THE DISTRIBUTION REGION AND THE DISTRIBUTIVE TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY THRESHOLD OF OSIER WEEVIL IN CHINA

Theosierx`,eevilxvasfirstfoundinHarbin,Chinainl953['].ltisascriouspestofpoplarandwillows.ltslarvaen1inetrtmksofhosttreesTheinLfestedtreeslosetheirvigorandwindfalloftenoccurs.Thelosscausedbythispestisverygreat.9o66.6hm2poplartreeshavebeeninfestedand5O22.2hIn2havebeendestroyedinHeilonaiiangPro1'incesincel97O.Inotherprovinces,suchasLiaoning,JilinandInnerMongolia,agreatnumberofpoplarhavebeendestroyedbythispest,too.Thispestbe-comesoneofthemostdesthectivepestsinChina.Thisstudvismai11lvtofindou…     

10~11年生杨树品系抗杨干象水平及其与树干物理特性的关系

[目的]开展不同品系的杨树亲本来源、干部物理特性与抗性关系研究,为抗杨干象新品系的选育奠定一定基础.[方法]本研究连续2年研究了10个亲本51个不同杨树品系10~11年生杨树的被害株率、杨干象虫口密度与杨树木质部硬度、树皮硬度、树皮厚度、胸径等的关系.[结果]免疫品系、高抗虫品系、抗虫品系、感虫品系和高感虫品系木质部平均硬度分别为(47.38±1.71 ) HD、(46.07±1.17) HD、(44.64±1.61) HD、(41.84±1.66) HD、(40.73±2.04) HD;树皮平均硬度分别为(40±3.53) HD、(39.99±0.96) HD、(37.63±0.46) HD、(32.35±1.54) HD、(31.7±0.52) HD;平均胸径分别为(361.64±13.8) mm、(313.8±6.19) mm、(309.98±5.27) mm、(289.56±10.73) mm、(287.67±17.49) mm,亲本为美洲黑杨×青杨、马氏杨、美洲黑杨×马氏杨、小叶杨×胡杨的品系为抗虫品系;亲本欧洲黑杨×美洲黑杨、欧洲黑杨×小叶杨、美洲黑杨的多数品系为感虫品系.[结论]杨树木质部硬度与树皮硬度越大抗杨干象能力越强;胸径生长相对较快的品系抗性强;青杨、马氏杨、小叶杨为亲本抗虫性强,美洲黑杨、欧洲黑杨为亲本抗虫性差.在抗杨干象品系育种工作中应选择青杨、小青杨或甜杨做为亲本;避免以美洲黑杨或欧洲黑杨为亲本.     

灭幼脲对杨干象作用机制和防治的研究

采用灭幼脲油剂，油胶悬剂等，用点涂的方法对杨干象幼虫和成虫进行了适时防治，结果表明：灭幼脲油剂可抑制表皮几丁质的合成达１５％以上；灭幼脲油胶悬剂抑制杨干象成虫精巢和卵巢的发育，可使成虫产卵间降低４０－７０％，使卵的孵化率降为零。这为杨干象的防治找到一条高效，安全，经济，易全文的新途径。     

Integrated Control Technique of Poplar Diseases in China

IntroductionNowthereservedarea-ofartificialforestsis3.3333xlO7hm2inChina,whiletheareaofPoplaris6.6xlo6hm2.ltmakesChinabecomethelargestcountryinpossess-ingartificialforestsofPoplar.PoplarvarietiesandnumberincreasegraduallyWithartificialforestsofpopIarrapid…     

Effects of Thidiazuron,basal medium and light quality on adventitious shoot regeneration from <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> cultured stem of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus alba</Emphasis>×<Emphasis Type="Italic">P. berolinensis</Emphasis>

The effect of Thidiazuron （TDZ）, basal media and light quality on adventitious shoot regeneration from in vitro cultured stem of Populus albaxP berolinensis were determined to establish a high efficiency shoot regeneration system from stem explants of P. alba~P berolinensis. Stems ofPopulus alba~P berolinensis were collected from cultured shoots in vitro derived from dormancy buds of 3-year-old seedlings. The stem explants were cultured on MS medium containing 0.02-mg·L-1NAA （naphthaleneacetic acid）, and 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 mg·L-1 concentrations of TDZ to determine the effect of TDZ on shoot regeneration. Three basal media, i.e. MS, woody plant medium （WPM） and B5, were used to test their influences of different media on adventitious shoot regeneration. Green, red, blue and yellow plastic films in comparison with florescent light as control were used to observe their effects on shoot regeneration. The results showed that differ- ent concentrations of TDZ had an evident influence on shoot regeneration. Lower concentration of TDZ （0.1 mg·L-1） resulted in more ad- ventitious shoot regeneration and higher concentration of TDZ （〉0.1 mg·L-1） inhibited shoot regeneration. Among different media, MS medium exhibited a high efficiency for shoot regeneration, followed by WPM medium, while B5 medium inhibited shoot regeneration. Normal light and yellow light exhibited better effects on shoot regeneration, compared with other light.     

Dynamic changes of phenolic compound contents in leaf and bark of poplar during autumn temperature drop

We investigated seasonal dynamics of phenolics substance in leaf and bark of two cultivars of poplar, Populus alba×berolinensis and P. ×’Zhonglin Sanbei 1’, during autumn temperature drop for analyzing the roles of phenolic secondary metabolites in cold resistance. Results show that the contents of condensed tannin and flavonoid in poplar leaf and the flavonoid contents in bark of P. ×’Zhonglin Sanbei 1’ were increased with the decrease of autumn minimum temperature, showing a significantly negative correlation between the contents of soluble phenolic substance in the leaves and changeable temperature. In contrast, lignin content in the poplar leaves is decreased in the process of temperature drop, showing a significantly positive correlation. These results indicate that the variation in phenolic substance has a close correlation with its cold-resistance during the autumn temperature drop.     

Oviposition preference of Anoplophora glabripennis emerging from five host tree species under field conditions

The Asian longhorned beetle （ALB）, Anoplophora glabripennis （Motschulsky） is a polyphagous woodborer of hardwood trees. In order to well understand the oviposition preference of A. glabripennis emerging from different larval host tree species, we selected five common host tree species in the field and evaluated its oviposition preferences. The five host tree species are Acer negundo （AN）, Salix matsudana f. lobato-glandulosa （SM）, Populus nigra L. var. thevestina （Dode） Bean （PN）, P. simonii × P. pyramidalis cv. Opera 8277 （PS） and P. alba var. pyramidalis （PA）. Results show that adult beetles emerging from these five tree species almost have the same oviposition phenomenon. All adult beetles, except those emerging from PS, chewed the highest potential sites and laid most eggs on AN trees. Adult beetles emerging from AN, PN, PS and PA did not chew any sites nor laid any eggs on PA trees. These results showed that adult A. glabripennis emerging from the five host tree species did not show any clear oviposition preference for their larval host tree species in the field but they did present the most obvious preference for AN and the lowest preference for PA.     

杨树新品种（品系）抗病虫性调查分析

通过对松嫩平原地区多点区域化试验及示范林杨树新品种（品系）病虫害调查发现,造成严重干部危害的为破腹病和杨干象。对错海林场和富裕林场各参试品种（品系）抗破腹病及抗杨干象能力调查数据进行方差分析和多重比较,结果表明：抗病虫能力较强的品种（品系）有银中杨、龙丰1号、龙丰2号、小黑杨、黑青杨、N46、98-62-75、A5和欧黑×青7#,杨干象危害轻微（注意防治即可）的有A5-10、1015和2111,小黑杨和青山杨应避免在地势低洼地块造林。     

Relationship between adult oviposition preference and larval performance of the diamondback moth, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plutella xylostella</Emphasis>

Unraveling the relationship between adult oviposition preference and offspring performance is central to understanding the evolution of plant–insect interactions. In the present study, we collated previously reported data, including our own, of adult oviposition preference and offspring performance of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, on various wild and cultivated crucifer plants, and did correlation analysis between the two. Intrinsic rate of increase, pupal weight and fecundity of the ensuing adults were regarded as an indicator of larval performance of P. xylostella among 18 species of wild and cultivated host plants. Adult preference was estimated as the relative number of eggs laid on the plants by P. xylostella in a two-choice test or similar tests. Adult oviposition preference and larval performance of P. xylostella were positively related, so at least for undamaged (not induced) plants mother appears to know best.     

Influence of host plant species of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hom., Aleyrodidae) on some of the biological and ecological characteristics of the entomophagous Serangium parcesetosum Sicard (Col., Coccinellidae)

The entomophagous Serangium parcesetosum Sicard (Col., Coccinellidae) is an effective predator of some whitefly species. However, information on the influence of the preys host plant species on its biological and ecological characteristics is still lacking in the literature. Therefore, the current study focuses on the possible influence of three greenhouse and two field host plant species of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hom., Aleyrodidae) on the number of eggs laid by S. parcesetosum. In addition, because of the economic importance and widespread planting of cucumber in greenhouses and cotton in the field, these plants were selected for further investigation into the development, mortality, longevity and reproduction of S. parcesetosum at a high temperature in the laboratory. Results showed that S. parcesetosum was able to lay eggs on all five host plant species of B. tabaci, whether greenhouse or field plants. However, among the three greenhouse plant species studied, S. parcesetosum females laid the highest number of eggs on cucumber followed by tomato and then sweet pepper. Of the two field plant species, significantly higher numbers of eggs were laid on tobacco than on cotton. S. parcesetosum could develop either on cucumber or on cotton as preferable host plant species for B. tabaci. There were significant differences in mean developmental duration of larval instars of the same sex between both host plant species; the duration was significantly shorter on cucumber than on cotton. There were no significant differences for mean total developmental duration from egg to adult emergence between both host plant species within the same sex; females showed a mean of 15.9 days and males of 15.1 days on cucumber, while on cotton the means were 17.2 days for females and 16.2 days for males. Total mortality percentage of S. parcesetosum during development from egg to adult stage was lower on cucumber than on cotton, 20.6 and 23.8%, respectively. Longevity of S. parcesetosum varied according to host plant species and sex with a mean of 63.4 days for females and 50.3 days for males on cucumber, and 92.4 days for females and 52.5 days for males on cotton. On cucumber, mean period of oviposition of S. parcesetosum was significantly longer than on cotton. Mean total fecundity was significantly higher on cucumber than on cotton, with means of 97.7 and 31.0 eggs/female, respectively.     

Determination about the northwestern area limit ofPinus koraiensis and the geographic occurrence ofPinus sibirica

By investigation, studying and discussion for 9 years, the determination that it should bePinus sibirica growing in the Mohc county, Daxing’anling Mountains area, China, rather thanpinus koraiensis there, is made to correct a false argument in some works from 1950s’ till now thatPinus koraiensis area limit reach Daxing’anling Mountain. The results are as follows: (1) The species so called asPinus koraiensis found in northwest of Daxing’anling Mountain isPinus Sibirica indeed; There are no natural distribution ofPinus Koraiensis in Daxing’anling Mountain. Its northwest area limit only reach Shengshan, Aihui county; (3) There is about 500km of space between the area limits ofPinus koraiensis and that ofPinus sibirica, no mixed growing area. According to above, a sketch map is made to describe different area limit of the two species at Daxing’anling Mountain and nearby.     

Host plant range and biology of Lixus nordmanni Hochhuth (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) on hogweed Heracleum L. in eastern Turkey

The biology and host plant range of Lixus nordmanni Hochhuth were studied in the eastern part of Turkey. This weevil feeds and grows on Heracleum trachyloma Fisch. et C.A. Mey, Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden, Heracleum pastinacifolium C. Koch, H. platytaenium Boiss., Angelica sylvestris L. and Falcaria sp. of the family Apiaceae (=Umbellifera). In the early spring, adults emerged from overwintering places and started feeding on host plants. After feeding for several days on leaves, they mated and laid eggs on the main stem of a host. After emergence, larvae fed in stems up to late summer and pupated in the same places. Pupae were found at the beginning of autumn and then adults of the new generation emerged from the stem. Most of adults overwinter under dry plants at rootneck and under stones. L. nordmanni have one generation per year in eastern Anatolia. This Caucasian weevil species is recorded for the first time for Turkish fauna. The biology and host plant records are presented.     

桑天牛在不同树种或品种间产卵选择性试验

选用１１个树种、２３个桑树品种、４０个毛白杨无性系、１６个苹果品种和白杨派６个树种或无性系，进行了桑天牛产卵选择性试验。结果表明：桑天牛在不同树种间产卵选择性差异极显著；在苹果品种间、桑树品种间，毛白杨无性系间，白杨派不同树种及无性系之间，产卵选择性差异均不显著，但在个别品种上产卵数量较少，有待进一步研究。     

Phenological and ecological aspects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Protopulvinaria pyriformis</Emphasis> (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Greece

The ecology of the coccid Protopulvinaria pyriformis infesting the laurel Laurus nobilis was studied from October 2003 to September 2005 in SW Greece. The coccid is parthenogenetic and oviparous, producing increased amounts of honeydew throughout the year. It settles mainly on the lower leaf surface. The scale overwinters as egg, 1st and 2nd instar nymph and adult and completes several overlapping generations every year. The life cycle was estimated to last in nature ~52 days during winter and 29–33 days during summer. Infestation density ranged between 0.3 and 2.8 live scales per cm² of leaf surface. Metaphycus helvolus was the only wasp found to parasitize P. pyriformis. Parasitism rate reached 31.2% during the second year of the study. The scale was able to resist parasitization by encapsulating the parasitoid’s eggs. Maximum encapsulation rate was estimated up to 23% of the adult scales. Encapsulated eggs ranged from 1 to 5 eggs per adult scale. Predation rate reached 7% and it was attributed to the coccinellid Chilocorus bipustulatus. The above information could be important for planning a sustainable control strategy for this new pest in Greece.     

Mycorrhizal formation of nine ectomycorrhizal fungi on poplar cuttings

In order to discover which ectomycorrhizal-(ECM) fungi have better growth-promoting effects on poplars, cuttings from four poplar species were inoculated with nine species of ECM fungi by three methods. We investigated the status of mycorrhizal formation and the effects of these fungi on the growth of the poplars. The results show that Xrocomus chrysentero (Xc), Boletus edulis (Be), Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) and Laccaria amethystea (La) formed clear ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with the poplar seedlings. Among these four ECM fungi, Xc had the greatest ability to develop mycorrhizae with all four poplar species. Be shows a greater ability to form mycorrhizae with Populus deltoides Bartr cv. ‘Lux’ (Poplar I-69). Pt and La had relatively weaker abilities of colonization. The other five ECM fungal species, i.e., Scleroderma luteus (Sl), Leccinum scabrum (Ls), Boletus speciosus (Bs), Calvatia craniiformis (Cc) and Rhizopogen luteous (Rl) could not easily form mycorrhizae with poplar seedlings grown in sterilized substrates, but could do so in non-sterilized soil. With the method of drilling and injecting liquid inoculum, a simple operation, the mycorrhizal infection rates were higher than with the other two methods, applying solid inoculum as fertilizer at the bottom of the pots and dipping roots in the inoculum slurry. P. simonii Carr. formed mycorrhizae with most of the nine ECM fungi. P. x euramericana (Dode) Guinier cv. ’san Martino’ (Poplar I-72) and P. deltoids Harvard x P. deltoids Lux (Poplar NL-351) had the highest compatibility with Pt. Poplar I-69 shows the highest compatibility with Xc. The study indicates that the optimal ECM fungi for poplars I-69, I-72 and NL-351 were Be, Xc and Pt, respectively. The optimal fungi for P. simonii Carr. were Xc and Be. These ECM fungi promoted the growth of the poplar seedlings significantly. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2007, 31(6): 29–33 [译自: 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Effects of volatiles of non-host plants and other chemicals on oviposition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monochamus alternatus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

The response of adult females of Monochamus alternatus to volatiles of non-host plants was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. Eight non-host plant species were tested, namely Broussonetia papyrifera, Cedrus deodara, Firmiana simplex, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Platycladus orientalis, Populus xiaohei, Salix babylonica and Sophora japonica. The volatiles of all test species, except those of C. deodara, repelled the females in the olfactometer bioassays. Oviposition by adult females on the host plant, Pinus massoniana, was deterred by the volatiles of non-host plants and by some other chemicals. Volatiles of P. orientalis had the strongest oviposition-deterring activity and those of S. japonica the least. Volatiles of C. deodara had no influence on oviposition of the females. Selected chemicals, namely benzaldehyde, citronellal, essential oil of Mentha spicata, eucalyptol, nerolidol, nicotine and salicylaldehyde, strongly deterred the females from oviposition, and nicotine caused maximum decrease in egg-laying and scar-excavation.     

Studies on insects and mites causing galls on the leaves of European aspenPopulus tremula L. in the Ojców National Park in Poland

Analytical studies were conducted on the species composition of galls occurring on the leaves of European aspen Populus tremula L. in the Ojców National Park in 1997–1998. The species composition of galls was similar in two consecutive years, i.e 6 and 7 species, respectively (a total of 5492 galls). The most numerous species wasPhyllocoptes populi Nalepa in both years. Index of occurrence frequency and Agrell’s index of species co-existence have been calculated. This index reached the highest values in both years in case ofHarmandia cavernosa (Rübsaamen) andH. tremulae Winnertz.     

Analysis of isoperoxidases ofPopulus spp. in Heilongjiang Province

Isoperoxidases of fourteen species of poplars in Heilongjiang Province were analyzed by polyacrylamidegel disc-electrophoresis. The major zymogram of petioles of poplars was consisted of twelve kinds of isoenzymes, in which 35% zymogram was just the same and represented the specialized zymograms of poplars. The results of the experiments showed that the closer the affinity relationships of the species were, the greater the similar values between the zymograms were. There were very great similar values among natural hybrid species. But in sect.Tacamahaca Spach, the similar values betweenPopulus koreana Rehder andP. nakaii Skv. were obviously smaller. Isoenzyme analysis provided new information for plant classification on the molecular level. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Field test of new poplar clone in Shangdong Province

Poplar is one of the dominant tree species for the establishment of fast growing plantations in Shandong Province.Eighteen poplar clones belonging to Populus aigeiros section were introduced from Italy, Turkey and domestic regions. Populus deltoides cv. ‘Lux‘ 1-69/55 (1-69), which was widely used in Shandong Province, China, was taken as control clone (1-69).Following a randomized complete block design, seedling test and controlled afforestation trials were carried out at Juxian County,Caoxian County and Laiyang City. The results showed that the poplar clone (Populus x euramericana cv. ‘102/74‘), namely 102/74, performed well both in terms of adaptability and growth rate. The mean height of 13.9 m (H), diameter at breast height of 18.0 cm (DBH) and volume growth of 0.1445 m3 (V) were 2.2 %, 21.6% and 52.9% higher than those of 1-69 (CK), respectively,at the age of 5 years at three experimental sites. Moreover, the clone can be propagated easily and showed high resistance to poplar disease, pest as well as salinity and had longer growing period. Furthermore, wood basic density and fiber length of new poplar clone (102/74) were as same as 1-69 (CK). It was concluded that the selected clone (102/74) was ideal for the estab-lishment of fast-growing poplar plantations, especially for the pulpwood plantations in Shandong Province.