流道结构对非旋转折射式喷头水力性能影响的试验研究

以非旋转折射式喷头为研究对象,设计散水盘的流道长度、流道个数和流道出口形状,通过正交试验测试了单喷头水量分布,采用线性插值法计算射程,通过直接叠加法得到组合水量分布,计算了2.5m喷头间距下的组合均匀性系数,并运用极差分析法研究了流道结构参数对喷头水力性能的影响。结果表明:不同流道长度、流道个数和流道出口形状非旋转折射式喷头的单喷头水量分布呈波浪形上下浮动,但波动的幅度有差异。流道结构参数对射程影响的主次顺序为流道长度、流道个数、流道出口形状,对喷灌强度峰值影响的主次顺序为流道个数、流道长度、流道出口形状,对组合喷洒均匀性系数影响的主次顺序为流道个数、流道长度、流道出口形状。     

异形流道出口折射式喷头水力性能试验与评价

为探究流道出口形状、工作压力、喷嘴直径对折射式喷头水力性能的影响,设计了矩形、Y形、垭口形3种流道出口的喷盘,通过正交试验测试单喷头移动水量分布,采用线性插值计算射程,利用直接叠加法计算不同喷头间距下组合均匀性系数,并运用综合加权评分法评价了喷头水力性能。结果表明:喷嘴直径、工作压力和流道出口形状对射程均影响显著,而其对单喷头移动水量分布的影响主要表现在水量区域位置和喷灌强度峰值不同。影响射程、喷灌强度峰值和组合均匀性系数的主次顺序为喷嘴直径、流道出口形状、喷头组合间距、工作压力。喷头水力性能最优的因素组合为:喷嘴直径为2.98mm,喷盘流道出口形状为Y形,喷头组合间距为2.5m,工作压力为100kPa。     

py1系列喷头摇臂的结构和运动特点与水量分布

摇臂式喷头的摇臂有两个主要功能:一是使喷头得以旋转;二是在其切入自喷嘴射出的水流时,粉碎水流,使水滴在离喷头近处降落,籍以改善水量分布。那末,是否摇臂撞击的频率越大,水量分布越好呢?并非如此。摇臂撞击的频率不仅影响水量分布,而且还影响喷头的旋转性能和射程。本文仅谈谈py1系列喷头摇臂的结构和运动特点与水     

双喷嘴负压反馈射流喷头水力性能研究

为简化摇臂式喷头结构、提高其水力性能,通过负压反馈技术设计了一种双喷嘴射流喷头,包括射流元件、主副喷管、旋转密封机构等,其主副喷管长度分别为5.6mm和4.8mm、喷头仰角为30°,左右喷管里产生的间歇脉冲水流能够驱使喷头步进式全圆旋转。在0.20、0.25、0.30、0.35MPa进口压力下,以射程、平均喷灌强度和喷灌均匀度为评价指标,通过加权评分法,对比了4种不同主副喷嘴直径组合（4mm×3mm、4mm×4mm、5mm×4mm和5mm×5mm）射流喷头与摇臂式喷头的水力性能。结果表明：在上述4种进口压力下,主副喷嘴直径分别为5mm和4mm时的射流喷头综合性能最好,其水量分布呈“三角形”,射程在13.2~13.7m之间,平均喷灌强度在3.81~4.38mm/h之间,喷灌均匀性系数在82.5%~86.0%之间。     

双向步进式全射流喷枪水力性能试验

对核心部件射流元件依靠水流的科恩达效应驱动并控制喷头步进转动的PXSB型双向步进式全射流喷枪的水力性能进行了研究。分析了影响喷枪射程、射高、水量分布的主要因素,试验分析了工作压力及射流元件结构参数对喷枪主要水力性能的影响规律,获得双向步进全射流喷枪最佳工作结构尺寸,为建立双向步进式全射流喷枪设计方法提供了依据。通过国内外大中型旋转式喷枪的水力性能对比,表明双向步进式全射流喷枪结构简单、喷洒性能优良。     

大射程全射流微喷头设计与性能试验

利用射流附壁原理,设计一种大射程的全射流微喷头.分析了全射流微喷头旋转驱动力与射流元件作用区结构尺寸的关系,得到两种驱动力的计算公式.通过正交试验得到了最优转速、最远射程时的作用区位差、作用区长度和盖板位差的尺寸组合.对最优结构样机进行了水力性能测试,测试结果与正交试验结果一致.样机水量分布均匀,射程、水滴直径达到设计要求.     

流道出射角对单一流道结构非旋转折射式喷头水量分布及均匀性的影响

为探索单一流道结构非旋转折射式喷头水量分布及均匀性与流道出射角之间的关系,以Nelson D3000型蓝色喷盘为本体,设计7个不同流道出射角(-45°、-30°、-15°、0°、15°、30°、45°)的喷盘,测试并分析了50kPa压力下的实际射流出射角和单流道水量分布,模拟了单喷头水量分布和3.0m喷头间距下的组合水量分布,并计算出组合均匀性系数。结果表明,实际射流出射角略大于喷盘流道出射角。当流道出射角由-45°增至15°时,射程增大2m,单流道径向点喷灌强度最大值降低59%,径向湿润范围增加91.94%,垂直于径向的水量分布更均匀,且单喷头喷灌强度峰值减小,组合喷灌强度最大值下降;但流道出射角继续增至45°,各水量分布反而不均。流道出射角为15°喷头的单流道水量分布、单喷头水量分布和组合喷头水量分布较好。组合均匀性系数随流道出射角的增加呈先增大后减小的变化趋势。     

异形喷嘴对变量喷头水力性能的影响

研究了异形喷嘴对变量喷头水量分布的影响.依据面积相同原则设计多种形状的异形喷嘴,测量了异形喷嘴的流量系数、射程和末端水滴直径,得出星形喷嘴射程降低较少,不同压力时水量分布规律相近,可改善低压力下均匀度.对比了星形喷嘴变量喷头和圆形喷嘴变量喷头的水力性能,星形喷嘴变量喷头远射程处平均喷灌强度为近射程处的85％,圆形喷嘴变量喷头远射程处平均喷灌强度为近射程处的79％,星形喷嘴变量喷头水量分布优于圆形喷嘴变量喷头.分析比较了变量喷头水量分布等值线图,结果表明,星形喷嘴变量喷头的水量分布均匀度好于圆形喷嘴变量喷头,方形喷洒域的均匀度好于三角形喷洒域.     

不同仰角状况下喷头性能试验研究

为了降低喷灌工程投资,实现喷头仰角可调,减小风对喷头水量分布的影响,设计了2种规格的喷头仰角调节装置。喷头仰角调节装置安装在ZY喷头与竖管之间,在不关闭水泵的情况下喷头仰角在8°~27°范围内连续可调。对2种喷头仰角调节装置进行了结构设计、单喷头喷洒水量和转动均匀性试验。通过对试验数据分析计算得到：随着喷头仰角的减小,喷头末端喷洒水量增大,抗风性增强,漂移损失减小。喷头初始仰角降低10°时,其水力性能较好,喷头射程减少1~2 m,单喷头喷灌强度值增加了0.1~1.5 mm/h,喷头转动偏差在±7%以内,单喷头喷灌强度与转动性能均符合标准规定。     

再生水对园林升降式喷头水力性能的影响

选取园林喷灌中常用的3种升降式旋转喷头：DPX-HP型喷头、具有记忆功能的DPX-TS型喷头和托罗V-1550型喷头,分别在地下水和再生水条件下运行447h,测定运行前、后的流量-压力关系、喷头水量分布和转动均匀性,并利用单喷头水量分布资料模拟计算组合喷灌均匀系数,以评价再生水对升降式喷头水力性能的影响。结果表明,再生水运行447h后喷头流量降低3.4%~4.7%、射程降低2.7%~9.0%,而地下水分别降低了0.03%~0.09%和2.5%~3.9%,再生水降幅明显大于地下水。再生水运行使喷头各象限转动时间的最大偏差率增加4.2%~4.4%,水质变化对喷头转动均匀性影响不明显。再生水运行不会对喷头的均匀系数产生明显影响,能够满足高灌水均匀度的要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。