仔猪断奶应激对血液和生化的影响

随机选取 １０ 头健康的４２～４５ 天断奶长白仔猪,分别于断奶时、断奶后７ 天、１４ 天上午采血,检验血液学、血清生化等多项指标,结果如下：仔猪血清 Ａ Ｓ Ｔ、 Ｃ Ｋ、 Ｌ Ｄ Ｈ 活性在断奶后 ７ 天时都升高,其中 Ａ Ｓ Ｔ、 Ｌ Ｄ Ｈ活性与断奶时相比差异极显著（ Ｐ＜ ００１）;血清 Ａ Ｍ Ｙ Ｌ 活性,断奶后均比断奶时高,但无统计学上差异（ Ｐ＞００５）;血清 Ｔ Ｐ、 Ｇ Ｌ Ｏ Ｂ、 Ａ Ｌ Ｂ、 Ｂ Ｕ Ｎ、 Ｃ Ｈ Ｏ Ｌ 含量在断奶后极显著或显著降低（ Ｐ＜ ００１ 或 Ｐ＜ ００５）; Ｇ Ｌ Ｕ、 Ｃ Ｒ Ｅ Ａ、 Ｔ Ｃ Ｏ２ 含量降低,但无统计学上差异（ Ｐ＞ ００５）。血液 Ｒ Ｂ Ｃ、 Ｈ Ｇ Ｂ、 Ｈ Ｃ Ｔ、 Ｍ Ｃ Ｖ 断奶后极显著降低（ Ｐ＜００１）, Ｍ Ｃ Ｈ Ｃ 断奶后极显著升高（ Ｐ＜ ００１）; Ｗ Ｂ Ｃ、 Ｐ Ｌ Ｔ 等断奶后虽有变化,但均无统计学上差异（ Ｐ＞００５）。结果表明,仔猪在断奶后一段时间,处于营养缺乏性单纯小红细胞性贫血状态。     

氯霉素间接竞争ELISA(ciELISA)检测方法的建立

以人工合成的氯霉素－牛血清白蛋白（ＣＡＰ－ＢＳＡ）为包被抗原,氯霉素（Ｃｈｌｏｒａｍｐｈｅｎｉｃｏｌ,ＣＡＰ）为竞争的半抗原,两者与一定量的抗ＣＡＰ单抗（ＣＡＰ－ＭｃＡｂ）反应。实验结果表明,理想的包被抗原浓度为１．２５μｇ／ｍｌ,抗ＣＡＰ－ＭｃＡｂ工作浓度为１：１２０００,酶标二抗工作浓度为 １： ５０００,可测最适范围为 １ｎｇ／ｍｌ－１００ｎｇ／ｍｌ,最小检测量为０．１ｎｇ／ｍｌ,批内和批间变异系数分别为３． ６２％和 ５． １９％。得到回归方程 ｙ ＝１．２７３０－ ０．６７４５ｘ（ｒ２＝ ０． ９７７９）和标准曲线,从而建立了快速定量测定 ＣＡＰ含量的间接竞争酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）。整个测定时间为６小时。     

牦牛瘤胃细菌中核糖核酸含量及其与细菌总氮比值的研究

７头带有瘤胃瘘管的生长阉牦牛,在两个试验中分别给予不同的日粮以研究其瘤胃细菌中核糖核酸（ＲＮＡ,下同）含量及ＲＮＡ与细菌总氮（ＢＮ,下同）的比值（ＲＮＡ／ＢＮ）和核糖核酸氮（ＲＮＡ—Ｎ,下同）与ＢＮ的比值（ＲＮＡ—Ｎ／ＢＮ）。试验Ⅰ的４头牛分两期分别喂给粗蛋白（ＣＰ）８％和１２％的等能（９６ＭＪＭＥ／ｋｇＤＭ）日粮;试验Ⅱ的３头牛通过３×３拉丁方设计喂给蛋白饲料为菜籽饼、豌豆和蚕豆,精粗比为７：３,５：５和３：７的等能（９６ＭＪＭＥ／ｋｇＤＭ）、等氮（ＣＰ为１２％）日粮。结果表明,日粮精粗比与蛋白来源对细菌中ＲＮＡ含量及ＲＮＡ／ＢＮ和ＲＮＡ－Ｎ／ＢＮ均无明显影响,而蛋白水平对其有显著影响。当日粮ＣＰ为８％时,瘤胃细菌中ＲＮＡ与ＣＰ含量及ＲＮＡ／ＢＮ与ＲＮＡ－Ｎ／ＢＮ分别为１６９％、２８８％、３７,０３３;当日粮ＣＰ为１２％时,则上述４项指标依次为９８５％、３７１％、１６９、０１５。     

不同月龄鸵鸟38项血液生化参数比较

比较了 １～３ 月龄（ ｎ ＝ １５）和 ４～６ 月龄（ ｎ ＝ １５）鸵鸟血液的 ３８ 项生化参数。结果，１～３ 月龄和 ４～６ 月龄鸵鸟之间血清 Ｃ Ｋ、 Ｔ Ｇ、 Ｂ Ｕ Ｎ、 Ｂ Ｕ Ｎ／ Ｃ Ｒ Ｅ、 Ｕ Ａ、 Ｍ ｇ、 Ｐ含量差异极显著（ Ｐ ＜ ００１）；血清 Ｔ Ｂ Ａ、 Ｌ Ｄ Ｌ Ｃ、 Ｃ Ｈ Ｏ、 Ｔ Ｔ Ｔ、 Ｎａ、 Ｋ 含量的组间差异显著（ Ｐ ＜ ００５）；其他指标 ２ 组间差异不显著。该结果提示，不同月龄鸵鸟的营养物质代谢过程存在一定差异。     

5种免疫增强剂对猪增殖反应的影响

采用胸腺素、黄芪多糖、人胎盘组织液、人重组白细胞介素２（ｒＩＬ－２）及左旋咪唑,以不同浓度刺激体外培养不同时间的猪外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）,结果证明这几种佐剂均对猪ＰＢＭＣ有明显刺激作用,且与浓度有依赖关系,浓度过高时对其有抑制作用,适宜的浓度为１０＾４倍稀释度。时间因素的影响较小,但培养３６ｈ加入各种佐剂后ＰＢＭＣ增殖反应未见增强。ＰＢＭＣ代表机体总的细胞免疫水平,通过佐剂对体外培养的ＰＢＭ     

含硫氨基酸与铜对肉鸡胫骨软骨发育不良的影响

研究日粮过量含硫氨基酸 （ 简称 Ｓ Ａ Ａ , 为推荐量的１５ 倍） 与高铜 （８８６６ ｍｇ／ｋｇ , 为推荐量的１０ 倍） 对肉鸡胫骨软骨发育不良 （ Ｔ Ｄ） 的影响。试验采用半纯合饲粮 （ 含 Ｃｕ ０６６ ｍｇ／ｋｇ） , 试验处理分为正常 Ｓ Ａ Ａ 与 Ｃｕ 组, 高 Ｓ Ａ Ａ 与正常 Ｃｕ 组, 正常 Ｓ Ａ Ａ 与高 Ｃｕ 组和高 Ｓ Ａ Ａ 与高 Ｃｕ 组,试验期２１ ｄ 。结果： 过量 Ｓ Ａ Ａ 降低肉鸡体重、饲料转化率、骨灰、肝 Ｃｕ 、胰 Ｃｕ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１ 或 Ｐ ＜ ００５） , 增加胫骨长度 （ Ｐ ＜ ００５） , 诱发 Ｔ Ｄ发病率升高 （ Ｐ ＜ ００１） , Ｔ Ｄ 指数显著上升 （ Ｐ ＜ ００５） 。高 Ｃｕ 日粮增加肝 Ｃｕ 、肾 Ｃｕ 沉积 （ Ｐ ＜ ００１ 或 Ｐ ＜ ００５） , 提高饲料转化率 （ Ｐ ＜００５） , 但不诱发肉鸡 Ｔ Ｄ 发病率增加。添加高 Ｃｕ 对过量 Ｓ Ａ Ａ 致肉鸡 Ｔ Ｄ 发病率上升无减缓作用, 适宜的 Ｓ Ａ Ａ 和 Ｃｕ 水平是促进肉鸡生长、降低肉鸡 Ｔ Ｄ 发病率的重要限制因素之一。     

ABC—Dot—ELISA检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒

建立了ＡＢＣ－Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）的方法,其最佳反应条件是：包被液为０．０５ｍｏｌ／ＬｐＨ９．６的碳酸钠－碳酸氢钠缓冲液（ＣＢＳ）,免疫ＩＢＶ ＩｇＧ的最佳工作浓度为１：８０;抗原的最佳浓度为１：８００;封闭剂选用０．０１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ｐＨ７．４含３０ｍＬ／Ｌ白明胶的ＰＢＳ,Ｂ－ＡｇＧ和ＡＢＣ－ＨＥＰ的最佳工作浓度为１：２００。用ＡＢＣ－ＨＥＰ的最佳工作浓度为１：２０     

口蹄疫病毒适应于细胞培养的研究

将不同型（Ｏ，ＡｓｉａＩ）系（免系和鼠系）和不同代次的口蹄疫病毒（ＦＭＤＶ）适应于ＢＨＫ２１细胞培养物。兔化Ｏ型毒传至第１５代即产生明显的细胞病变（ＣＰＥ）ＴＣＩＤ５０可达７．０～７．６；兔化ＡｓｉａＩ需传２０代以上才能产生ＣＰＥ．ＴＣＩＤ５０为６．０～６．５。     

复方硫氰酸红霉素中硫氰酸红霉素效价测定的探讨

复方硫氰酸红霉素中的三甲氧苄氨嘧淀（ＴＭＰ）干扰常规的抗生素微生物效价测定法,以致无法检测硫氰酸红霉素的含量。本实验采用在培养基中加入对氨基苯甲酸（ＰＡＢＡ）选择性地拮抗ＴＭＰ的抑菌作用,以枯草芽孢杆菌６３５０１作检定菌,顺利地应用了抗生素微生物检定法来测定硫氰酸红霉素的效价,测定浓度为５～２０Ｕ／ｍｌ,本法对数剂量反应关系线性良好,实验结果可靠性成立,平均生物效价的可信限率可达≤７％,平均回收率为９９．０％,ＣＶ％为０．５３％。     

双癸甲溴铵洗消剂对常见病毒消毒试验观察

１　材料与方法１１　动物　３～４日龄ＳｐｒａｇｕｅＤａｗｌｅｙ乳鼠,公母各半。１２　双链季铵盐洗消剂　由徐州法尔达日用化工公司赠送,有效成分双癸甲溴铵含量为１０％。１３　ＨＢｓＡｇＫｉｔ　用于常规ＥＩＡ检测ＨＢｓＡｇ,从上海科华生物技术公司购买。１４　病毒　口蹄疫０型乳鼠组织毒（ＦＭＤＶ）,滴度为１０－７ＬＤ５０／ｍｌ;猪水泡病乳鼠组织毒（ＳＶＤＶ）,滴度为１０－８ＬＤ５０／ｍｌ;鸡新城疫Ⅰ系病毒（ＮＣＶⅠ）,ＥＩＤ５０＞１０８３／ｍｌ。上述病毒均由南京农业大学提供。１５　中和剂…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -