Studies on BHC isomers and related compounds: Penetration and translocation of BHC isomers in the cockroach and their correlation with physicochemical properties

Penetration of BHC isomers through the integument of Periplaneta americana (L.) is a composite of several first-order events. Translocation and accumulation in the head appears to be a zero-order function. The correlation of some of the biological properties with physicochemical properties such as partition coefficients and binding constants are discussed.     

“一带一路”沿线分区用水结构与产业结构的分析比较

“一带一路”沿线用水结构与产业结构的分析,对支撑沿线区域发展意义重大。基于“一带一路”主体水资源区分区及用水研究,采用赫芬达尔-赫希曼指数（HHI指数）分析了“一带一路”产业用水量和GDP的地理集中度,采取用水结构指数和产业结构指数分析了分区用水结构及产业结构的差异,应用洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数对“一带一路”全区用水量与GDP的匹配度进行研究,计算了“一带一路”分区基于数列的用水量与GDP匹配度。结果表明：① “一带一路”第一产业用水量和GDP产值的集中度在三大产业中均为最高,主要集中在东亚、西亚、南亚和东南亚;② 不同分区分产业用水量和GDP产值占各分区总量的比值,在空间分布差异上从大到小依次为第一、第三、第二产业;③ “一带一路”全区第三产业用水结构与GDP产值匹配度最差,南亚是第一产业和第三产业匹配度最差的分区。分析成果有助于系统了解“一带一路”区域用水和产业结构的基本情况,为深入分析分区水资源与经济社会关系提供指导。     

Inhibitory effects of BHC isomers on Na+-K+-ATPase,yeast growth,and nerve conduction

The biological effects of benzene hexachloride (BHC, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane) isomers, such as toxicity against yeasts, inhibition of beef brain Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, and blocking action on conduction in cockroach nerve, were determined and compared with those shown by homologous alcohols and other molecules. Each type of biological activity correlated well with the physicochemical properties of the test compounds such as hydrophobicity (as defined by their partition coefficients in 1-octanol/H₂O). The insecticidal action of γ-BHC showed little correspondence to Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase inhibition or to nerve blocking in insects.     

The movement of paraquat as influenced by the partition coefficient of surfactants between water and leaf wax

“Lissapol” NX and “Lubrol” L, used to improve the uptake of paraquat into plants were found in earlier work to reduce its movement. Several series of surfactants with widely varying solubilities in water were partitioned between cabbage wax and water. A marked correlation was found between the effect of surfactants on the movement of paraquat and the amount of surfactant partitioning into the wax. It is concluded that although surfactants increase the uptake of paraquat into leaves, this increase is offset by reduced movement following penetration of surfactants into leaf tissue. Surfactant partition into wax reduces the degree of penetration, but there is no evidence how surfactants in leaf tissue reduce movement.     

In vitro and in vivo inhibition of chicken brain neurotoxic esterase by leptophos analogs

Inhibition of chicken brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) by a series of O-halogenated-phenyl-O-alkyl phenylphosphonates was studied in vitro. The “apparent” activity was found to consist of “true” NTE (sensitive to mipafox) plus a minor mipafox-resistant component. The pI₅₀ of O-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) O-methyl phenylphosphonate for “true” NTE was 6.65, whereas it was about 3 for mipafox-resistant hydrolysis of phenyl valerate. This compound is suitable as an alternative to mipafox in the assay of “true” NTE, whereas the use of leptophos oxon gives a less accurate measure. The ethoxy analogs are about as potent in vitro as the corresponding methoxy compounds. Leptophosoxon and ethoxyleptophosoxon are more potent in vitro inhibitors than desbromoleptophosoxon. Within a like group of chlorinated phenylphosphonates, a reasonable correlation between in vitro neurotoxic esterase inhibition of the oxon and in vivo delayed neurotoxic potential by the corresponding phosphonothionate exists. In vivo inhibition of “apparent” NTE from chicken brain, studied 24 hr after an oral dose, is dose dependent for leptophos, ethoxyleptophos, and desbromoleptophos, the latter one being a very potent in vivo inhibitor. Ethoxyleptophos and leptophos have about equal in vivo esterase inhibitory properties. For desbromoleptophos and leptophos there is good agreement between the minimum dose causing delayed neurotoxicity and the dose leading to substantial inhibition of “apparent” NTE; ethoxyleptophos, on the other hand, inhibits the esterase at a dose much lower than the one which is neurotoxic. Several possible explanations for this discrepancy are considered.     

Insect glutathione S-transferase: Separation of transferases from fat bodies of American cockroaches active on organophosphorus triesters

Several glutathione S-transferases which catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione with organophosphorus triesters were separated from fat bodies of adult female American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.). Two transferases (I, V) were active on diazinon and three transferases (II, III, IV) were active on methyl parathion. The transferase (I) active on the pyrimidinyl moiety of diazinon was distinguishable from the other transferases on the O-methyl portion of methyl parathion, as shown by chromatographic properties, and additionally it was almost inactive or less active on 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene, methyl iodide, p-nitrobenzyl chloride, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane. Transferase II had high activities with “aryl” and “aralkyl” compounds, transferase III with “epoxide” and “alkene,” and transferase IV with “alkyl,” “aryl,” and “aralkyl” compounds. This indicated that the transferases had overlapping substrate specificities. The molecular weight was 35,000–37,000 for both of the enzymes active on methyl parathion and diazinon. The pH optima with methyl parathion and diazinon were about 8.5 and 6.5, respectively. At a glutathione concentration of 5 mM, Michaelis constants were 0.28 and 0.13 mM for methyl parathion and diazinon, respectively.     

Performance of Bangladesh indigenous rice in a weed infested field and separation of allelopathy from resource competition

This study aimed to identify the potential allelopathic indigenous rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) varieties from Bangladesh using a performance study in a weed‐infested field and to assess the extent of allelopathic interference relative to resource competition in a glasshouse experiment. Six varieties – namely, “Boterswar,” “Goria,” “Biron” and “Kartiksail” as the most allelopathic, “Hashikolmi” as weakly allelopathic and “Holoi” as nonallelopathic – were raised following a nonweed control method. The infestation levels of weed species were calculated using Simpson's Diversity Index (SDI), which ranged from 0.2 to 0.56. However, a significant correlation coefficient (0.87, P < 0.001) was obtained from these field data compared with the root inhibition percentage from the laboratory bioassay, and the “Boterswar” variety was the most allelopathic. The interactions between the allelopathic variety “Boterswar,” weakly allelopathic variety “Hashikolmi” and Echinochloa oryzicola via a target (rice)‐adjacent (E. oryzicola) cogrowth culture were determined in a hydroponic arrangement. The relative competitive intensity (RCI) and the relative neighbor effect (RNE) values showed that the crop–weed interaction was facilitation for “Boterswar” and competition for “Hashikolmi” and E. oryzicola in rice/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures. The allelopathic effects of “Boterswar” were much higher than the resource competition in rice/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures. The converse was observed for “Hashikolmi.” Moreover, the mineral content of E. oryzicola was severely affected by “Boterswar”/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures’ exudate solution. Therefore, the allelopathic potential of “Boterswar” variety might be useful for developing the weed‐suppressing capacity of rice, which will likely have a significant influence on paddy weed control.     

壳聚糖和纳他霉素对山药切口愈合效果的影响

[目的]为了研究出壳聚糖和纳他霉素对山药切口愈合的最适浓度组合.[方法]以'伊势芋'和'大筒早生'山药地下块茎为试材,分别设置质量分数1％的壳聚糖溶液和纳他霉素(0,0.5,1,2 g/L)4个质量浓度组合处理,以空白处理和清水为对照,研究壳聚糖和纳他霉素复合液对山药切口的愈合效果.[结果]壳聚糖和纳他霉素复合液对伊势...     

“南水北调”西线工程与中国西北开发和生态环境的改善

我国是个水资源既丰富又贫乏的国家 ,总量有 2 .8万亿 m3,但人均仅 2 2 60 m3,处于缺水的上、下限之间。北中国人均只有 1 1 2 7m3,接近缺水的下限 ,华北地区更少 ,仅 556m3。随着北中国社会经济的发展 ,缺水问题日益严重 ,不仅制约了社会经济的进一步发展 ,更造成了地下水资源破坏、黄河断流、土地荒漠化等一系列生态环境恶化问题。据估算 ,2 1世纪 50年代 ,北中国将缺水 2 0 0 0亿 m3,解决的根本途径是“南水北调”。今天考虑的“南水北调”,进到北方的水量仅 60 0亿 m3左右 ,只能是“解渴”工程 ,如要“重整河山 ,再造中国”,彻底解决北中国缺水和土地荒漠化问题 ,必须考虑和启动“大时空南水北调”,调除长江水外的西南诸水。这是一项“利在当代 ,功在千秋”的大业 ,更需要全民族不懈地努力和奋斗     

沙棘对辽宁西部杨树人工林叶片水分状况的影响研究

通过在辽宁西部将沙棘 (HippophaerhamnoidesL .)与小黑杨 (Populuscv .“Xi aohei”)和欧美杨 64号 (Populuseuramericanecv.“N30 1 6”)的人工林分别按株混和行混两种方式进行混交实验 ,研究了固氮植物沙棘对辽宁西部杨树人工林叶片水分状况的影响规律。研究结果表明 :( 1 ) 2 0 0 0年 6月 ,混交林叶片中的自然含水量和自由水含量明显降低 ,而束缚水 /自由水、自然饱和亏、临界饱和亏和需水程度明显提高 ;2 0 0 0年 9月只有小黑杨混交林叶片呈现相同的变化趋势 ;2 0 0 0年 8月 ,沙棘对杨树人工林叶片水分状况没有显著影响 ;( 2 )在不同月份 ,杨树叶片中的自然含水量与自由水含量的大小顺序为 8月 >9月 >6月 ;而束缚水 /自由水、自然饱和亏、临界饱和亏和需水程度的大小顺序则为 6月 >9月 >8月 ;( 3)沙棘对杨树叶片水分状况的影响程度随杨树品种和混交方式的变化而变化。     

塔里木河下游水生态安全评价及驱动要素分析

随着塔里木河流域水资源统一管理不断加强,塔里木河下游生态输水量增加,生态保护取得了阶段性成效.然而,水资源严格管理下的塔里木河下游水生态安全状况及变化过程如何,相关研究缺乏科学的评估.对此,本文利用塔里木河下游2000—2017年的水量、监测断面地下水埋深、胡杨新增生物量、植被覆盖度、干旱指数等指标数据,运用主成分分析...     

中国马铃薯晚疫病监测预警系统“China-blight”的组建及运行

马铃薯晚疫病是严重威胁世界马铃薯生产和粮食安全的重要病害之一,同时也是植物病害中流行速度最快的病害之一。由于品种多不抗病,目前国内外主要依靠化学防治控制该病害。为了提高用药的时效性,将信息技术与植物病害流行学原理相结合,设计并组建了中国马铃薯晚疫病监测预警系统"China-blight"(www.china-blight.net)。该系统由"中国晚疫病实时分布"、"未来48小时不同区域晚疫病菌侵染危险性预测"和"晚疫病化学防治决策支持系统"等子系统构成,此外还包括"晚疫病防治方法"、"品种抗病性"、"化学药剂库"、"其他病虫害"、"问题与经验交流"和"用户田间管理电子档案"等知识信息与服务功能。通过对2009年我国北方马铃薯一作区6-7月份病害侵染时段出现次数与晚疫病实际发生情况进行比较,预测信息与病害实际发生程度相符,该系统可以用于对马铃薯晚疫病田间防治的指导。     

Annual dynamics of Zymoseptoria tritici populations in wheat cultivar mixtures: A compromise between the efficacy and durability of a recently broken-down resistance gene?

Cultivar mixtures slow polycyclic epidemics but may also affect the evolution of pathogen populations by diversifying the selection pressures exerted by their plant hosts at field scale. We compared the dynamics of natural populations of the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici in pure stands and in three binary mixtures of wheat cultivars (one susceptible cultivar and one cultivar carrying the recently broken-down Stb16q gene) over two annual field epidemics. We combined analyses of population “size” based on disease severity, and of population “composition” based on changes in the frequency of virulence against Stb16q in seedling assays with more than 3000 strains. Disease reductions were observed in mixtures late in the epidemic, at the whole-canopy scale and on both cultivars, suggesting the existence of a reciprocal protective effect. The three cultivar proportions in the mixtures (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75) modulated the decrease in (a) the size of the pathogen population relative to the two pure stands, (b) the size of the virulent subpopulation, and (c) the frequency of virulence relative to the pure stand of the cultivar carrying Stb16q. Our findings suggest that optimal proportions may differ slightly between the three indicators considered. We argue potential trade-offs that should be taken into account when deploying a resistance gene in cultivar mixtures: between the dual objectives “efficacy” and “durability,” and between the “size” and “frequency” of the virulent subpopulation. Based on current knowledge, it remains unclear whether virulent subpopulation size or frequency has the largest influence on interepidemic virulence transmission.     

梭梭林“肥岛”效应的初步研究

梭梭由树冠截留的降雨形成的树干径流将营养物质运送至根颈周围的土壤中,在根颈周围形成“肥岛”,增加该区域土壤的养分含量和水分含量,对自身生存环境产生正向反馈效应,增强了适应干旱环境的能力     

黄河流域农业水资源优化配置

黄河流域水资源供需矛盾日趋尖锐，本文围绕水资源最优利用问题，对黄河流域水资源配置原则，农业水资源在地区之间、作物之间以及作物不同生育阶段之间的合理配置进行了分析、探讨。     

内蒙古哈素海水质环境状况及其污染特点

本文根据１９９１年对内蒙古呼和浩特市哈素海的水质调查结果，分析和评价了哈素海水质状况及其污染特点。结论是哈素海水质仅符合《地面水环境质量标准》的第五类标准。其主要污染特点营养物质偏高，造成了湖泊富营养化。     

“十三五”化学农药减施增效综合技术研发成效与标志性成果

“化学肥料和农药减施增效综合技术研发”试点专项实施以来,综合考虑现阶段我国农业科研体系构架和资源分布情况,全面启动了3大领域12项任务49个项目,涉及18个交叉学科领域的57个国家重点实验室、236个各类省部级重点实验室、434支课题层面研究团队,汇聚了国内相关学科领域80%的一流科学家,形成了“上中下游无缝对接、政产学研推一体化”的专业研发团队,对推动我国植物病理学、农业昆虫与害虫防治、农药学、植物检疫与农业生态健康、农业机械化工程、农业电气化与自动化、植物营养生理与遗传、养分资源再利用与污染控制等相关学科发展起到了凝聚科研队伍、培养创新人才、优化结构布局、促进交叉融合、推动成果转化的作用。本文综述了化学农药减施增效中基础理论领域、共性关键技术领域的部分实施进展和标志性成果,以期帮助相关研究人员横向了解专项进展和实施成效,促进不同板块、不同项目、不同课题间研发团队的纵向交流、横向沟通,形成合力。     

Effects of plant chemicals on the Cotton Bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner): A multi-generation study

We studied the effects of feeding on different cotton cultivars with different gossypol contents on the development, reproduction and food plant utilization of three successive generations of Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). Significantly higher larval survival rates were observed in three successive generations of H. armigera fed on cotton cultivar “ZMS13”compared with cultivars “M9101” and “HZ401”. There was a significant decrease in fecundity in the first generation compared with the second and third generations of cotton bollworms fed on “M9101” and “ZMS13”. Cotton bollworm generation significantly influenced mean relative growth rate, relative growth rate and relative consumption rate. The relative growth rate significantly decreased in three successive generations of H. armigera fed on the high-gossypol cultivar “M9101” compared with those fed on low-gossypol cultivar “ZMS13”. However, a significantly higher relative growth rate was recorded in the third generation than in the first generation fed on “M9101”. Measurements of development and food utilization at the individual and population levels over more than one generation ought to provide a more meaningful prediction of long-term and population dynamics of the cotton bollworm.     

玉米锈病的初步研究

经试验比较采自我国海南、吉林、辽宁、山西、贵州等地玉米锈病的症状和病原菌夏孢子形态特征，进一步明确我国目前仍发生有普通型和南方型两种玉米锈病。接种试验表明，目前我国生产和育种上常用的一些杂交种和自交系大多感染普通型玉米锈病，其中“烟单１４号”、“农大６０号”、“黄早四”、“５００３”感病较重。     

Neue Erkenntnisse zur Ökologie und Überwachung wichtiger Schädlinge im Apfelanbau

A large-scale three-year study on apple orchards in Havelland uncovered key knowledge about the ecology and control of significant pests for 3 different varieties. Experiments included a range of different blocks and varieties and focussed on the apple blossom weevil (Anthonomus pomorum), the rose tortrix moth (Archips rosana), the reticulated tortrix moth (Adoxophyes reticulana) and the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi). The experiments were divided according to season, from budding through flowering and finally at harvest. Infestation by the apple blossom weevil depended on the timing of flowering for the variety. The “Breuhahn” variety was the most heavily infested. Later and more delayed flowering resulted in higher infestation rates. The attack by pests had a thinning effect with corresponding flower infestation rates. There was no effect on yield when flowering tendency was normal. The flower clusters and leaves of the early-harvest variety “James Grieve” was most heavily infested by the rose tortrix moth (Archips rosana). The extent of the damage from pests that attack leaves could be determined exactly using the drying method. The rose tortrix showed significant differences only in the number of leaves in infected and healthy plants. There were significant differences in leaf mass between untreated controls and fruit clusters infested by the reticulated tortrix (Adoxophyes reticulana) for all 3 varieties. The “James Grieve” variety was most heavily infested. The results of the experiments involving the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) in healthy and infested leaves and leaf number revealed preferential infestation of the “Golden Delicious” and “James Grieve” varieties. Overall, the study provided key information for the prognosis and control of key pests in apple cultivation.