Estimate of sediment yield in a basin without sediment data

In this study, three mathematical models for the estimate of sediment yield, due to soil and stream erosion, at the outlet of a basin are presented. Each model consists of three submodels: a rainfall-runoff submodel, a soil erosion submodel and a sediment transport submodel for streams. The rainfall-runoff and the stream sediment transport submodels are identical in the three mathematical models. The rainfall-runoff submodel that is used for the computation of the runoff in a sub-basin is a simplified water balance model for the soil root zone. For the estimate of soil erosion in a sub-basin, three different submodels are used alternatively, owing to the fact that erosion or sediment yield data are not available. The soil erosion submodels are (a) a modified form of the classical Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE, [Foster, G.R., Meyer, L.D., Onstad, C.A., 1977. A runoff erosivity factor and variable slope length exponents for soil loss estimates. Transactions of the ASAE, 20 (4), 683–687]) taking into account both the rainfall erosion and the runoff erosion, (b) the relationships of Poesen [Poesen, J., 1985. An improved splash transport model. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 29, 193–211] quantifying the splash detachment, as well as the upslope and downslope splash transport, (c) the relationships of Schmidt [Schmidt, J., 1992. Predicting the sediment yield from agricultural land using a new soil erosion model. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on River Sedimentation. Karlsruhe, Germany, pp. 1045–1051] including the momentum flux exerted by the droplets and the momentum flux exerted by the runoff. The sediment transport submodel for streams aims to estimate the sediment yield at the outlet of a sub-basin. This quantity results by comparing the available sediment amount in the main stream of a sub-basin with the sediment transport capacity by stream flow, which is computed by the relationships of Yang and Stall [Yang, C.T., Stall, J.B., 1976. Applicability of unit stream power equation. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 102, 559–568]. The mathematical models were applied to the basin of Kompsatos River, in northeastern Greece, with an area of about 565 km². The whole basin was divided into 18 natural sub-basins for more precise calculations. Monthly rainfall data were available for 27 years (1966–1992); therefore, the calculations were performed on a monthly basis. The deviation between the three mean annual values of sediment yield at the basin outlet, for 27 years, resulting from the three mathematical models is relatively small.     

江苏省沿海平原沙土区典型河沟边坡土壤侵蚀试验研究

为探明江苏省沿海平原沙土区河沟边坡土壤侵蚀过程并建立预测模型,在4个坡度和2个雨强条件下,对江苏省沿海平原沙土区典型河沟边坡土壤开展人工模拟溅蚀试验和微区模拟降雨试验,了解河沟边坡土壤溅蚀特征,明确河沟边坡产流产沙过程,并利用传递函数方法分别建立了溅蚀率、产流强度和产沙强度的估算模型.结果表明:(1)河沟边坡土壤溅蚀率...     

Effect of slope borders in reducing splash erosion during sediment transport by rain-induced overland flow

Splash erosion plays a vital role in the loss of eroded materials. Unlike those in slope central areas, laterally ejected splashed materials in slope border areas cannot be replenished easily because slope edges prevent splash erosion particles from entering the slope. Thus, splashed materials in slope border areas are less than those in slope central areas because of the lack of source areas for splash-eroded materials. However, this phenomenon, called the slope border effect, has received minimal attention by researchers. The partially missing splash erosion induced by the slope border effect on sediment transport was investigated to understand the slope erosion mechanism further in this paper. A modified soil pan divided into four areas, namely, central erosion test area (length = 100 cm, width = 35 cm, depth = 45 cm), border erosion test area (length = 100 cm, width = 35 cm, depth = 45 cm), splash compensate border area (length = 110 cm, width = 30 cm, depth = 45 cm) and splash collection area (length = 100 cm, width = 2.5 cm, depth = 45 cm) was used to monitor diffusion and splash erosion under simulated rainfall. Results showed that the splash detachment rate increased with the increase in slope but initially decreased and then increased with the increase in rainfall intensity. The runoff rate and diffuse erosion rates for complete splash erosion (SE) treatments were higher than those without partial splash erosion (SE_L). Under low rainfall erosive power and runoff transport capacity (e.g., 5° slope and 60 mm h⁻¹), the transported clay in SE treatments was approximately 2% more than that in SE_L treatments. This amount changed to more than 2% sand under high rainfall and runoff erosive power. However, the mass fraction accounted for by silt particles in the sediments of the SE_L treatments was more than that in the SE treatments. Thus, the partially missing splash erosion can weaken the selective transport ability of runoff for sediments. The effect of missing partial splash erosion on diffuse erosion was enhanced with an increase in erosive power. The results of our paper will provide insights into the effect of the boundary effect zone of slope on soil erosion and its related mechanisms.     

黄土坡面细沟形态变化及对侵蚀产沙过程的影响

为揭示细沟形态对侵蚀产沙过程的影响,选取66、94、127 mm/h三个雨强条件,对20°陡坡坡面进行了坡面水蚀精细模拟降雨试验,选取沟长、沟宽、沟深等指标刻画细沟形态随降雨历时的变化规律。结果表明:1)降雨强度对细沟长度的影响显著,细沟宽度变化受降雨历时的影响较大,细沟深度的变化对降雨强度表现出较强的分异规律。2)细沟形态参数之间不是相互独立的,存在明显的相关关系,说明细沟形态的演变是一个多维度过程。3)细沟的形成和发展与坡面水沙过程关系密切,细沟形态参数与含沙量、侵蚀速率之间均存在较显著的对数函数关系。该研究可以为细沟侵蚀动态模型的建立提供基础数据。     

上方来水来沙对浅沟侵蚀产沙及水动力参数的影响

 浅沟侵蚀是黄土高原重要的侵蚀类型,上方汇水对坡面浅沟侵蚀具有重要的影响。采用野外放水冲刷试验,定量分析26°坡耕地在上方来水量为5、10和15L/min时对坡下方浅沟侵蚀产沙及其水动力参数的影响。结果表明：上方来水的汇入使浅沟水流流速明显增大,雷诺数、弗劳德数、水流功率和剪切力分别增大33%～76%、21%～47%、29%～72%和18%～42%,阻力系数减少11%～13%,导致浅沟侵蚀产沙量明显增大;除流速和弗劳德数外,其余水动力参数随放水时间的延长呈递增趋势;上方来水使浅沟侵蚀产沙量相对增量与水流功率和剪切力相对增量均呈幂函数关系。     

黄土高原径流侵蚀功率输沙模型的改进

水土流失对流域生态危害严重,输沙量模拟和预测可以为流域水土流失防治提供依据,因此精确的输沙模型是流域水土流失治理的重要工具。为了精确模拟变化环境下黄土高原年输沙量,该研究基于黄土高原19个水文站的径流和输沙数据,通过随机森林变量重要性度量方法评估年径流侵蚀功率、淤地坝指数、淤地坝相对指数、归一化植被指数、不透水地面积等因子对流域年输沙量的影响,使用非线性最小二乘法估算年输沙模型参数,对比分析不同因子组合的年输沙模型精度,提出适用性较强的黄土高原年输沙模型,据此开展年输沙量变化贡献率分析。结果表明：1）以幂函数形式构建的仅含径流侵蚀功率单因子输沙模型精度与流域面积有显著的负相关关系,相关系数为-0.505（P<0.05）,模型精度随着流域面积增大而下降,在大于7 000 km2的流域适用性较差;2）年径流侵蚀功率、淤地坝指数及不透水地面积因子组合建立的多因子年输沙模型在黄土高原适用性最佳,模型在率定期NSE平均值为0.84,RMSE平均值为0.21亿t,在验证期纳什系数平均值为0.79,均方根误差平均值为0.27亿t。3）影响研究流域年输沙量变化的因素依次是：年径流侵蚀功率、不透水地面积和淤地坝指数。研究可以为黄土高原不同区域水土流失防治和生态治理工作提供理论支撑。     

晋西黄土区不同植被覆盖小流域的产流输沙特性

为了进行不同植被覆盖小流域的产流输沙研究,以山西省吉县蔡家川流域内部嵌套的3个典型小流域为研究对象,采用对比分析的方法,探索降雨特性和植被覆盖条件对流域产流输沙的影响。结果表明:小流域产生的径流量和输沙量均随着降雨量的增大而增大,但并不成一定比例;小流域的径流量和输沙量也随降雨强度的增大而增大,泥沙量的增长幅度大于径流量;在黄土区,短历时的暴雨易产生严重水土流失,应该作为水土流失预防的重点;在不同植被覆盖条件下,以封禁植被为主的小流域产生的径流量和输沙量最小,人工植被为主的小流域次之,水平梯田为主的小流域最大;在封禁条件下自然恢复植被为主的小流域对黄土区典型暴雨的水土流失预防效果最佳。因此,如何在水土流失严重的黄土高原地区仿拟自然进行植被恢复,是有效控制水土流失的关键。     

近60年湘江流域水沙特性及其对人类活动的响应

湘江流域人类活动对湘江水沙变化具有显著影响。利用M-K次序法、Pettitt非参数检验法和双累积曲线法分析湘江干支流1953-2014年的年径流量、汛期径流量和非汛期径流量与输沙量的关系,并分析水土保持和水库建设等人类活动与水沙演变的关系。结果表明:1)湘江干支流水文站的年径流量、汛期径流量与输沙量的相关性强,且1990年后湘潭站径流量-输沙量的相关系数为0.83,而非汛期相关性较弱。1990年前,干流站点径流量和输沙量处于波动状态,1990年后干流站点径流量总体呈增加趋势,但输沙量呈减小趋势,且老埠头站的输沙量发生微幅突变。除个别站点之外,支流站点的径流量和输沙量发生突变的年份与变化规律均一致。2)水土保持以及水库建设对湘江流域的拦沙作用是输沙量减少的主要原因。相比支流,水土保持对湘江干流流域的输沙量减少影响更显著,水库建设与湘江干支流输沙量减少均密切相关。3)根据湘江流域输沙量突变点可划分A(1960-1987年)、B(1988-1996年)、C(1997-2013年)3个时期,在不考虑温度变化的影响下,以A时期1960-1987年为基准期,利用累积量斜率变化率比较法可知,相比基准期A时期,B、C时期水土保持和水库拦沙等人类活动对输沙量的减少的贡献率为88.58%和94.01%,人类活动为输沙量减小的主要因素。     

交替冻融对坡面产流产沙的影响

冻融作用使土壤更容易成为侵蚀的物质来源,进而加剧土壤侵蚀程度。为了揭示冻融作用对坡面土壤水蚀的影响,该文通过室内交替冻融循环试验和人工模拟降雨试验,研究了交替冻融作用下坡面的降雨产流产沙特征。试验以未经过任何冻融作用的风干土壤为对照,设计了2种交替冻融循环周期处理(3和6)、2种土壤质量含水率水平(10%和20%)、4种降雨强度(25、50、75、100 mm/h)。结果表明,相对于对照,降雨强度相同时,2种土壤含水率下的交替冻融作用都可以使产流产沙强度增大,且产沙强度的增大幅度大于产流强度。交替冻融循环周期相同时,各降雨强度下的产流产沙强度随含水量的增加而增加。质量含水率相同时,各降雨强度下的产流产沙强度随冻融循环周期的变化相对较为复杂,当质量含水率为10%时,产流产沙强度随冻融循环周期的增加而增大,当质量含水率为20%时,产流产沙强度随冻融循环周期的增加而减小。当质量含水率为10%,交替冻融循环周期为3和6时,增流百分比分别为3.52%、4.71%,增沙百分比分别为6.13%、16.95%。当质量含水率为20%,交替冻融循环次数为3和6时,增流百分比分别为10.24%、5.01%,增沙百分比分别为81.99%、53.07%。相同降雨强度下,土壤质量含水率对产流产沙强度的影响大,交替冻融作用对产流产沙强度的影响小。该研究为冻融侵蚀机理的研究提供参考依据。     

SCS-CN模型在巢湖流域地表产流估算中的应用

降雨径流是引起土壤侵蚀的主要动力,因此预测不同降雨及下垫面条件下的径流量是土壤侵蚀预报和水土流失治理的关键。应用美国原水土保持局开发的流域水文模型SCS-CN模型对巢湖流域降雨—径流过程进行模拟。在ArcGIS 9.2软件支持下,估算2002—2006年巢湖流域地表年径流量并分析了不同土地覆被类型的产流状况。结果表明,巢湖流域地表降雨径流年际变化较大,径流量变化范围为591.323～1 557.136mm。不同土地覆被类型产流能力依次为:城镇用地>水田>未利用地>旱地>农村居民点>草地>林地>灌木林。     

鄂东南花岗岩红壤不同土层侵蚀过程

为了探讨不同降雨动能条件下花岗岩红壤各层次(淋溶层、淀积层、母质层)在坡面侵蚀过程中的产流产沙特征,研究采用室内人工模拟降雨试验方法,对其水动力学参数变化特征及其与土壤侵蚀速率之间的定量关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)降雨动能对各层次土壤坡面的产沙产流特征影响显著。随着降雨动能增加,各层次土壤初始产流时间不断递减,且径流含沙量和总产沙量均不断增大;(2)各层次土壤之间的侵蚀规律差异显著。初始产流时间、径流含沙量及总产沙量均表现出显著差异; 通过回归分析,发现土壤侵蚀速率与降雨动能之间有良好的线性关系;(3)水流功率和单位水流功率与土壤侵蚀速率均呈显著的相关性,且能够用幂函数准确地描述它们之间的关系,引入土壤黏粒含量可使得模型更加可靠,在实际应用中有更广的应用范围和现实价值。综上,降雨动能和土壤质地对花岗岩红壤坡面侵蚀的形成和发展过程具有显著影响。     

铁路工程大型弃土场水蚀特征天然降雨试验研究--以北同蒲增建二线原平至太原段河庄弃土场为例

以北同蒲增建二线改造工程河庄弃土场作为研究对象,在雨季进行了天然降雨试验研究,确定了项目建设产生的弃土场区域内产流过程及影响因素和土壤侵蚀特征。弃土场区域内产流受到降雨特征和水保措施功能发挥的影响。弃土场坡面地表土壤特性随着降雨击溅和径流冲刷的作用而发生变化,从而影响区域内径流和渗流途经,造成坡面产流的不一致性。弃土场内主要的产流区域为松散边坡和平台,坡面的侵蚀链是造成区域内产沙量增加的主要原因。     

Runoff sediment particle sizes associated with soil erosion in the Lake Tahoe Basin,USA

Runoff sediment from disturbed soils in the Lake Tahoe Basin has resulted in light scattering, accumulation of nutrients, and subsequent loss in lake clarity. Little quantified information about erosion rates and runoff particle‐size distributions (PSDs) exists for determining stream and lake loading associated with land management. Building on previous studies using rainfall simulation (RS) techniques for quantifying infiltration, runoff, and erosion rates, we determine the dependence and significance of runoff sediment PSDs and sediment yield (SY, or erodibility) on slope and compare these relationships between erosion control treatments (e.g., mulch covers, compost, or woodchip incorporation, plantings) with bare and undisturbed, or ‘native’ forest soils. We used simulated rainfall rates of 60–100 mm h⁻¹ applied over replicated 0·64 m² plots. Measured parameters included time to runoff (s), infiltration and runoff rates (mm h⁻¹), SY (g mm⁻¹ runoff), and average sediment concentration (SC, g L⁻¹) as well as PSDs in runoff samples. In terms of significant relationships, granitic soils had larger particle sizes than volcanic soils in bulk soil and runoff samples. Consequently, runoff rates, SCs, and SYs were greater from bare volcanic as compared to that from bare granitic soils at similar slopes. Generally, runoff rates increased with increasing slope on bare soils, while infiltration rates decreased. Similarly, SY increased with slope for both soil types, though SYs from volcanic soils are three to four times larger than that from granitic soils. As SY increased, smaller particle sizes are observed in runoff for all soil conditions and particle sizes decreased with increasing slope. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非硬化路面侵蚀产沙规律野外模拟试验

为了科学治理非硬化路面水土流失,采用野外放水冲刷试验,对非硬化路面侵蚀产沙规律进行了试验研究。结果表明,同一坡度不同放水流量与同一放水流量不同坡度条件下,非硬化路面产沙随时间的变化形式均有3种,分别为平缓型、多峰型和单峰型。对同一路面不同观测断面的产沙量分析发现,产沙量沿坡面的空间变化形式分别为波动式减小、逐渐式减小和先增大后减小。、得出平均含沙量与放水流量呈对数相关,产沙率与放水流量、平均含沙量与坡度、产沙率与坡度均呈直线相关。以期为非硬化路面的水土流失预测和治理提供科学依据。     

Modelling soil erosion and sediment yield at a catchment scale: the case of Masinga catchment,Kenya

Development of improved soil erosion and sediment yield prediction technology is required to provide catchment stakeholders with the tools they need to evaluate the impact of various management strategies on soil loss and sediment yield in order to plan for the optimal use of the land. In this paper, a newly developed approach is presented to predict the sources of sediment reaching the stream network within Masinga, a large‐scale rural catchment in Kenya. The study applies the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and a developed hillslope sediment delivery distributed (HSDD) model embedded in a geographical information system (GIS). The HSDD model estimates the sediment delivery ratio (SDR) on a cell‐by‐cell basis using the concept of runoff travel time as a function of catchment characteristics. The model performance was verified by comparing predicted and measured plot runoff and sediment yield. The results show a fairly good relationship between predicted and measured sediment yield (R²=0·82). The predicted results show that the developed modelling approach can be used as a major tool to estimate spatial soil erosion and sediment yield at a catchment scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河岸植被对坡面径流侵蚀产沙的阻控效果

河岸植被在流域水土保持与非点源污染控制方面具有重要作用。为探究河岸植被阻控坡面径流侵蚀产沙效果及其影响因素,该文通过野外模拟径流冲刷试验,定量分析了北江干流河岸植被阻控坡面径流和侵蚀产沙的特征,探讨了河岸植被对径流与泥沙相互关系的影响以及河岸植被阻控效果与坡度和放水强度的关系。结果表明,(1)植被的存在延迟了坡面初始产流时间、降低了坡面径流系数、减弱了径流侵蚀力,放水强度和坡度越大,坡面产流时间越早、径流系数越大、植被对径流的拦截效果越低,其中,植被对不同坡度上径流系数的平均阻控效果分别为3.35%、3.36%、4.28%和3.17%,对不同放水强度下径流系数的平均阻控效果分别21.69%、17.40%和10.01%,对坡面径流侵蚀力的阻控效果分别为60.00%、32.23%、27.29%和22.76%;(2)植被坡对坡面累积泥沙量的阻控效果分别为60.14%、32.83%、24.19%和20.86%,植被的存在可以有效提高土壤的抗侵蚀能力并减少侵蚀产沙量和降低侵蚀泥沙中值粒径,植被阻控泥沙的效果大于其阻控径流的效果;(3)相关性分析表明,产流时间与累积泥沙量、粒径均呈显著负相关,植被的存在一定程度上改变了退流时间与两者之间的关系;径流系数、径流侵蚀力与累积泥沙量、粒径均呈显著正相关;植被对累积泥沙量和径流侵蚀力的阻控效果与随坡度和放水强度的增加而降低。综上,河岸植被对坡面径流和泥沙具有不同的阻控效果,且受坡度和放水强度影响显著,研究结果可为流域水土保持与河岸植被建设提供支持。     

Reduction in interrill sediment transport by rolled erosion control systems

Rolled erosion control systems (RECS) reduce detachment and transport of sediment by mitigating the basic processes of run-off and erosion (e.g., splash detachment, interrill transport, run-off velocity, surface crusting). Despite the variety of products available in the market today, only limited research has been conducted on their influence on erosion subprocesses. This study addresses some of the limitations of previous research by using laboratory rainfall simulation to study rainsplash sediment redistribution, run-off, total interrill sediment transport, and aggregate size transport from an erodible Vertisol. Three 3-h rainfall simulations were conducted on a 20° slope at a rainfall intensity of ≈100 mm h⁻¹ on (1) a bare soil control, (2) four predominately natural RECS, and (3) four synthetic RECS. Data indicate that all products significantly reduced run-off (enhanced infiltration), and decreased interrill sediment transport compared to the bare soil control. However, it was observed that several products (C125, Curlex I, Geojute, SC150BN, TB1000, and P300) were statistically more effective than PECMAT and TerraJute. Finally, preferential transport of selected aggregate fractions was examined. Cover percentage, three-dimensionality, and drapability were identified as favorable physical attributes for mitigating erosion processes.     

黄土区土质道路人工降雨及放水试验条件下产流产沙特征

为了研究土质路面草本植被降低水土流失的作用,采用室内人工降雨及放水试验的方法比较了裸露路和植物路的产流产沙过程及径流水动力学特征,结果表明：相对于裸露路,不同覆盖度植物路总径流量降低幅度为3.94%～ 25.10%,总泥沙量降低幅度为9.65%～45.69%;在大致相同放水量条件下,植物路的土壤侵蚀速率、径流流速和过水断面单位能量均低于裸露路;植物路的Darcy-weisbach阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数分别是裸露路的2.62～9.00倍和1.74～ 3.53倍;植物路通过降低径流流速、减小过水断面单位能量和增大路面粗糙度及径流阻力起到减轻道路侵蚀的作用。该文为广大土质山坡道路侵蚀防治和植物路铺设提供理论支持。     

MIKE-SHE与MUSLE耦合模拟小流域侵蚀产沙空间分布特征

为有效认识流域侵蚀产沙来源,并探讨MIKE-SHE在中国黄土高原区域侵蚀产沙模拟的适用性,该研究采用分布式流域水文模型MIKE-SHE与修正的土壤侵蚀模型MUSLE耦合,对黄土高原典型小流域侵蚀产沙进行了空间分布模拟与评价。研究结果表明：流域侵蚀产沙主要来自于坡耕地和村庄、厂矿及居民用地,二者对于流域次降雨侵蚀产沙贡献平均为44%和34%。对于不同地貌单元,沟坡是流域侵蚀产沙的重要来源,其侵蚀产沙贡献高达68%。总体来看,73%的流域面积无明显侵蚀特征,而约17%为强度、极强度以及剧烈侵蚀区,剧烈侵蚀区多分布于沟坡和部分斜梁坡,这与现实流域植被覆被特征及侵蚀特征基本相符。沟道重力侵蚀是影响MIKE-SHE与MUSLE耦合模拟流域出口侵蚀产沙总量精度的重要因素之一。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区临界地貌侵蚀产沙特征

深入研究流域临界地貌形态对侵蚀产沙的作用机制至关重要,也是建立流域侵蚀产沙预测模型的关键所在。该研究以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区岔巴沟为研究对象,开展了流域次降雨侵蚀产沙的BP人工神经网络(back propagation artificial neutral network,BPANN)模型与多重线性回归(multiple linear regression,MLR)模型比较研究,定量分析了流域侵蚀产沙的敏感因子及影响程度,并使用分形信息维数临界值和相对应的变量建立临界地貌侵蚀产沙预测模型,阐明临界地貌侵蚀产沙特征。结果表明,在侵蚀产沙模数预测方面,BPANN模型较MLR模型具有更好预测性能,能够有效表征综合条件下侵蚀产沙的动态变化过程。径流深和径流侵蚀功率对侵蚀产沙以及水文响应的影响程度受地貌形态因素制约。当分形信息维数大于地貌临界值时,采用径流侵蚀功率的预测精度高于径流深;相反,分形信息维数小于地貌临界值时,采用径流深的预测精度高于径流侵蚀功率。以分形信息维数为界,分别引入径流深或径流侵蚀功率所建立的临界地貌侵蚀产沙预测模型,具有较高的预测精度,具有一定的可行性、可靠性和普适性。