2种纤维源饲粮细胞壁多糖的化学结构及其在猪消化道降解规律的核磁共振研究

采用二维异核单量子相干核磁共振(2D HSQC NMR)技术对由小麦麸和西兰花茎叶粉为单一纤维来源的饲粮以及对应饲粮的猪回肠末端食糜和粪便样品中细胞壁多糖进行定性解析和量化表达,并验证该方法用于饲料细胞壁多糖化学结构解析和定量分析的潜力,为细胞壁相关的饲料营养研究提供新实验技术。经脱脂、去淀粉和去蛋白质处理的饲粮、食糜和粪便样品经球磨处理后,用氘代二甲基亚砜和吡啶混合(DP)溶液(4∶1,体积比)溶胀制成胶态样品,在配有5 mm低温探头的600 MHz核磁共振(NMR)谱仪上采集其异核单量子相干(HSQC)图谱,并用Bruker TopSpin 3.6.1软件对多糖异头区的共振信号进行定性和定量分析,同时用气相色谱(GC)法测定样品中非淀粉多糖的糖苷组成和含量。结果表明:参照现有文献数据可对大多数链中和还原端糖苷的共振峰进行准确归属。小麦麸饲粮细胞壁多糖中阿拉伯呋喃糖苷(Araf)种类较多,且多以多糖侧链的形式存在;而西兰花饲粮细胞壁多糖则相对简单,主要以阿拉伯聚糖的形式存在。小麦麸饲粮细胞壁多糖中木吡喃糖苷(Xylp)不带侧链的-4)-β-D-Xylp-(1-相对积分强度显著高于西兰花饲粮细胞壁多糖(P0.05);西兰花饲粮细胞壁多糖中半乳糖醛酸吡喃糖苷(GalpA)和糖醛酸苷(UA)相对积分强度显著高于小麦麸饲粮细胞壁多糖(P0.05);二者的葡吡喃糖苷(Glcp)相对积分强度均较高,而且均以-4)-β-D-Glcp-(1-为主,但西兰花饲粮细胞壁多糖中-3)-β-D-Glcp-(1-的相对积分强度显著高于小麦麸饲粮细胞壁多糖(P0.05)。小麦麸饲粮细胞壁多糖主要在猪大肠内降解,而西兰花饲粮细胞壁多糖在猪回肠末端之前就有明显降解。西兰花饲粮细胞壁多糖中Araf和Galp的降解速度显著快于小麦麸饲粮细胞壁多糖(P0.05),但后者的-4)-β-D-Xylp-(1-在猪大肠中的降解速度显著快于前者(P0.05),二者的Glcp均不易降解,以侧链形式存在的Araf和有侧链修饰基团的多糖主链(木聚糖和半乳糖醛酸聚糖)在猪消化道中也均不易被降解。饲粮、食糜和粪便样品中大多数糖苷通过核磁共振(NMR)法测得的相对积分强度与通过GC法测得的摩尔百分比变化趋势一致,对于含量较高的糖苷,二者具有显著的回归关系(P0.05)。综上,2D HSQC NMR技术在解析细胞壁多糖精细化学结构方面具有独特优势,而且还具有一定的定量分析潜力,但用于饲料营养研究尚需进一步完善。     

饲粮添加新产玉米对肉仔鸡生长性能及肠道微生物区系的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮添加新产玉米对肉仔鸡生长性能及肠道微生物区系的影响。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,选取288只1日龄健康科宝肉仔鸡公雏,随机分为4组,每个处理组设6个重复,每个重复12只鸡,分别饲喂占饲粮总比例60%旧玉米(对照组)、占饲粮总比例40%旧玉米+占饲粮总比例20%新产玉米(处理Ⅰ组)、占饲粮总比例20%旧玉米+占饲粮总比例40%新产玉米(处理Ⅱ组)、占饲粮总比例60%新产玉米(处理Ⅲ组)4种饲粮。试验期为42 d,分前期(0～21 d)和后期(22～42 d)两个阶段进行。21、42日龄末测定各试验组试鸡生长性能,42日龄末采集对照组和处理Ⅲ组肉仔鸡回肠、盲肠食糜测定肠道微生物丰度。试验结果显示:(1)处理Ⅲ组显著降低了前期和后期肉仔鸡平均日增重(P0.05),增加了前期和后期肉仔鸡料重比(P0.05)。(2)对照组和处理Ⅲ组样本中盲肠和回肠相对丰度较高的菌门为Firmicutes和Proteobacteria;回肠相对丰度较高优势菌属为Lactobacillus、Romboutsia和Candidatus_Arthromitus;盲肠相对丰度较高优势菌属为Escherichia-Shigella、Faecalibacterium和Lachnoclostridium。(3)与对照组相比,处理Ⅲ组回肠中Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria和Lactobacillus显著增加,盲肠中Firmicute、Lactobacillus和Faecalibacterium显著增加(P0.05)。综上所述,随着饲粮中新产玉米添加比例的提高,肉仔鸡生长性能有所下降,而且对肉仔鸡肠道微生物区系发育产生了负面影响。     

发酵豆粕对断奶仔猪生长性能、消化酶及肠道菌群结构的影响

【目的】本试验旨在探讨发酵豆粕(FSBM)对断奶仔猪生长性能、消化酶活性及肠道菌群结构的影响。【方法】试验选取48头21日龄断奶仔猪(杜×长×大,6.88 kg±0.13 kg),随机分为对照组和试验组,每组4个重复,每个重复6头猪。对照组饲粮为基础饲粮,试验饲粮用6%FSBM等量替代基础饲粮中的豆粕。试验期为20 d。试验期间记录采食量和体重。试验第21天,每个重复选取2头猪屠宰,收集回肠食糜测定消化酶活性和肠道菌群结构,并对两者进行相关性分析。【结果】(1)饲喂FSBM可显著提高断奶仔猪的终末体重和平均日增重(average daily gain, ADG),并显著降低了料重比(feed/gain, F/G)(P<0.05);(2)FSBM组断奶仔猪回肠中的胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性显著提高(P<0.05);(3)饲喂FSBM显著提高了断奶仔猪回肠食糜中拟杆菌门、普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31类群、厌氧弧菌属、瘤胃菌科UCG-005、普氏菌属2、巨型球菌属、副杆菌属、Solobacterium及毛螺菌科UCG-004的相对丰度,显著降低了链球菌属的相对丰度(P<0.05);(...     

不同比例葡萄籽饲粮对生长猪生长性能、血清生化指标、抗氧化性能和粪便微生物组成的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究饲粮中不同葡萄籽添加比例对生长猪生长性能、血清生化指标、抗氧化性能和粪便微生物组成的影响。试验选取体重相近的80头健康的杜×长×大三元杂交生长猪,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复5头。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,Ⅱ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ、Ⅳ组分别在饲粮中添加2%、5%和8%的葡萄籽,试验期28 d。结果表明:与Ⅰ组相比,1)Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组生长猪的平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比无显著差异(P>0.05);2)第14天,Ⅲ组血清尿素氮含量显著降低(P<0.05),第28天,Ⅱ组血清甘油三酯含量显著降低(P<0.05);3)第14天,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清过氧化氢酶活性显著降低(P<0.05);第28天,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清总抗氧化能力显著降低(P<0.05);4)第14天,Ⅲ组土胞杆菌属(Terrisporobacter)的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组毛螺旋菌科UCG-010(Lachnospiraceae_UCG-010)相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组泰氏菌属(Tissierella)相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05)。第28天,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组链球菌属(Streptococcus)和乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05)。综上所述,在生长猪饲粮中添加2%~8%的葡萄籽对其生长性能、粪便微生物的多样性无显著影响,能一定程度上影响其抗氧化性能并提高生长猪对脂质和蛋白质的利用率,显著降低粪便中Streptococcuss的相对丰度,提高Prevotella的相对丰度。     

酿酒酵母培养物替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率及盲肠微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在研究酿酒酵母培养物替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率以及盲肠微生物区系的影响。试验选用体重相近的28日龄断奶仔猪180头,随机分成3组,每组4个重复,每个重复15头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组在基础饲粮的基础上添加75 g/t金霉素+50 g/t吉他霉素+10 g/t维吉尼亚霉素,酿酒酵母培养物组在基础饲粮的基础上添加5 kg/t的酿酒酵母培养物。试验期38 d。结果显示:1)酿酒酵母培养物组断奶仔猪平均日增重显著高于对照组(P0.05),料重比显著低于对照组(P0.05),且与抗生素组相比没有显著性差异(P0.05)。2)酿酒酵母培养物组的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和磷的表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),且与抗生素组相比没有显著性差异(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮添加酿酒酵母培养物和抗生素对断奶仔猪盲肠微生物多样性均没有显著性影响(P0.05),但是均可以影响断奶仔猪盲肠微生物的菌群丰度。其中,对照组瘤胃球菌科UCG-005(Ruminococcaceae UCG-005)的相对丰度显著高于抗生素组和酿酒酵母培养物组(P0.05)。而与对照组相比,饲粮添加酿酒酵母培养物显著降低了螺旋体门(Spirochaeates)的相对丰度(P0.05),而饲粮添加酿酒酵母培养物和抗生素均显著降低了克里斯滕森菌科R-7群(Christensenellaceae R-7 group)、大肠埃希菌-志贺菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)和密螺旋体属2(Treponema 2)的相对丰度(P0.05),饲粮添加酿酒酵母培养物组有提高普雷沃氏菌属2(Prevotella 2)(P=0.064)、普雷沃氏菌属7(Prevotella 7)(P=0.058)以及普雷沃氏菌属9(Prevotella 9)(P=0.072)相对丰度的趋势。与抗生素组相比,饲粮添加酿酒酵母培养物有提高普雷沃氏菌属7相对丰度的趋势(P=0.072)。与抗生素组和对照组相比,酿酒酵母培养物组四大主菌门的总相对丰度显著提高(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加酿酒酵母培养物能够提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,降低腹泻率,提高养分消化率,改善盲肠微生物的菌群丰度,降低肠道致病菌的丰度,达到与添加抗生素相似的饲喂效果。     

饲粮蛋白质水平及纤维来源对生长猪盲肠液特性的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮蛋白质水平与纤维来源对生长猪盲肠液消化酶活性及水解能力的影响,为生长猪大肠消化液的模拟提供参考。试验1考察饲粮的蛋白质水平(饲粮1和饲粮2粗蛋白质含量分别为19.03%和13.96%)对生长猪盲肠液组成的影响。采用完全随机设计,将12头在盲肠安装瘘管的生长猪按体重随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪,预试期5 d,正试期10 d。试验2在试验1结束并经过10 d恢复期后考察饲粮的纤维来源(饲粮3:玉米-大豆皮饲粮;饲粮4:玉米-小麦麸饲粮)对生长猪盲肠液组成的影响,试验设计同试验1。试验3在试验1和试验2获得猪盲肠食糜的基础上考察盲肠液的来源与底物对还原糖释放量的影响。采用4×8两因素完全随机设计,盲肠液来源设4个处理,分别为试验猪饲喂饲粮1、饲粮2、饲粮3和饲粮4后收集的盲肠液;底物为8个处理,包括饲粮1~4、2个玉米-豆粕饲粮(饲粮5和6)和饲喂饲粮5和6后获得的回肠冻干食糜。每个处理5个重复,每个重复1根消化管。结果表明:1)高蛋白质饲粮(饲粮1)与低蛋白质饲粮(饲粮2)相比显著降低猪盲肠食糜干物质含量(P≤0.05),饲粮蛋白质水平对盲肠液p H以及纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶、淀粉酶、中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶活性无显著影响(P0.05);2)饲粮纤维来源对猪盲肠食糜干物质含量、p H以及纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶、淀粉酶、中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶活性均无显著影响(P0.05);3)盲肠液来源和底物对还原糖释放量均有显著的影响(P0.05),且两者对还原糖释放量有显著的互作效应(P0.05),盲肠液中水解酶活性高,饲粮纤维含量低,则盲肠液体外消化后还原糖释放量多。盲肠液中木聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶、中性蛋白酶及淀粉酶活性影响了对饲粮的消化能力,而木聚糖酶与淀粉酶活性影响了对回肠末端食糜的消化能力。由此表明,饲粮营养水平虽然对生长猪盲肠液中6种水解酶活性影响未达到统计学显著性,但多种水解酶微小的差异叠加后引起了水解能力的差异。     

枸芪多糖对育肥猪肠道菌群多样性及组成的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究枸芪多糖对育肥猪肠道菌群多样性及组成的影响。选用180头80日龄的健康育肥猪,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复15头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加1‰的枸芪多糖,试验期为3个月。采集育肥猪盲肠内容物,提取样本中细菌基因组DNA,进行16S rDNA基因高通量测序。结果显示:1)试验组肠道菌群的Ace指数、Chao指数和Shannon指数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。2)在门水平上2组的两大优势菌均为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),对照组梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)及梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)的相对丰度显著高于试验组(P<0.05),互养菌门(Synergistetes)及互养菌属(Synergistes)的相对丰度显著低于试验组(P<0.05)。3) 2组在属水平上的优势菌均为拟杆菌属(Bacteroides),试验组巨单胞菌属(Megamonas)和螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)的相对丰度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。由此得出,饲粮中添加枸芪多糖可提高育肥猪肠道菌群的丰富度和多样性,通过促进有益菌厚壁菌门、互养菌门与抑制有害菌变形菌门、梭杆菌属和螺杆菌属的增殖优化肠道菌群平衡,建立更健康的肠道菌群结构。     

饲粮类型和磷水平对生长猪后肠磷消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮类型和磷水平对生长猪后肠磷消化率和可消化磷含量的影响。选用32头平均体重为(34.1±1.2)kg安装了简单T型瘘管的生长公猪,采用2×2因子完全随机区组设计分为4个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复1头猪。以玉米-豆粕型和小麦-豆粕型饲粮作为基础饲粮,通过添加磷酸氢钙提高饲粮总磷水平,研究其对生长猪后肠磷消化率的影响。结果表明:小麦-豆粕型饲粮组的回肠食糜磷排泄量和粪磷排泄量显著低于玉米-豆粕型饲粮组(P0.01),从而增加了回肠可消化磷和全肠道可消化磷含量以及磷的表观回肠消化率和全肠道消化率(P0.01)。通过添加磷酸氢钙增加饲粮磷含量,可显著提高采食玉米-豆粕型和小麦-豆粕型饲粮生长猪的总磷摄入量、回肠食糜磷排泄量、回肠可消化磷和全肠道可消化磷含量以及磷的表观回肠消化率和全肠道消化率(P0.01)。后肠可消化磷和磷的表观后肠消化率不受饲粮类型和磷水平的影响(P0.05)。玉米-豆粕型饲粮低磷组、玉米-豆粕型饲粮高磷组、小麦-豆粕型饲粮低磷组和小麦-豆粕型饲粮高磷组磷的表观全肠道消化率比磷的表观回肠消化率分别高9.69%、6.79%、9.36%和10.53%(P0.05)。由此可见,生长猪后肠存在磷的消化吸收,但其消化吸收能力有限,且不受饲粮类型和磷水平的影响。     

饲粮磷水平和采食量对生长猪磷消化率评定的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮磷水平和采食量对生长猪磷的回肠和全肠道消化率评定的影响。试验选择18头安装简单T型瘘管的生长去势公猪(平均体重35.2 kg)按照9×4不完全拉丁方设计进行消化试验。9个饲粮处理组包含3种饲粮(无磷饲粮、低磷饲粮和高磷饲粮)和3个采食水平(体重的3%、4%和5%)。试验共分4期,每期8 d。结果表明:生长猪回肠食糜磷排泄量和粪磷排泄量随饲粮磷水平的提高极显著增加(P0.01);粪磷排泄量随采食量提高显著增加(P0.05);采食高磷饲粮生长猪磷的表观全肠道消化率(ATTD)随采食量增加线性降低(P0.05),而低磷饲粮组磷的表观回肠消化率(AID)随采食量增加有线性增加的趋势(P0.1);低磷饲粮组磷的标准回肠消化率(SID)随采食量增加有线性增加的趋势(P0.1),而增加采食量有线性降低高磷饲粮组磷的标准全肠道消化率(STTD)的趋势(P0.1)。由此可见,采食量对生长猪磷消化率评定的影响受饲粮磷水平的调控。     

饲粮蛋白质水平及纤维来源对生长猪盲肠液特性的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在探讨饲粮蛋白质水平与纤维来源对生长猪盲肠液消化酶活性及水解能力的影响,为生长猪大肠消化液的模拟提供参考。试验1考察饲粮的蛋白质水平(饲粮1和饲粮2粗蛋白质含量分别为19.03%和13.96%)对生长猪盲肠液组成的影响。采用完全随机设计,将12头在盲肠安装瘘管的生长猪按体重随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪,预试期5 d,正试期10 d。试验2在试验1结束并经过10 d恢复期后考察饲粮的纤维来源(饲粮3:玉米-大豆皮饲粮;饲粮4:玉米-小麦麸饲粮)对生长猪盲肠液组成的影响,试验设计同试验1。试验3在试验1和试验2获得猪盲肠食糜的基础上考察盲肠液的来源与底物对还原糖释放量的影响。采用4×8两因素完全随机设计,盲肠液来源设4个处理,分别为试验猪饲喂饲粮1、饲粮2、饲粮3和饲粮4后收集的盲肠液;底物为8个处理,包括饲粮1~4、2个玉米-豆粕饲粮(饲粮5和6)和饲喂饲粮5和6后获得的回肠冻干食糜。每个处理5个重复,每个重复1根消化管。结果表明:1)高蛋白质饲粮(饲粮1)与低蛋白质饲粮(饲粮2)相比显著降低猪盲肠食糜干物质含量(P≤0.05),饲粮蛋白质水平对盲肠液p H以及纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶、淀粉酶、中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05);2)饲粮纤维来源对猪盲肠食糜干物质含量、p H以及纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶、淀粉酶、中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶活性均无显著影响(P>0.05);3)盲肠液来源和底物对还原糖释放量均有显著的影响(P<0.05),且两者对还原糖释放量有显著的互作效应(P<0.05),盲肠液中水解酶活性高,饲粮纤维含量低,则盲肠液体外消化后还原糖释放量多。盲肠液中木聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶、中性蛋白酶及淀粉酶活性影响了对饲粮的消化能力,而木聚糖酶与淀粉酶活性影响了对回肠末端食糜的消化能力。由此表明,饲粮营养水平虽然对生长猪盲肠液中6种水解酶活性影响未达到统计学显著性,但多种水解酶微小的差异叠加后引起了水解能力的差异。     

Effect of micronized pea and enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and manure output in growing pigs

An experiment was done to determine manure output, N and P excretion, and apparent digestibilities of AA, CP, P, and DM in growing pigs fed barley-based diets containing micronized or raw peas with or without supplementation with enzyme containing primarily beta-glucanase and phytase (Biogal S+). Eight barrows (21.5 +/- 1.2 kg of initial BW) fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were used in a 40-d trial and housed in metabolism cages. Pigs were assigned in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to 4 experimental diets: 1) barley-raw peas control (BRP), 2) barley-micronized peas (BMP), 3) BRP plus enzyme, and 4) BMP plus enzyme (BMP+E). Pigs received 2.6 times maintenance energy requirements based on BW at the beginning of each experimental period. During each experimental period, pigs were acclimatized to their respective diets for 5 d followed by a 3-d period of total fecal and urine collection and another 2-d period of ileal digesta collection. Samples were analyzed for DM, AA (diets and digesta only), N, and P. Wet fecal output of BRP plus enzyme-fed pigs tended to be lower (P = 0.07) than the amount produced by BMP-fed pigs. The amounts of dry feces and urine produced were not different among treatments (P > 0.10). Supplementing the BRP and BMP diet with enzyme increased (P = 0.002) the daily P retained per pig. Pigs fed the enzyme-supplemented diets tended to have lower (P = 0.06) fecal P excretion and greater urinary P excretion (P = 0.001) compared with pigs fed the nonsupplemented diets, but total P excretion was not influenced by diet (P > 0.10). Pigs fed the BMP+E diet retained more (P = 0.006) N per day than pigs fed the BMP diet. However, N excretion was not influenced by dietary treatment (P > 0.10), although BMP+E-fed pigs excreted 13.2% less N in the feces compared with those fed the nonenzyme supplemented controls. Inclusion of micronized peas with or without enzyme supplementation did not affect urinary or fecal N excretion (P > 0.10) compared with the BRP. Dietary treatment had no effect (P > 0.10) on ileal or fecal DM or CP digestibilities. Apparent ileal digestibilities of AA were usually lower (P < 0.05) in the BRP diet compared with the other diets. Enzyme supplementation improved P digestibility at the ileal and fecal level. The current results indicate that utilizing micronized peas in barley-based pig grower diets enhances P retention.     

The effect of supplementary Aspergillus niger phytase in diets for pigs on concentration and apparent digestibility of dry matter, total phosphorus, and phytic acid in different sections of the alimentary tract.

Six barrows of approximately 37 kg BW, fitted with two simple T-cannulas in the duodenum (25 cm posterior to the pylorus) and terminal ileum (12 to 15 cm anterior to the ileocecal junction), were fed two diets containing 2.1 g of P/kg in the form of phytic acid and a low intrinsic phytase activity (corn-soybean meal based diet [Diet A] or a typical Dutch diet [Diet B]) without or with supplementary microbial phytase from Aspergillus niger (var. ficuum) equal to 1,500 phytase units per kilogram of diet, in a crossover design. The apparent duodenal, ileal, and total tract (overall) digestibilities of DM, total P, and phytate P (phytic acid x .282) were calculated using both Cr-NDR (neutral detergent residue mordanted with Cr) and Co-EDTA as dual-phase markers. Concentration of total P in the ileal digesta (P less than .01) and feces (P less than .001) of pigs fed microbial phytase was lower than without this enzyme, irrespective of the diet. Ileal digestibility of total P was 18.5 and 29.8 percentage units higher (which was a 1.7- to 2.9-fold increase) due to added Aspergillus niger phytase (P less than .05). Also, total tract (overall) digestibility increased by 27.0 to 29.7 percentage units (P less than .01). Phytic acid concentration in the duodenal and ileal digesta of pigs receiving microbial phytase was lower (P less than .01 or .001), resulting in its higher ileal digestibility (dephosphorylation rate) by 50.1 percentage units for Diet A and by 75.4 percentage units for Diet B. Irrespective of the treatment, no phytase activity could be detected in the ileal digesta of pigs.     

Dietary galactooligosaccharides affect ileal and total-tract nutrient digestibility, ileal and fecal bacterial concentrations, and ileal fermentative characteristics of growing pigs

The objective of this study was to evaluate dietary galactooligosaccharide (Gal OS) addition on swine nutrient digestibility, ileal and fecal bacterial populations, and ileal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and to determine their impact on ileal fermentative characteristics in vitro. Twelve T-cannulated pigs (BW = 25 kg) were fed a diet free of Gal OS for 21 d. On d 22, ileal digesta samples were collected for an in vitro fermentation experiment (Exp. 1). Substrates included: raffinose/stachyose combination (R + S), soy solubles (SS), and transgalactooligosaccharides (TOS). Also included were the non-OS components of SS and TOS. Nine pigs (three donors per treatment) served as ileal effluent donors. Each substrate was fermented in vitro for 6 h, and pH and SCFA and gas production were determined. Pigs then were allotted to three treatments: a Gal OS-free control diet and the control diet with either 3.5% added Gal OS from SS or TOS. Diets, feces, and digesta samples collected weekly for 6 wk on d 6 (feces) and 7 (digesta) were analyzed for DM, OM, CP, and chromic oxide concentrations. Feces and ileal digesta were analyzed for bifidobacteria and lactobacilli populations. Ileal digesta samples were analyzed for SCFA. On d 64, a second in vitro fermentation experiment (Exp. 2) was conducted using ileal effluent from three pigs per treatment and the same substrates used in Exp. 1. In vivo results showed that ileal and total tract DM and OM digestion were decreased (P < 0.05) by addition of both SS and TOS to the diet. Ileal and total-tract N digestibilities were decreased (P < 0.05) by dietary addition of SS. Fecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli were increased (P < 0.05) by addition of SS and TOS to the diet. Ileal propionate and butyrate concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed diets containing both sources of Gal OS. In vitro results showed that fermentation data were not affected by donor animal adaptation to treatment. For both in vitro experiments, gas and SCFA production were higher (P < 0.05) for R + S than for SS or TOS. Fermentation of R + S resulted in a higher pH (P < 0.05) than did SS or TOS. Fermentation of non-OS components of SS and TOS resulted in more (P < 0.05) gas and SCFA production, and pH values that did not differ (P > 0.05) compared to SS and TOS. The Gal OS used in this study were prebiotics, increasing beneficial bacteria in vivo and SCFA concentrations both in vivo and in vitro.     

The effect of feed intake on ileal rate of passage and apparent amino acid digestibility determined with or without correction factors in pigs

The apparent ileal digestibilities of amino acids and rate of passage were evaluated in pigs (BW = 78.3 +/- 7.4 kg) fed a semipurified diet. The pigs were fed 1.82, 2.73, or 3.65 kg DMI/d. The highest level of feed intake was considered to be ad libitum feeding. The pigs were fed according to a 3 x 3 Latin square design and were allowed to adapt to each experimental diet for 5 d. This was followed by 1 d of continuous collection of ileal digesta and a 2nd d of continuous collection separated into six 2-h postprandial time blocks. Ytterbium chloride hexahydrate was used to determine rate of passage. The ileal digestibilities of amino acids and rate of passage were unaffected (P > 0.05) by level of feed intake. The use of correction factors to more accurately express amino acid concentrations in the diet and digesta affected (P < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of some amino acids.     

Dietary supplementation with multienzyme preparations improves nutrient utilization and growth performance in weaned pigs

Two experiments with young pigs (25 d of age) were conducted to investigate the effect of multienzyme preparations on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and P utilization and excretion. In Exp. 1, 24 pigs (six pigs per treatment) were used in a 28-d performance and digestibility trial using four diets: control (no enzyme) and control supplemented with enzyme preparation A, B, or C. The control diet was formulated to meet 95% of NRC (1998) nutrient specifications (except for available P, which was at 44% NRC) and composed of corn, wheat, wheat by-products, barley, soybean meal, canola meal, and peas. All three enzyme preparations contained xylanase, glucanase, amylase, protease, invertase, and phytase activities and differed in the type of plant cell wall-degrading activities; Enzyme A contained cellulase, galactanase, and mannanase; Enzyme B contained cellulase and pectinase; and Enzyme C contained cellulase, galactanase, mannanase, and pectinase. Pigs fed enzyme-supplemented diets had higher ADG (P = 0.02) and G:F (P = 0.01) than those fed the control diet. On average, and when compared with control diet, enzyme supplementation improved (P = 0.001 to 0.04) ileal digestibility of DM (60 vs. 66%), GE (62.8 vs. 70.4%), CP (62 vs. 72%), starch (86.7 vs. 94.2%), nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP; 10.1 vs. 17.6%), and phytate (59 vs. 70%). Compared with the control, total-tract digestibility of nutrients was increased (P = 0.001 to 0.01) owing to enzyme supplementation, with Enzyme C showing the highest improvement in DM, GE, CP, starch, NSP, phytate, and P utilization. Pigs fed enzyme-supplemented diets had decreased (P = 0.04) fecal P excretion. The benefit from improved nutrient utilization with enzyme supplementation was further substantiated in a 38-d growth performance study with 48 pigs. The control and Enzyme C-supplemented diets (same as Exp. 1) were assigned to six replicate pens (four pigs per pen). The study was conducted in three phases (Phase 1 = d 0 to 7; Phase 2 = d 7 to 21; Phase 3 = d 21 to 38). Individual BW and pen feed disappearance were monitored. Average daily gain and G:F were 231 and 257 g (P = 0.01), and 0.56 and 0.63 (P = 0.001) for the control and enzyme-supplemented diets, respectively. It is evident from this study that the use of enzyme preparations may allow for cost-effective and environmentally friendly formulation of young pig diets.     

In vitro fermentation of various fiber and starch sources by pig fecal inocula

Freeze-dried ileal effluent (1% wt/vol) from cannulated pigs fed rice-based diets with the inclusion of either animal protein (CON), animal protein plus potato starch (PS), animal protein plus sugar beet pulp (SBP), or animal protein plus wheat bran (WB) was incubated anaerobically at pH 6.0 in fermenters containing 5% (wt/vol) fecal slurry comprising mineral salts medium and 50 g/L of fresh feces from pigs fed the same diets as the cannulated pigs. Samples were collected from the fermenters at 0, 2, 4, 12, 24, and 48 h during in vitro fermentation for measuring nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), starch, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Results showed that the major SCFA produced were acetate, propionate, and butyrate. The inclusion of soluble dietary fiber (diet SBP) caused the highest concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFA, whereas the increase in the production of propionate resulting from the addition of insoluble dietary fiber (diet WB) only occurred at the initial stages during 48 h in vitro fermentation. At all sampling occasions (except for 4 h), the levels of butyrate were increased (P < 0.01) by resistant starch compared with fiber sources, showing that a higher level of butyrate can be achieved through microbial fermentation by potato starch. Lowered (P < 0.05) butyrate concentrations were observed with diet WB during in vitro fermentation. With the inclusion of fiber sources, the energy originating from SCFA was similar to that from NSP disappearance, whereas the values were lower (P < 0.05) from NSP disappearance than for SCFA generated without fiber sources supplemented. We conclude that more substrate is available in ileal effluent with the addition of soluble dietary fiber, and an increased level of butyrate could be achieved through microbial fermentation by resistant starch.     

不同淀粉类型饲粮对育肥猪盲肠食糜主要微生物及其代谢产物的影响

本试验旨在研究不同淀粉类型饲粮对育肥猪盲肠食糜主要微生物及其代谢产物的影响。试验选取72头健康且初始体重相近的“杜×长×大”三元杂交阉公猪,随机分为3组,每组8个重复,每个重复3头猪。3组猪分别饲喂含有木薯淀粉、玉米淀粉和豌豆淀粉作为唯一淀粉来源配制的3种饲粮,饲粮的直链淀粉/支链淀粉分别为0.11、0.25和0.44。试验预试期4 d,正试期42 d。于正式试验的第42天,每个重复选取1头体重接近平均体重的猪进行屠宰,收集盲肠食糜进行相关指标的测定。结果表明:1)与木薯淀粉饲粮相比,豌豆淀粉饲粮显著降低育肥猪盲肠食糜的pH(P<0.05);2)与木薯淀粉饲粮相比,玉米淀粉和豌豆淀粉饲粮显著增加育肥猪盲肠食糜中乳酸的含量(P<0.05),同时豌豆淀粉饲粮显著增加食糜中乙酸、丁酸和总短链脂肪酸的含量(P<0.05);3)对于肠道微生物氮代谢产物而言,与木薯淀粉饲粮相比,玉米淀粉和豌豆淀粉饲粮显著降低育肥猪食糜中氨态氮、腐胺、总生物胺、吲哚和粪臭素的含量(P<0.05),同时豌豆淀粉饲粮显著降低食糜中尸胺和色胺的含量(P<0.05);4)对于微生物而言,与木薯淀粉饲粮相比,玉米淀粉和豌豆淀粉饲粮显著增加育肥猪盲肠食糜中普雷沃氏菌属的数量(P<0.05),而降低食糜中大肠杆菌的数量(P<0.05),同时豌豆淀粉饲粮增加了食糜中乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、梭菌Ⅳ和梭菌ⅩⅣ的数量(P<0.05)。由此可见,本试验条件下,给育肥猪饲喂含有高直链的豌豆淀粉改变了其盲肠食糜中微生物的组成和发酵模式,增加了部分有益菌的数量和碳水化合物代谢产物的含量,降低了潜在致病菌的数量和氮代谢产物的含量,这提示摄食含有高直链的淀粉有利于维持宿主肠道健康。     

Effects of guar gum and cellulose on digesta passage rate, ileal microbial populations, energy and protein digestibility, and performance of grower pigs

Dietary guar gum and cellulose were studied as purified soluble and insoluble nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) sources, respectively. A control diet containing 14% cornstarch was formulated. A 7% guar gum, a 7% cellulose, and a 7% guar gum + 7% cellulose diet were formulated by adding the NSP to the control diet at the expense of cornstarch (wt/wt), forming a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The objectives were to determine whether guar gum and cellulose altered 1) the passage rate of digesta through the small intestine and total tract; 2) the digestibility of energy and CP, characteristics of the digesta, and microbial populations in the ileum; 3) plasma glucose and ghrelin concentrations; and 4) short-term voluntary feed intake and growth performance of grower pigs. In Exp. 1, 12 pigs (27.0 +/- 1.5 kg of BW) were fitted with an ileal T-cannula and were used in a 2-period change-over design, providing 6 observations per diet. Each period included 18 d: a 12-d acclimation period followed by 2-d feces, 3-d digesta, and 1-d venous blood collection periods. In Exp. 1, guar gum and cellulose slowed the passage rate of digesta through the small intestine by 26 and 18%, respectively (P < 0.05). Guar gum increased total tract retention time of the digesta by 14% (P < 0.05). Guar gum and cellulose increased the viscosity of ileal digesta by 72 and 76%, respectively (P < 0.05). Cellulose reduced ileal energy and CP digestibility (P < 0.05), but guar gum only tended to decrease ileal energy digestibility (P < 0.10). Guar gum and cellulose reduced total tract energy and CP digestibility (P < 0.05). At 60 min after feeding, guar gum decreased plasma glucose by 10% (P < 0.10). Guar gum interacted with cellulose to reduce plasma ghrelin before and after feeding (P < 0.05). Guar gum and cellulose interacted to increase ileal bifidobacteria and enterobacteria (P < 0.05); however, guar gum, but not cellulose, increased ileal clostridia (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, 20 individually housed grower pigs (5 pigs per diet) had free access to the 4 diets used in Exp. 1 for 14 d. Guar gum and cellulose decreased ADG and reduced ADFI on d 0 to 14 (P < 0.05). In summary, increasing purified NSP in the diet reduced the passage rate of digesta, energy and protein digestibility, and feed intake, but increased ileal bifidobacteria and enterobacteria populations. The effects of cellulose were similar to those of guar gum. In conclusion, monitoring of dietary NSP is a critical factor to achieve predictable digestible nutrient intake and intestinal bacterial populations.     

Supplementation of xylanase and phospholipase to wheat-based diets for weaner pigs

The effects of supplementing a wheat-based diet for weaner pigs with exogenous xylanase and phospholipase on ileal and faecal nutrient digestibilities and on the level of microbial metabolites in ileal digesta were examined. Fourteen piglets, weaned at 11 days, were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum. The pigs were offered a control diet or diets supplemented with xylanase and phospholipase individually or in combination, in a two period crossover design. The combination of xylanase and phospholipase tended to increase the ileal recovery of the amino sugar galactosamine, whereas the concentration expressed in mg/kg dry matter intake of glucosamine was slightly decreased (p < 0.10). There was neither an effect of enzyme supplementation on ileal and faecal digestibility of the other nutrients and energy, nor was there an effect on pH and on the level of microbial metabolites in ileal digesta. However, an increase in ileal and faecal nutrient and energy digestibility with increasing age was observed. The ileal and faecal digestibility coefficients (except for ether extract) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in experimental period I than in period II. These higher values may be attributed to a lower feed intake during period I. Since a lower level of feed intake is generally associated with a slower rate of passage and a longer retention time of digesta, a positive impact on digestion and absorption of nutrients can be assumed, which, on the other hand, limits the potential of additional enzyme effects.     

Effect of diet composition on postweaning colibacillosis in piglets

The weaning of piglets is often associated with digestive disorders, particularly diarrhea--postweaning colibacillosis (PWC)--which is caused by infection with enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli. It has been shown previously that a diet for newly weaned pigs based on cooked white rice and animal protein decreases the occurrence of PWC, whereas the addition of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) to this diet enhances PWC. The aims of the current work were to 1) determine whether substitution of animal protein with plant proteins in the cooked-white-rice diet influenced its protective effects on PWC and 2) confirm that an increase in viscosity of the digesta by adding CMC to the diet favors the development of PWC--with (Exp. 1) or without (Exp. 2) experimental infection of piglets with E. coli. The diets were 1) cooked white rice and animal protein sources (RAP), 2) RAP + CMC added at 40 g of CMC/kg (air-dry basis) of diet, 3) cooked white rice and plant protein sources (RPP), and 4) wheat and plant protein sources (WPP). Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted using 32 and 24 piglets (eight and six per treatment), respectively. Piglets were weaned at 21 d (d 1), and fed ad libitum until slaughter on d 9. In Exp. 1, piglets were orally infected with enterotoxigenic E. coli on d 4, 5, 6, and 7. On d 8 of Exp. 1, the E. coli scores in feces of pigs fed RAP + CMC were higher than with RAP (P < 0.01). On d 9 after weaning, feces from pigs fed diet RAP were normal or moist, whereas feces from pigs fed RAP + CMC were wet to diarrheic. On d 7 of Exp. 2, pigs fed diets RAP + CMC and WPP had wetter feces than pigs fed diets RAP or RPP (P < 0.05). On d 8, the E. coli scores in feces were higher (P < 0.01) with pigs fed RAP + CMC than with all other diets. The E. coli scores in the digesta were also higher with pigs fed RAP + CMC, and to a lesser extent with diet WPP, than with pigs fed RAP or RPP (P < 0.01). The large intestine was heavier in pigs fed diets RPP and WPP, and the digesta were more acidic (P < 0.05). This study confirmed that diet RAP was protective against PWC, and that substitution of animal proteins with plant protein in a rice-based diet did not diminish its protective effects. The addition of CMC to cooked white rice increased digesta viscosity and enhanced PWC. Consequently, this diet represents a useful model for studying this condition.