应用nanoLC-MS/MS分析毛白杨次生维管系统的蛋白质表达谱

基于1DE的nanoLC-MS/MS方法分析毛白杨次生维管系统的蛋白质组,成功鉴定:14个蛋白质参与细胞分裂,7个转录因子,22个与细胞骨架相关蛋白质,31个与细胞信号转导相关蛋白质,14个与细胞壁相关蛋白质.显示这些蛋白质相应基因参与形成层活动的调控,为进一步了解木材形成的分子机制奠定基础.     

杨树次生壁纤维素合酶的表达与互作模式分析

[目的]纤维素的合成在木材形成过程中具有重要的作用,纤维素合酶(Cellulose Synthase,CESA)是参与纤维素合成的关键酶。由于3种CESA形成一个有功能的纤维素合酶复合体,而杨树中包含CESA4、CESA7A、CESA7B、CESA8A和CESA8B5种次生壁CESA,本文从这5种CESA的表达模式与互作分析入手,探讨了其在次生壁纤维素合成中的工作模式。[方法]利用RNA-seq与基因芯片数据进行基因表达分析,揭示5种次生壁CESA在根、茎、叶组织的表达模式与次生维管再生过程中的表达变化。利用启动子驱动的GUS转基因材料GUS染色分析与实时定量PCR揭示5种次生壁CESA在各个组织的表达模式与在激素处理下的响应模式。利用荧光素酶互补实验揭示CESA7A、CESA7B、CESA8A与CESA8B之间的互作模式。[结果]基因表达分析表明,杨树5种次生壁CESA基因在杨树成熟茎中高表达,尤其在次生维管组织发育的后期高表达,表明其主要参与木材次生壁纤维素的合成。对启动子驱动的GUS转基因材料观察表明,CESA4、CESA7B、CESA8A和CESA8B的GUS信号在杨树茎和叶中较强,但这些次生壁CESA的表达模式存在一定的差异,这种差异在叶脉中表现地尤为明显。此外,在赤霉素GA3和细胞分裂素6-BA处理下,杨树次生壁CESA的表达量显著上调;在生长素NAA、油菜素内酯BR和乙烯处理下,杨树次生壁CESA的表达量下调,但不同的CESA对激素响应的表达量变化幅度存在差异。荧光素酶互补实验表明,杨树次生壁CESA7B和CESA8B、CESA7B和CESA8A、CESA7A与CESA8B之间存在互作,说明它们之间可以形成复合体。[结论]这些数据显示杨树5种次生壁CESA基因在不同组织与不同激素处理下的表达变化存在一定的差异,而它们之间均能互作,提示杨树5个次生壁CESA基因虽然具有同等的能力形成功能性的纤维素合酶复合体,但在不同组织、不同激素作用下可能有不同的组合方式,进而会导致木材成分的差异。     

山鸡椒1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸还原异构酶 DXR基因的克隆和SNP分析

在转录组测序结果分析基础上,以山鸡椒cDNA 为模板,克隆得到山鸡椒1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸还原异构酶DXR 基因cDNA 全长,以山鸡椒基因组DNA 为模板,设计引物、扩增拼接后获得山鸡椒DXR 基因全长,命名为LcDXR。序列分析表明,LcDXR cDNA 全长为1 501 bp,5'非编码区长34 bp,3'非编码区长53 bp,开放阅读框长1 413 bp,预测编码含有470个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,等电点为6.62,分子量为51.12 kD。LcDXR 基因全长为12 601 bp,其中外显子12 个,内含子11 个。对来自10个种源的LcDXR 基因编码区单核苷酸变异位点进行分析表明:在cDNA 区间内共发现10 个SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)位点,其中有4 个单核苷酸变异导致了所编码的氨基酸的改变,为了分析氨基酸突变导致的蛋白质精细结构的变化,利用Swiss-PDB Viewer 模拟4 个突变位点氨基酸残基的替换。其中江西安远(AY)的突变Lys119Thr 引起了氢键的变化,推测可能对酶的活性产生影响。研究结果为深入研究山鸡椒脱氧木酮糖5-磷酸还原异构酶的活性和功能奠定了基础,同时为山鸡椒遗传育种提供理论依据。     

毛白杨主要林分因子生长及相关关系研究

该文在河北省范围内调查片状和带状毛白杨林分标准地 14 9块 ,研究林分平均胸径、平均高、胸高断面积、蓄积等主要林分因子的生长情况 ,并建立了主要因子的生长模型和相关关系模型 ,可用于毛白杨林分生长预测和评估     

毛白杨无性系木材性状与生长性状的相关分析

对24个20年生毛白杨无性系（含对照）的生长性状、木材基本密度和纤维形态进行了测定分析,并分析了木材性状与生长性状的相关性。结果表明：毛白杨无性系各生长性状差异均达显著和极显著水平,为选择优良无性系提供了丰富的变异来源。毛白杨无性系木材材质指标满足造纸要求,适合作纤维原料,通过对毛白杨无性系生长性状与木材性状之间的相关分析,发现毛白杨木材基本密度与胸径、材积存在一定的相关,与树高存在微弱的相关,总的来看木材基本密度与生长性状相关均不显著;而纤维长度与胸径、材积存在弱负相关,与树高存在微弱的相关。研究中也发现生长快的无性系也可以有较大的木材基本密度。     

中间锦鸡儿CiDR1的克隆及干旱胁迫下的表达分析

[目的]研究并了解中间锦鸡儿CiDR1基因功能及其对干旱胁迫的响应,为抗性育种提供候选基因。[方法]通过RACE技术从中间锦鸡儿中克隆CiDR1基因的c DNA全长,利用生物信息学分析软件对其基因结构及功能进行分析和预测。再通过qRT-PCR技术对干旱胁迫后的幼苗中的CiDR1表达模式进行研究。[结果]从中间锦鸡儿中克隆到CiDR1基因的c DNA全长共计4 297 bp,Gen Bank登录号为KP277100。生物信息学分析表明,预测的CiDR1蛋白序列中含有1 243个氨基酸残基,具有抗病基因特征结构域TIR、NB-ARC、LRR等,其等电点为6.35,不稳定指数为42.91,不具备信号肽,为非分泌蛋白,定位于细胞质中。定量PCR检测发现,CiDR1基因在幼年期的茎中表达量较低,在成年期的叶片中表达量较高;在干旱胁迫处理后的幼苗中,CiDR1表达水平有明显下降,表明该基因的表达受干旱抑制,可能与中间锦鸡儿适应干旱相关。[结论]中间锦鸡儿在干旱胁迫后其根、茎和叶中CiDR1的表达均明显下降,表明CiDR1的表达受干旱抑制,可能与中间锦鸡儿适应干旱相关,进一步研究发现CiDR1在根、茎、叶中的表达水平可能受发育阶段调控。     

超量表达FBL1对84K杨根系和生长量影响研究

生长素及其信号转导系统对植物的生长发育具有重要的影响。本研究从银腺杨'84K'(Populus alba × P. glandulosa cl. '84K')中分离了生长素受体基因PtrFBL1,利用PMDC32构建了PMDC32-PtrFBL1超量表达载体,并通过遗传转化获得了超量表达植株17个。对温室定植的3个转基因株系和对照植株的根系、生长量和光合指标等性状分析结果显示:转基因株系总根长和总根面积达到显著或极显著差异,而根系干质量、平均不定根系长度、平均不定根直径差异不显著;株高、平均节间长、地径和高径比皆高于对照,且大多数转基因株系达到显著差异;除气孔限制值(Ls)低于对照外,气孔导度(Cd)、水分利用效率(WUE)、光能利用效率(LUE)和叶绿素相对含量皆高于对照,且大多数转基因株系达到显著或极显著差异。以上结果表明,可能是FBL1超表达增加了转基因株系根系面积,提高了水分和养分的吸收利用,进而导致转基因株系光能吸收和转化效率提高,引起转基因株系生长加快。     

MicroRNA转录后调控欧美杨R2R3-MYBs抗锈菌表达

[目的]强致病锈菌亲和型树种欧美杨适合做寄主感病分子机理研究。研究表明转录因子及其调控miRNA在杨树抗/感病过程中起重要的信号传导和调控作用,决定杨树与锈菌的亲和性。为深入研究杨树感病性,对欧美杨R2R3-MYB转录因子及其调控miRNA进行研究。[方法]构建锈菌侵染和未侵染miRNA组、降解组文库和基因表达谱文库,进行高通量测序。对基因表达谱结果进行生物信息学分析鉴定R2R3-MYBs,根据miRNA组和降解组数据确定R2R3-MYBs调控miRNA。应用定量PCR技术鉴定候选R2R3-MYBs和其调控miRNA的表达量。[结果]共鉴定到230个欧美杨R2R3-MYBs,其中55个R2R3-MYBs在锈菌侵染和未侵染叶片间表达量差异显著,其余表达量变化不显著。基于降解组,共鉴定到由22个miRNA调控18个R2R3-MYBs的86个转录后调控关系。定量PCR结果表明PC-3p-2521022_1与Pnd MYB173存在转录后负调控关系。预测的R2R3-MYB靶基因涉及水杨酸、茉莉酸、乙烯和脱落酸等多个植物激素抗性路径。[结论]E4强致病锈菌侵染导致亲和型树种欧美杨23.9%的R2R3-MYBs表达量发生变化,锈菌侵染不但可以影响R2R3-MYBs的表达量,还可以启动或关闭R2R3-MYBs的表达。欧美杨在E4强致病锈菌胁迫条件下,R2R3-MYBs转录后主要受miR159和miR858家族的miRNA调控。     

苹果属无融合生殖SERK1基因的克隆与生物信息学分析

[目的]为探讨苹果属植物无融合生殖分子机制。[方法]以苹果属平邑甜茶及杂种后代33#为试材,以苹果基因组CDS序列设计引物,通过PCR扩增技术克隆出SERK同源基因的cDNA全长序列,命名为MhSERK1和MhdSERK1(GenBank登录号JQ231273和JQ231272),利用实时定量RTqPCR的方法检测了这两个基因在平邑甜茶和杂种后代各组织和器官中的表达模式。[结果]序列分析显示MhSERK1和MhdSERK1编码区序列全长为1 899 bp和1 881 bp,分别编码632和626个氨基酸,其氨基酸序列与其他植物的SERK1同源基因所编码的氨基酸同源性都在80%以上,特别是与葡萄科龙眼品种同源性最高,高达92.56%,与模式植物拟南芥、烟草等植物的SERK同源基因都具有很高的同源性。实时定量PCR结果表明,在平邑甜茶和杂种后代不同组织、花器官中SERK1基因的表达量存在差异,其中在子房中的表达量最高,在营养生长的组织中表达量很低,在平邑甜茶花蕾期的子房中表达量最高。[结论]推测该基因在平邑甜茶和杂种后代的生殖发育过程中可能发挥重要作用。     

Variation of leaf characteristics in Populus tomentosa Carr.

An investigation was conducted to determine the extent of variations among nine provenances of Populus tomentosa Carr. in terms of leaf characteristics. A total of 263 accessions were studied under field conditions in the National Gene Bank of P. tomentosa in 2003. All of the accessions were characterized by 17 indices from 1 to 2-dimension constructions. Variance analysis of all characteristics showed that there were significant differences among the nine provenances and among individuals within each provenance. This study reveals that the evaluated germplasm appears to have a wide genetic base and high potential for further genetic improvements and it also indicates that abundant gene resources of P. tomentosa have been collected and preserved in the National Gene Bank. [Supported by the “Tenth Five-year Plan” National Key Project in Science and Technology (Grant No. 2002BA515B0303) and the National “863” Project (Grant No. 2002AA241071)]     

Cloning and RNAi construction of a LEAFY homologous gene from Populus tomentosa and preliminary study in tobacco

PtLFY, a LEAFY (LFY) gene, was cloned from Populus tomentosa (LM50) by PCR. Sequencing analysis indicated that PtLFY was 2 629 bp long, composed of three exons and two introns and encoded 378 amino acids. The splice donor sites and the splice acceptor sites were in identical positions to the LFY and its homologues. The amino acid sequence inferred was 68%-99% homologous to those of LFY and its homologues by blast analysis in GenBank. The Southern blot analysis indicated that there was a single copy of the PtLFY gene in genomic DNA of male and female P. tomentosa (LM50 and 5082). The pBI121-Ptalfy (reverse)-intron-Ptlfy-GUS-nos was constructed using RNA interference (RNAi) technique and verified by PCR and digestion identification and transformed into tobacco. Some transgenic tobacco plants were obtained by PCR and PCR-Southern identification. The growth was generally repressed in transgenic tobacco plants compared with wild-type ones and some phenotypic differences were observed. [Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30371175) and Postdoctoral Foundation of China (Grant No. 2002032041)]     

Lignin characterization of triploid clones of Populus tomentosa Carr.

In order to understand the structural characteristics of lignin in triploid clones of Populus tomentosa and its changes in the processes of pulping and bleaching, milled wood lignin (MWL), lignin carbohydrate complex (LCC) and the residual lignin from kraft pulp (KP) and sulfite pulp (SP) were isolated and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The most diagnostic peaks were assigned and the differences were discussed. The spectral patterns reveal that triploid P. tomentosa shows the specific features of hardwood from temperate areas, but in the spectrum of FTIR, the strength ratio of A 1270 cm⁻¹ to A1226 cm⁻¹ is 0.88, higher than the average of hardwood from temperate areas, which will make the lignin delignification more difficult during pulping and bleaching. The LCC from triploid P. tomentosa is mainly composed of xyloglucan and glucuronic acid, and other glucides have much lower ratio. In LCC FTIR, there are three peaks at 1 427, 1 329 and 1 046 cm⁻¹, indicating that both semi-cellulose and cellulose could exist in LCC, and that there might be relationships between cellulose and lignin. Compared with the residual lignin from KP and SP, the condensed structure in KP is more than that in SP.     

Molecular cloning of a cellulose synthase gene PtoCesA1 from Populus tomentosa and its genetic transformation in tobacco

A 3 125 bp cellulose synthase gene, PtoCesA1, which has a 98% identity to PtrCesA1 from Populus tremuloides, was cloned from cDNA prepared from secondary xylem of P. tomentosa. Four anti-expression vectors with different fragments of PtoCesA1, named as pBIPF, pBICC1, pBIPR and pBIBR, were constructed. Some traits of transformed tobacco of pBICC1, pBIPR and pBIBR differed from wild types, such as small leaves, “dwarf” phenotype and thinner xylem and fiber cell walls than wild plants consistent with a loss of cellulose. It indicated that the growth of transgenic tobacco was restrained by the expression of anti-PtoCesA1. Transgenic tobacco was obtained and the contents of cellulose and lignin were analyzed as well as the width and length of fiber cells, and xylem thickness for both transgenic and control plants. Transformed tobacco showed a different phenotype from control plants and it implied that PtoCesA1 was essential for the cellulose biosynthesis in poplar stems. [Supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (863) (2001AA244060 and 2003AA244020) and National Basic Research Program of China (973) (J1999016003)]     

Duplication of locus coding of malate dehydrogenase in Populus tomentosa Carr.

Horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis was used to study crude enzyme extraction from young leaves of 234 clones of Populus tomentosa Carr. selected from nine provenances in North China. Ten enzyme systems were resolved. One hundred and fifty-six clones showing unusual allozyme band patterns at locus Mdh-1 were found. Three allozyme bands at locus Mdh-1 were 9:6:1 in concentration. Further studies on the electrophoretic patterns of ground mixed pollen extraction of 30 male clones selected at random from the 156 clones were conducted and it was found that allozyme bands at locus Mdh-1 were composed of two dark-stained bands and a weak band. Only one group of the malate dehydrogenase (MDH) zymogram composed of two bands was obtained from the electrophoretic segregation of pollen leachate of the same clones. A comparison of the electrophoretic patterns one another suggested that the locus Mdh-1 coding malate dehydrogenase in diploid species of P. tomentosa was duplicated. The duplicate gene locus possessed three same alleles and was located in mitochondria. The locus duplication of alleles coding malate dehydrogenase in P. tomentosa was discovered and reported for the first time. [Supported by the “Tenth Five-year Plan” National Key Project in Science and Technology (Grant No. 2002BA515B0303) and the National “863” Project (Grant No. 2002AA241071)]     

基于cpDNA rps16序列分析兰考泡桐与白花泡桐和毛泡桐的遗传关系

【目的】通过测序法分析兰考泡桐与白花泡桐和毛泡桐在叶绿体rps16序列上的遗传差异,旨在分析三者之间在叶绿体基因上的变化特点和规律,探讨其种间的遗传关系。【方法】选取兰考泡桐、白花泡桐和毛泡桐各15个样本,对其提取的DNA用PCR扩增获得特异片段,并将其纯化与测序。利用软件Clustal X 2.0对所得序列进行排序;运行MEGA 4软件,进行多序列比对,分析其序列特征,并计算出K2P遗传距离。【结果】(1)对获得的rps16序列进行测定分析,得兰考泡桐序列长度分别为932 933 bp;白花泡桐序列长度为932 bp;毛泡桐序列长度分别为916918 bp。对所得rps16序列进行排序后的长度为938 bp,平均GC含量为34.31%。3个种所代表的个体之间共有10个变异位点,占整个序列长度的1.07%。其中有9个变异位点属于碱基插入或缺失类型,占变异位点总数的90%,占整个序列长度的0.96%。有1个变异位点属于碱基替换类型,占整个变异位点总数的10%,占整个序列长度的0.11%。(2)整个rps16片段的序列共有10个变异位点,其中兰考泡桐与白花泡桐在总的变异位点上,具有一致的碱基位点9个,占总变异的90%。而兰考泡桐与毛泡桐相比,没有相同的碱基。【结论】根据三种泡桐的rps16序列的序列特征和变异位点的分析,表明在叶绿体遗传方面,兰考泡桐具有与白花泡桐更多相似的遗传物质,其亲缘关系较近。综上所述,推测兰考泡桐与白花泡桐可能来自同一母系遗传。     

3年生毛白杨无性系光合特性的比较研究

利用Lico-6400便携式光合测定仪,研究了30个毛白杨无性系光合指标的变化,并对环境因子与光合指标相关关系进行了探讨.结果表明:毛白杨无性系的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化均呈典型双峰曲线,气孔限制是出现"午休"现象的主要调节因素,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)日变化曲线呈典型的"V"字型.5...     

小叶杨CCH基因的克隆及其在重金属胁迫下的表达模式

利用生物信息学与分子生物学相结合的策略克隆了小叶杨CCH基因,基因编码区全长258 bp,编码由85个氨基酸残基构成的蛋白质,蛋白N端具有与铜离子结合的保守功能域MXCXXC,且具有铜伴侣蛋白典型的βαββαβ二级结构,命名为PsCCH。系统进化分析表明:PsCCH蛋白与橡胶、麻疯树、葡萄的CCH蛋白的亲缘关系最近(相似性90% 93%)。通过实时定量PCR方法对其在不同浓度铜离子、其它重金属离子及植物生长激素处理下的表达模式进行了分析。结果表明:小叶杨PsCCH的表达受多种重金属及植物激素的调控,在低浓度铜离子、铝离子、锌离子、水杨酸处理下,其mRNA表达先上升而后下降;而在高浓度铜离子、钴离子、汞离子、茉莉酸处理下则是持续下降。     

胡杨基因组片段转化拟南芥表型研究

[目的]本研究旨在探索与挖掘胡杨基因组大片段的潜在功能,发掘具有潜在育种价值的胡杨基因簇。[方法]利用已构建的胡杨基因组BIBAC文库,采用花序浸染法,将胡杨基因组大片段78A2D10导入模式植物拟南芥基因组中。采用抗性筛选、分子检测及表型观察等方法鉴定、分析转化型植株。[结果]共获得15株特异表型的转化植株。与野生型相比,转化型植株主侧茎生长受到抑制,莲座叶面积增大近3倍,叶片数量增多,叶边缘皱缩,抽薹推迟约13周,株高增加近32.0 cm,侧茎发育成次生莲座,植株寿命延长约7周。[结论]胡杨基因组片段78A2D10可延长植株营养生长期及植株寿命,据此推测该基因片段可能与营养生长有关。     

北方型美洲黑杨不同无性系重要性状评价

[目的]为杨树高产低耗高效工业用材新品种选育筛选新种质。[方法]采用布雷金多性状综合评定法和模糊数学隶属函数值法,系统分析和评价北方型美洲黑杨种质生长及光、水分、养分等关键环境资源利用性状。[结果]表明:(1)种源间、种源内无性系间在生长、光合、水分和养分利用方面的差异显著或极显著。(2)总叶面积、成叶速率、暗呼吸速率、氮素转移率、生长旺期水分利用效率与北方型美洲黑杨胸径显著或极显著相关。(3)筛选出M6、Q1、Q5、M5、Q7、Q3、M3、Q9等高产型种质,M6、Q1、Q2、M5、Q5、M3、Q4、M2等高产高光效型种质,Q5、Q1、W9、M5、Q7、M6、M3、W2等高产高水分利用型种质,Q9、Q5、Q3、Q8、Q1、M10、Q7、I5高产高养分利用型种质。其中,Q5、M6、Q1、Q2、Q9等无性系兼具生长和对资源(光、水分和养分)的利用优势。[结论]北方型美洲黑杨遗传变异丰富,为优良种源和种质选择提供了依据;总叶面积、成叶速率、、暗呼吸速率、氮素转移率等5个与生长关系密切的指标可作为种质资源评价的可靠指标;筛选出的优良种质特别是综合表现最优的5个无性系是后续育种工作的有效资源。