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以阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为研究对象,考查了水环境下光源、溶液介质、重金属离子和光敏剂等因子对CTAB光化学降解行为的影响。结果表明:1)CTAB在紫外光照射下降解率最大,20 min时的降解率为37.02%,自然光下其次,黑暗中基本不发生降解;2)20 min时CTAB在去离子水中的降解率为31.49%,比在人工海水(19.04%)中的快。3)不同重金属离子对CTAB光降解反应的影响不同,在去离子水中分别加入0.1 mg/L的Zn2+和0.1 mg/L的Cu2+,20 min时CTAB的降解率分别为29.33%和24.54%;4)光敏剂对CTAB的光降解反应有促进作用,在去离子水和人工海水中分别加入0.1 mg/L的丙酮,20 min后CTAB的降解率分别为36.92%和 22.54%。该结果可为环境中阳离子表面活性剂的有效治理提供参考。 相似文献
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在稳态假设下,利用LevelⅢ环境多介质逸度模型模拟预测了黄河头道拐冰封期α-HCH在大气、冰、水、悬浮物、底泥相中的浓度分布,同时与实测值进行对比,验证了模型的有效性和可靠性,并根据模拟结果计算了相间迁移通量和相内降解量。结果表明:α-HCH在大气中的浓度最小,在底泥中的浓度最大,底泥是α-HCH的"汇";各相间的迁移通量以气相向冰相的迁移通量为最大;随冰相光降解是α-HCH从研究区域环境介质中消失的主要途径。 相似文献
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苦参碱的水解动态及其在自然水体中的降解特性 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
农药的降解特性是评价其环境安全性的重要指标。为评价植物源农药苦参碱对水环境的安全性,依据“化学农药环境安全性评价试验准则”,采用室内模拟试验探讨了苦参碱的水解动态及其在自然水体中的降解特性和影响因素。结果表明:苦参碱在不同pH值缓冲液中水解均较缓慢,120 d后水解率仍低于25%,属于难降解型;其在6种自然水体中降解均较快,半衰期在6.3~12.8 d之间,降解速率排序依次为池塘水河水雨水湖水海水自来水;在6种自然水体中(25℃±1℃),苦参碱降解速率随其初始浓度的升高而减慢,半衰期与初始浓度呈正相关,但均小于30 d,属于易降解型。比对试验表明:微生物是影响苦参碱降解速率的主要因素,水体中微生物的量与其降解半衰期呈显著负相关关系(P=0.006)。可见,苦参碱在自然水体中易降解,该特性对于指导苦参碱的实际应用具有重要意义。 相似文献
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《干旱区资源与环境》2018,(3):126-132
水环境容量与水资源可利用量是决定区域人口经济规模发展的主要因素,是制定流域可持续发展规划的重要科学依据。以湖北省陆水流域为例,从水环境与水资源两个维度综合分析该流域人口经济承载力;利用湖泊均匀混合模型和河流一维模型计算了陆水流域的水环境容量,测算了2015年流域水环境与水资源承载力。探讨了低速、中速和高速经济增长三种情形下2020年水环境和水资源承载力,并与2015年进行比较分析。结果显示,2015年水环境与水资源依然存在承载空间,在2020年不同经济增长情形下,NH+4-N和TP将是制约流域人口经济规模发展的主要限制因子。基于此,需减少人为污染、治理天然污染和加强环保能力建设来有效控制污染,以期实现陆水流域资源环境与经济的可持续协同发展。 相似文献
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基于模糊综合评价的兰州市水生态安全指标体系研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在对影响城市地区的水生态安全因素深入分析的基础上,以具有代表性的北京、西安、西宁和兰州4个城市为例,从水资源条件与开发利用、水环境与水生态和涉水有关的社会经济等方面,统一选取影响水生态安全的38项指标,构建水生态安全评价指标体系。然后,利用模糊系统分析方法,对指标体系进行优化,最终建立以25项指标组成的兰州市水生态安全评价体系,并用优化后的指标体系对兰州市2009-2013年水生态安全状况进行模糊综合定量评价,找出最主要影响因素。评价结果表明:兰州市水生态安全状况总体趋于好转,但仍受人类生产、生活等活动的影响,部分因素还在威胁兰州市水生态的安全,应引起城建和管理部门重视。最后,对兰州市水生态安全建设方面提出了几点针对性的建议。 相似文献
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为研究百菌清在甘蓝叶片中的光化学降解,利用高效液相色谱外标法探究了甘蓝叶片的水提取液在氙灯、紫外灯2种光源下对百菌清的光化学降解作用效应;研究了百菌清在花青素含量差异较大的绿甘蓝和紫甘蓝叶片表面的降解行为。结果表明:在氙灯光照下,百菌清在绿、紫甘蓝叶片水提取液中的光降解半衰期分别为80.58 min和70.71 min,降解速率分别是未添加甘蓝叶片水提取液百菌清水溶液的7.17倍和8.71倍;除光催化氧化和光催化还原作用外,百菌清在甘蓝叶片水提取液作用下还可产生光催化水解反应。在紫外灯光照下,百菌清在绿、紫甘蓝叶片表面的降解符合一级动力学规律,光降解半衰期分别为12.68 h和11.25 h;将甘蓝叶片进行创伤处理后,百菌清的光降解速率明显加大。该研究结果可为百菌清在不同蔬菜上的科学使用及其食用安全性风险评价提供参考。 相似文献
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微生物降解有机磷农药残留机理及菌种筛选研究进展 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
农药的使用一方面可以保证农业稳产和增产,另一方面却改变了土壤微环境,污染周边的水体乃至大气环境。在农药使用造成的各种污染中,农药残留对人类影响大,作用时间长,尤其是部分有机磷农药具有高毒、降解慢的特点,污染人类生存环境,危害人体健康。使用微生物降解农药残留是解决该问题的有效方法。本文对微生物降解有机磷农药残留的机理和微生物诱变和筛选的最新进展进行总结,并对农药残留降解微生物的发展方向提出了自己的观点。 相似文献
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苯醚甲环唑降解菌BMJHZ-01的分离鉴定及降解影响因素 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
从江苏某农药厂污水区污泥中分离筛选出一株对苯醚甲环唑降解能力较强的细菌BM JHZ-01,对其进行形态学观察、生理生化鉴定、16S r DNA序列同源性比对及系统发育树分析,初步确定其为硝基还原假单胞菌Pseudomonas nitroreducens。通过研究该菌株降解苯醚甲环唑的影响因素,得出其最适宜降解条件为:培养箱转速200 r/min,培养温度30℃,初始p H值为7.0。在此培养条件下,采用高效液相色谱法检测,发现菌株BMJHZ-01在5 d内对180 mg/L苯醚甲环唑的降解率可达90%以上。BMJHZ-01可以以最高质量浓度为180 mg/L的苯醚甲环唑为惟一碳源进行生长繁殖并将其降解,对不良环境的高度适应性使其在环境治理中具有明显优势。 相似文献
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This paper presents a discussion on residue behaviour of 17 pesticides on tea, on the basis of the research conducted during the last 20 years. Sunlight photolysis and growth dilution were the most important factors affecting pesticide persistence in the growing tea plant, while vapour pressure played an important role in loss of pesticide residues during tea processing. The percentage of pesticide extracted during the tea infusion process was highly related to water solubility. It is suggested that in studies on pesticide residue behaviour on tea, all the four factors should be considered integrally. 相似文献
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Malone RW Ma L Wauchope RD Ahuja LR Rojas KW Ma Q Warner R Byers M 《Pest management science》2004,60(3):253-266
Due to the complex nature of pesticide transport, process-based models can be difficult to use. For example, pesticide transport can be effected by macropore flow, and can be further complicated by sorption, desorption and degradation occurring at different rates in different soil compartments. We have used the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) to investigate these phenomena with field data that included two management conditions (till and no-till) and metribuzin concentrations in percolate, runoff and soil. Metribuzin degradation and transport were simulated using three pesticide sorption models available in RZWQM: (a) instantaneous equilibrium-only (EO); (b) equilibrium-kinetic (EK, includes sites with slow desorption and no degradation); (c) equilibrium-bound (EB, includes irreversibly bound sites with relatively slow degradation). Site-specific RZWQM input included water retention curves from four soil depths, saturated hydraulic conductivity from four soil depths and the metribuzin partition coefficient. The calibrated parameters were macropore radius, surface crust saturated hydraulic conductivity, kinetic parameters, irreversible binding parameters and metribuzin half-life. The results indicate that (1) simulated metribuzin persistence was more accurate using the EK (root mean square error, RMSE = 0.03 kg ha(-1)) and EB (RMSE = 0.03 kg ha(-1)) sorption models compared to the EO (RMSE = 0.08 kg ha(-1)) model because of slowing metribuzin degradation rate with time and (2) simulating macropore flow resulted in prediction of metribuzin transport in percolate over the simulation period within a factor of two of that observed using all three pesticide sorption models. Moreover, little difference in simulated daily transport was observed between the three pesticide sorption models, except that the EB model substantially under-predicted metribuzin transport in runoff and percolate >30 days after application when transported concentrations were relatively low. This suggests that when macropore flow and hydrology are accurately simulated, metribuzin transport in the field may be adequately simulated using a relatively simple, equilibrium-only pesticide model. 相似文献
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环糊精及其衍生物在农药领域应用的研究进展 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
环糊精及其衍生物具有 "内疏水、外亲水"的特殊分子结构,可与许多客体分子包结形成包合物。环糊精与农药形成包合物对农药分子具有增溶、控制释放、提高稳定性等功能,在农药制剂方面具有重要的应用价值。环糊精对农药污染物的降解有促进作用,对农药分子具有选择性识别作用,因而在农药污染物治理、农药残留检测方面也有重要的应用价值。综述了环糊精及其衍生物在作为农药剂型加工中的助剂、农药污染物治理和农药残留检测等方面应用的研究新进展,并对其在农药领域的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。 相似文献
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Stephen Jess Steven Kildea Aidan Moody Gordon Rennick Archie K Murchie Louise R Cooke 《Pest management science》2014,70(11):1646-1654
European Community (EC) legislation has limited the availability of pesticide active substances used in effective plant protection products. The Pesticide Authorisation Directive 91/414/EEC introduced the principle of risk assessment for approval of pesticide active substances. This principle was modified by the introduction of Regulation (EC) 1107/2009, which applies hazard, the intrinsic toxicity of the active substance, rather than risk, the potential for hazard to occur, as the approval criterion. Potential impacts of EC pesticide legislation on agriculture in Ireland are summarised. While these will significantly impact on pesticide availability in the medium to long term, regulations associated with water quality (Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and Drinking Water Directive 1998/83/EC) have the potential to restrict pesticide use more immediately, as concerns regarding public health and economic costs associated with removing pesticides from water increase. This rationale will further reduce the availability of effective pesticide active substances, directly affecting crop protection and increasing pesticide resistance within pest and disease populations. In addition, water quality requirements may also impact on important active substances used in plant protection in Ireland. The future challenge for agriculture in Ireland is to sustain production and profitability using reduced pesticide inputs within a framework of integrated pest management. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献