梨轮纹病菌培养特性研究

研究了梨轮纹病原菌的培养特性,结果表明,不同病原菌菌株间的致病力、菌丝日生长速率及产孢能力均不同,生长速率最大的菌株为P-16,生长速率最小的菌株为P-10,差异较大。菌株P-16致病力最强,菌株P-10致病力最弱。菌株P-7、P-13、P-16产孢量较大,P-4、P-10、P-19无分生孢子器产生;病原菌菌丝最佳生长温度为28℃,最佳产孢温度为25℃,分生孢子最佳萌发温度28℃;在日光灯、黑光灯条件下有利于病原菌菌丝生长,黑暗条件下病原菌生长较慢;病原菌产孢在黑光灯条件下最好;不同光照条件对病原菌分生孢子萌发影响不大;病原菌菌丝生长最适pH值为7~9,产孢最适pH值为6~8,分生孢子萌发最适pH值为7~9;病原菌菌丝致死温度为62℃(10min)或57℃(15min),分生孢子致死温度为60℃(10min)或55℃(15min)。     

不同人工补光光源对早春西瓜嫁接苗生长的影响

在早春持续低温阴雨寡日照的天气下,以甬砧5号嫁接的拿比特西瓜嫁接苗为试验材料,利用LED灯、高压钠灯于心叶刚长出时进行连续25d的补光,以自然光照为对照。结果表明,人工补光能明显促进西瓜嫁接苗的生长,补光17d起,采用LED灯和高压钠灯处理的砧木下胚轴长度和接穗下胚轴长度快速提高,嫁接苗整体株高增长显著,且叶面积增大,砧木和接穗茎粗增粗,嫁接苗生物量积累加快,接穗真叶叶绿素含量提高,叶片光合能力增加,嫁接苗成活率提高,苗期猝倒病等发病率降低。不同光源比较,LED灯的效果优于高压钠灯,且长期运行的投入成本和使用成本也更低,是今后农业领域最有前途的人工补光光源之一。     

LED黄光诱虫灯对温室白粉虱的诱虫效果

运用固体冷光源发光二极管(LED)研制成的黄光诱虫灯对温室白粉虱进行诱杀试验,与生产常用的黄板做对比.结果表明:与黄板相比,LED黄光诱虫灯诱杀白粉虱的效果较好.     

LED光照条件下低温弱光贮藏对辣椒种苗质量的影响

随着我国设施蔬菜种植面积和蔬菜育苗产业的不断扩大,蔬菜商品苗的贮藏和运输成为育苗产业的重要环节。以辣椒品种农大24为试材,研究穴盘成苗在不同低温弱光环境下的形态指标与生理指标变化,旨在明确适合辣椒种苗长期贮藏或长途运输的适宜环境条件。结果表明:温度为11℃,R∶B为1.9的荧光灯且光照强度为30μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、光照周期为12h·d~(-1)的贮藏环境和R∶B为1.3的LED且光照强度为15μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、光照周期为24h·d~(-1)的贮藏环境均能满足14d辣椒种苗贮藏和运输,有效地维持了种苗质量。相比于荧光灯,高光效和低能耗的LED光源更适用于辣椒种苗的低温弱光贮藏和长途运输。     

物理防治在茶树菇生产上的应用研究

利用防虫网、诱虫灯、黏虫板和浸水等4种物理方法防治茶树菇菇蚊、菇蝇的发生。试验结果表明,使用40目的防虫网具有明显的防虫效果;诱虫灯使用黑光灯效果最好,白天开灯比晚上开灯诱虫效果好;黏虫板的宽度为12 cm～15 cm,放置高度离菌筒口10 cm～20 cm,放置数量以每隔2 m放置2张～3张为宜;浸水法处理茶树菇菌筒,可有效杀死菇蚊菇蝇,浸泡时间以24 h～48 h为宜。茶树菇栽培中综合应用诱虫灯、防虫网和黏虫板,对降低菇蚊、菇蝇的发生有良好的效果,菇房内菇蚊、菇蝇数量减少38%。     

The response of plant growth and leaf gas exchange to the speed of lamp movement in a greenhouse

High-pressure sodium (HPS) light supplementation during the low-light months has become quite common for high-light requiring crops at latitudes above 45°. Most common systems have fixed installations, while movable systems have been tried with various results in greenhouses. The concept is that fewer lamps are used on a track system, and that light intensity varies over time. In two trials, we determined whether the speed of the HPS lamp movement had any effect on leaf CO₂ exchange rate, growth and developments of various plants species. Plants (chrysanthemum, petunia, rose and tomato) were grown in a greenhouse supplemented with HPS lamps which moved at various speeds (0, 2, 8 and 20 mm s⁻¹) between 06:00 and 24:00 h daily for about 6–7 weeks. One trial started at the end of November and one started at the end of January. The light sum from the lamps were 0.212 ± 0.004 mol m⁻² h⁻¹ at bench level, and the supplemental lighting represented 55 and 35% of the total light received by the plants for the two trial dates, respectively. The growth (dry matter) was reduced for tomato only when grown under moving lights compared to those grown under the stationary system, while plant height was not affected. Light saturated CO₂ exchange rate on the youngest fully developed leaves increased with lamp speed for petunia and tomato, but not for chrysanthemums, while apparent quantum yield was not affected by lamp speed for any species. In situ measurements of net CO₂ exchange rate (NCER) with supplemental lighting only, showed that NCER decreased exponentially when lamp speed increased from 0 to 20 mm s⁻¹.     

Green-light supplementation for enhanced lettuce growth under red- and blue-light-emitting diodes

Plants will be an important component of future long-term space missions. Lighting systems for growing plants will need to be lightweight, reliable, and durable, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have these characteristics. Previous studies demonstrated that the combination of red and blue light was an effective light source for several crops. Yet the appearance of plants under red and blue lighting is purplish gray making visual assessment of any problems difficult. The addition of green light would make the plant leave appear green and normal similar to a natural setting under white light and may also offer a psychological benefit to the crew. Green supplemental lighting could also offer benefits, since green light can better penetrate the plant canopy and potentially increase plant growth by increasing photosynthesis from the leaves in the lower canopy. In this study, four light sources were tested: 1) red and blue LEDs (RB), 2) red and blue LEDs with green fluorescent lamps (RGB), 3) green fluorescent lamps (GF), and 4) cool-white fluorescent lamps (CWF), that provided 0%, 24%, 86%, and 51% of the total PPF in the green region of the spectrum, respectively. The addition of 24% green light (500 to 600 nm) to red and blue LEDs (RGB treatment) enhanced plant growth. The RGB treatment plants produced more biomass than the plants grown under the cool-white fluorescent lamps (CWF treatment), a commonly tested light source used as a broad-spectrum control.     

温光处理对温室彩椒生长发育及产量的影响

为筛选出适宜彩椒生长的最适温度和光照,以彩椒品种Helsinki Rz为材料,采用裂区试验设计,研究了不同温光条件对彩椒生长、叶片光合特性及产量的影响。试验结果表明,在自然光照+1盏补光灯与自然温度+水暖加温的温光组合(W2G2)条件下,温室彩椒植株的茎粗、叶面积、地上部和根系干质量明显较高;植株的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度最大;产量最高,可达8.80 kg/m2,显著高于其他处理。     

景宁县茭白二化螟性诱剂应用于测报的技术探讨

对浙江景宁县茭白二化螟的发生情况及应用性诱剂进行测报研究,结果表明,二化螟性诱剂具有较强的诱蛾能力,其诱蛾量与测报灯的诱蛾效果相当或略高,且诱蛾量受环境影响较小;诱测结果能够反映出二化螟在1年中发生的实际情况,可在实际测报中应用.性诱、灯诱、田间虫量剥查结合,将明显提高茭白二化螟监测预报水平.     

Light quality of continuous illuminating at night to induce floral initiation of Fragaria chiloensis L. CHI-24-1

A wild strawberry strain, Fragaria chiloensis CHI-24-1, produced inflorescences from both parent and asexually propagated daughter plants linked with runners when grown at 23 °C/20 °C (day/night) under a 24 h day-length (DL) of daylight plus nightly lighting by an incandescent lamp, but not under 8 or 16 h DLs. In the present study, the effect of light quality for continuous illuminating at night on floral initiation of CHI-24-1 plants grown under a 24 h DL was examined. The CHI-24-1 plants were grown under a 24 h DL consisting of natural daylight and continuous lighting at night by an incandescent, a blue fluorescent, a red fluorescent or a far-red fluorescent lamp for 40 days in summer and autumn. Also, the CHI-24-1 plants were grown for 40 days in a growth chamber at 25 °C/20 °C (day/night) with natural daylight and continuous lighting at night by red- and four types of far-red light-emitting-diodes (LEDs with peak wavelengths of 660, 700, 735, 780 and 830 nm). In both experiments, floral initiation of the parent and daughter plants was observed under a stereomicroscope. Although more than 50% of the parent and daughter plants initiated flower buds under the incandescent and far-red fluorescent lamps, about 15% and 0% of those initiated flower buds under blue and red fluorescent lamps, respectively. Floral initiation of the parent and daughter plants occurred under the far-red LED light source whose peak wavelength was 735 nm, but not under the red or the other far-red LEDs. From these results, it can be concluded that the effective light wavelength range of nightly continuous illuminating for floral induction in the CHI-24-1 plants is 735 nm in the far-red light region. Hence, the induction of floral initiation by nightly continuous far-red light (735 nm) appeared to be a response mediated by phytochrome.     

不同补光时长对日光温室番茄生长、产量及品质的影响

在日光温室条件下,以LED植物生长灯(红蓝光比例7∶2)为补光光源,以不补光为对照,研究不同补光时长(1、2、3 h)对番茄生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,补光2 h和3 h均能明显提高番茄的株高、茎粗和叶面积;补光3 h能够显著提高番茄的单果质量、单株结果数、产量,以及果实VC、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比,产量增加7.0%,每667 m~2利润增加528.9元。综上所述,补光3 h对促进番茄生长、提高产量及改善果实品质的效果最好。     

光质对西瓜幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

以西瓜（Citrullus lanatus L.）品种青峰为试验材料,在人工光植物工厂育苗条件下,研究光质对西瓜幼苗的生长 及光合特性的影响,探索提高育苗质量、缩短育苗周期的高效人工光质环境。结果表明：与传统育苗光源荧光灯（CK）相 比,光质5R/4B/1Y（红光150 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,蓝光120μmol·m^-2·s^-1,黄光30μmol·m^-2·s^-1）处理下的西瓜幼苗矮壮、茎粗增 大,叶绿素含量、净光合速率和壮苗指数均显著高于对照,表现出较佳的育苗优势,可推荐作为西瓜人工光育苗较优的光质 配方。     

不同光质LED光源对鱼腥草幼苗膜脂过氧化及抗氧化酶的影响

以鱼腥草为材料,以日光灯处理为对照,分析了不同光质LED光源(白、红、黄、绿、蓝LED灯)对鱼腥草叶片活性氧、类黄酮含量及抗氧化酶的影响。结果表明,蓝光下叶片中TBARS(硫代巴比妥酸)含量最高,较对照高30.18%,与希夫试剂染色结果相一致;过氧化氢产生最多,较对照高190.21%,与DAB染色结果一致;超氧阴离子产生速率在蓝光下最高,为对照组的1.54倍,白光下最低;蓝、绿光下脯氨酸含量是对照的2倍;蓝光和黄光处理下,黄酮含量较对照提高了21.4%。蓝、绿光提高了SOD2同工酶的表达,且在蓝光下最高;蓝、绿、红、黄光处理分别诱导了更多的POD基因位点的表达;不同LED光质均提高了CAT抗氧化酶活性,其中蓝、绿光下CAT同工酶的表达量明显高于对照。综上所述,蓝色光处理可以有效提高幼苗的抗氧化能力,可为鱼腥草品质的控制提供参考。     

Use of a cyclic high-pressure sodium lamp to inhibit flowering of chrysanthemum and velvet sage

Photoperiod is commonly controlled in the commercial production of ornamental crops to induce or prevent flowering. Flower induction in short-day (SD) plants can be prevented or delayed when the natural daylength is short by providing low-intensity lighting during the dark period. A stationary high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp with an oscillating aluminum parabolic reflector (cyclic HPS) has been developed to provide intermittent lighting to greenhouse crops. We determined the efficacy of a cyclic HPS lamp at preventing flowering in SD plants garden chrysanthemum [Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam.] ‘Bianca’, pot chrysanthemum ‘Auburn’, and velvet sage (Salvia leucantha L.) relative to traditional night interruption (NI) lighting strategies. Plants were grown in a glass-glazed greenhouse at a mean daily temperature of 19.5–20.7 °C with natural SD photoperiods. NI lighting was delivered during the middle of the night (2230–0230 h) from a 600 W cyclic HPS lamp mounted at one gable end of the greenhouse or from incandescent (INC) lamps that were illuminated for the entire 4 h (CONT INC) or for 6 min every 30 min for 4 h. Plants under cyclic HPS were grown at lateral distances of 1, 4, 7, 10, or 13 m from under the lamp. Control plants were grown under an uninterrupted 15 h skotoperiod. As the distance from the cyclic HPS lamp increased from 1 to 13 m, the maximum irradiance measured during the NI decreased from 25.4 to 0.3 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and time to visible inflorescence (VI) and the number of nodes at VI decreased. All species had a VI within 54 d, but ≤10% of plants flowered when grown at a lateral distance of 1 or 4 m from the cyclic HPS lamp or under CONT INC. Plants grown without NI had a VI 2 to 15 d earlier and flowered 7 to 24 d earlier than plants grown at 10 or 13 m from the cyclic HPS. All garden chrysanthemums flowered under cyclic INC, whereas velvet sage and pot chrysanthemum had 15% and 35% flowering, respectively. These results indicate that a cyclic HPS lamp can be used effectively to delay flower induction and prevent flowering in these species when NI is delivered at ≥2.4 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹.     

高山萝卜地下害虫种类及发生规律

2010～2013 年，在海拔1 800 m 的湖北省长阳土家族自治县火烧坪乡萝卜生产基地，通过田间调查和黑光灯诱集相结合的方法研究高山萝卜地下害虫种类及发生规律。结果显示：高山萝卜常见地下害虫有4 目7 科11 种，其中以小地老虎〔Agrotis ypsilon（Rottemberg）〕、黄曲条跳甲〔Phyllotreta striolata（Fabricius）〕和灰地种蝇〔Delia platura（Meigen）〕为害最重。高山萝卜地下害虫发生程度与季节有关，小地老虎的为害集中于6 月中下旬及7 月中旬；黄曲条跳甲的为害集中于8 月；灰地种蝇的为害集中于5 月。高山萝卜地下害虫的防治应以小地老虎、灰地种蝇和黄曲条跳甲作为重点。     

Effects of different lighting on reproductive system in depressive female rats

AIM: To investigate the effects of different lighting on the reproductive system in depressive female rats. METHODS: Healthy adult female rats were randomly chosen as control group, and the depressive adult female rats in SPF grade were randomly divided into 5 groups(7 rats each):depressive model group, sulfur lamp group, heat radiation lamp group, fluorescent lamp group and LED lamp group. After 45 d of continuous illumination, the estrous cycle was observed by the vaginal exfoliated cells, and the organ indexes of ovary and uterus were calculated. The concentrations of estiadrol(E₂), prolactin(PRL), progesterone(PROG) and testosterone(T) in the serum were detected by ELISA, and the histopathological lesion of ovary was observed under microscope with HE staining. RESULTS: The estrous cycle exhibited serious disorder, the ovaries exhibited serious congestion, and the organ indexes of ovary and uterus and the concentrations of E₂, PRL, PROG and T decreased significantly in the rats in depressive model group compared with control group(P<0.05). The estrous cycle and histopathological damage of ovary were obviously improved, and the concentrations of E₂, PRL, PROG and T were significantly increased after the sulfur lamp lighting in the depressive female rats compared with depressive model group. No obvious change and improvement of the reproductive functions in the heat radiation lamp group, fluorescent lamp group and LED lamp group was observed. CONCLUSION: The reproductive functions of depressive female rats are improved by sulfur lamp lighting.     

紫外线诱变青霉P-M1选育柚苷酶高产菌株研究

采用紫外线对野生型柚苷酶产生菌青霉P-M1进行诱变处理以提高柚苷酶的产量,经过初步筛选最佳诱变条件为:孢子悬液(107个/mL)稀释度为10-5,15 W紫外灯,垂直照射距离为30 cm,处理时间为5 min.通过透明圈初筛和摇瓶复筛选育出一株柚苷酶高产菌株青霉PU-15,酶活达到334.3 U/mL,比出发菌株提高了137.4%,将其连续传代10次测定遗传稳定性,结果显示稳定性良好,是一株比较理想的柚苷酶高产菌株.     

Spectral effects on embryogenesis and plantlet growth of Oncidium ‘Gower Ramsey’

Embryogenic calli of Oncidium were grown under tubular fluorescent lamp (FL) or light-emitting diode (LED) arrays with different spectra to determine the effects of light quality on protocorm-like body (PLB) formation and plantlet growth from the callus. The effect of light is generated by monochromatic blue, red or mixed far-red LEDs on the photomixotrophic radiation. The light sources induced higher number of PLB formation compared with the darkness. The best condition for PLB formation was to culture on MS half salt medium supplemented with 0.1 mg l⁻¹ NAA and 0.4 mg l⁻¹ BA under red + blue + far-red (RBFr) LEDs and FL radiation for 8 weeks. Roughly 3000 embryos were induced in an initial culture of 1 g of fresh weight of calluses. During subculturing, PLBs had the ability to convert into plantlets. In this study also indicated the far-red LED radiation was a noticeable factor. It showed that using Fr combined with R and B (RBFr) or RFr radiation significantly enhanced leaf expansion, numbers of leave and root, chl contents, fresh and dry weight of Oncidium plantlets. Therefore, the wavelength specificity of RBFr LEDs comprising a novel illumination system is advantageous over FLs for PLB formation, resulting in higher efficiencies of plant regeneration and growth in Oncidium cultures.     

不同红蓝LED组合光源对葫芦和南瓜幼苗生长和生理参数的影响

以荧光灯为对照,研究了相同光照强度（150μmol·m-2·s-1）下,不同红蓝LED组合光源（R/B=7∶1、R/B=7∶2、R/B=7∶3）对葫芦和南瓜幼苗生长和生理参数的影响。研究结果表明,葫芦幼苗在LED组合光源R/B=7∶1、R/B=7∶3下,壮苗指数显著高于对照;南瓜幼苗在LED组合光源R/B=7∶2、R/B=7∶3下,壮苗指数显著高于对照;另外,在LED组合光源R/B=7∶3下,葫芦、南瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量均显著高于对照。综上可知,LED组合光源R/B=7∶3最适合培育南瓜和葫芦幼苗。     

Spectral quality affects disease development of three pathogens on hydroponically grown plants

Plants were grown under light-emitting diode (LED) arrays with various spectra to determine the effects of light quality on the development of diseases caused by tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlectend:Fr.) Pollaci] on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum Smith) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). One LED (660) array supplied 99% red light at 660 nm (25 nm bandwidth at half-peak height) and 1% far-red light between 700 to 800 nm. A second LED (660/735) array supplied 83% red light at 660 nm and 17% far-red light at 735 nm (25 nm bandwidth at half-peak height). A third LED (660/BF) array supplied 98% red light at 660 nm, 1% blue light (BF) between 350 to 550 nm, and 1% far-red light between 700 to 800 nm. Control plants were grown under broad-spectrum metal halide (MH) lamps. Plants were grown at a mean photon flux (300 to 800 nm) of 330 micromoles m-2 s-1 under a 12-h day/night photoperiod. Spectral quality affected each pathosystem differently. In the ToMV/pepper pathosystem, disease symptoms developed slower and were less severe in plants grown under light sources that contained blue and UV-A wavelengths (MH and 660/BF treatments) compared to plants grown under light sources that lacked blue and UV-A wavelengths (660 and 660/735 LED arrays). In contrast, the number of colonies per leaf was highest and the mean colony diameters of S. fuliginea on cucumber plants were largest on leaves grown under the MH lamp (highest amount of blue and UV-A light) and least on leaves grown under the 660 LED array (no blue or UV-A light). The addition of far-red irradiation to the primary light source in the 660/735 LED array increased the colony counts per leaf in the S. fuliginea/cucumber pathosystem compared to the red-only (660) LED array. In the P. solanacearum/tomato pathosystem, disease symptoms were less severe in plants grown under the 660 LED array, but the effects of spectral quality on disease development when other wavelengths were included in the light source (MH-, 660/BF-, and 660/735-grown plants) were equivocal. These results demonstrate that spectral quality may be useful as a component of an integrated pest management program for future space-based controlled ecological life support systems.