-temporal changes in species distributions.? Methods
We develop an approach based on universal kriging to compare species distribution models from the different NFI cycles and regardless of the differences in the sampling schemes used. Furthermore, a confidence interval approach is used to assess significant changes in species distribution. The approach is applied to some of the southernmost populations of Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica in the Western Pyrenees over the last 40 years.? Results
An increase of the presence of the two species in the region was observed. Scots pine distribution has shifted about 1.5 km northwards over recent decades, whereas the European beech has extended its distribution southwards by about 2 km. Furthermore, the optimum altitude for both species has risen by about 200 m. As a result, the zone in which the two species coexist has been enlarged.? Conclusions
This approach provides a useful tool to compare NFI data from different sampling schemes, quantifying and testing significant shifts in tree species distribution over recent decades across geographical gradients. 相似文献17.
Hydraulic properties and embolism in small-diameter roots of five temperate broad-leaved tree species with contrasting drought tolerance 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Paul K?cher Viviana Horna Ingo Beckmeyer Christoph Leuschner 《Annals of Forest Science》2012,69(6):693-703
? Context
It has been estimated that about half of a plant??s total hydraulic resistance is located belowground, but it is not well known how temperate tree species differ in root hydraulic properties and how these traits vary with the species?? drought tolerance.? Aims
We examined root anatomical and hydraulic traits in five broad-leaved tree species with different drought tolerance, analyzed the relation between root anatomy and hydraulic conductivity and root embolism, and investigated the relation of these traits to the species?? drought tolerance.? Methods
In small-diameter roots (2?C6?mm), we measured vessel diameters and vessel density, specific hydraulic conductivity, and the percental loss of conductivity (??native?? embolism) during summer in a mixed forest.? Results
Specific conductivity was positively related to vessel diameter but not to vessel density. Drought-tolerant Fraxinus showed the smallest mean vessel diameters and drought-sensitive Fagus the largest. Specific conductivity was highly variable among different similar-sized roots of the same species with a few roots apparently functioning as ??high-conductivity roots??.? Conclusion
The results show that coexisting tree species can differ largely in root hydraulic traits with more drought-sensitive trees apparently having larger mean vessel diameters in their roots than tolerant species. However, this difference was not related to the observed root conductivity losses due to embolism. 相似文献18.
Florence Maunoury-Danger Nicolas Chemidlin Prevost Boure Jérôme Ngao Daniel Berveiller Claude Brechet Eric Dufrene Daniel Epron Jean-Christophe Lata Bernard Longdoz Caroline Lelarge-Trouverie Jean-Yves Pontailler Kamel Soudani Claire Damesin 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(2):173-183
? Context
The carbon isotope composition of the CO2 efflux (δ13CE) from ecosystem components is widely used to investigate carbon cycles and budgets at different ecosystem scales. δ13CE, was considered constant but is now known to vary along seasons. The seasonal variations have rarely been compared among different ecosystem components.? Aims
We aimed to characterise simultaneously the seasonal dynamics of δ13CE in different compartments of two temperate broadleaved forest ecosystems.? Methods
Using manual chambers and isotope ratio mass spectrometry, we recorded simultaneously δ13CE and δ13C of organic matter in sun leaves, current-year twigs, trunk bases and soil in an oak and a beech forest during 1 year.? Results
In the two forests, δ13CE displayed a larger variability in the tree components than in the soil. During the leafy period, a pronounced vertical zonation of δ13CE was observed between the top (sun leaves and twigs with higher values) and bottom (trunk and soil with lower values) of the ecosystem. No correlation was found between δ13CE and δ13C of organic matter. Causes for these seasonal variations and the vertical zonation in isotope signature are discussed.? Conclusion
Our study shows clear differences in values as well as seasonal dynamics of δ13CE among different components in the two ecosystems. The temporal and local variation of δ13CE cannot be inferred from organic matter signature or CO2 emission rates. 相似文献19.
? Context
There are many stand property–density relationships in ecology which represent emergent properties of plant populations. Examples include self-thinning, competition–density effect, constant final yield, and age-related decline in stand growth. We suggest that these relationships are different aspects of a general framework of stand property–density relationships.? Aims
We aim to illustrate the generalities and ecological implications of stand property–density relationships, and organize them in a comprehensive framework.? Methods
We illustrate relationships between stand property and density (1) at one point in time, (2) over time, and (3) independent of time. We review the consequences of considering different variables to characterize stand property (mean tree size, mean tree growth, stand growth, stand yield, stand leaf area).? Results
We provide a framework that integrates the broad categories of stand property–density relationships and individual expressions of these relationships. For example, we conclude that constant final yield is a special case of the growth–growing stock relationship for life forms were yield is a reasonable approximation of growth (non-woody plants).? Conclusion
There is support in the literature for leaf area being broadly integrative with respect to various expressions of stand property–density relationships. We show how this is and suggest implications for plant population ecology and forest management. 相似文献20.