Molecular investigation of Escherichia coli strains associated with apparently persistent urinary tract infection in dogs

Persistent Escherichia coli urinary tract infection (UTI) in dogs is a frustrating clinical problem. Affected dogs often appear to fail to respond to therapy or to reacquire infection shortly after therapy is completed. Urovirulence factors (UVFs) of the infecting E. coli, antibiotic resistance, and tissue colonization may be contributory but have not been evaluated in dogs with persistent E. coli UTI. In this study, the strain types of E. coli in dogs with persistent UTI were evaluated with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to determine whether persistence was due to acquisition of new isolates or failure to eradicate existing isolates. UVFs in these isolates, assessed by polymerase chain reaction, and antibiograms were correlated with treatment outcome in these dogs. Results documented a mixed pattern: 9 dogs remained chronically infected with 1 or 2 strains, each with distinct reproducible UVFs, but 1 dog was infected with numerous unrelated E. coli strains over time. Two dogs had a mixed pattern, consisting of 1 or more episodes of persistent E. coli infection attributable to a single strain in addition to episodes caused by unrelated strains. Many isolates had no detectable UVFs, highlighting the likely importance of impaired colonization resistance in the affected dogs. Antibiotic resistance was common, often in response to previous treatments, especially with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Antibiotic resistance patterns differed significantly within PFGE strain types, suggesting lateral acquisition of resistance plasmids or integrons. These results can be used to help guide testing for and management of persistent E. coli UTI in dogs.     

规模化养鸭场鸭源大肠杆菌分离株的致病性及系统发育分析

为研究鸭源大肠杆菌(E.coli)的致病性,明确鸭病原性E.coli与人和其他动物E.coli的亲缘关系及O血清型与菌种间遗传关系的相关性,本研究从我国西南地区规模化养鸭场患典型E.coli败血症的雏鸭体内分离37个血清型共82个E.coli分离株(其中优势血清型32株,其他血清型50株),以每株0.2 mL (109 cfu/mL)腿部肌肉接种7日龄健康鸭进行致病性试验;并对其中14个鸭源E.coli代表株进行16S rRNA基因克隆、测序及系统发育分析.结果表明:所有分离株全部为致病性E.coli,其中高致病株、中等致病株和低致病株分别占受试菌株的80.5％(66/82)、17.1％ (14/82)和2.4％(2/82),4个优势血清型全部为高致病株和中等致病株,分别占受试菌株的84.4％(27/32)和15.6％(5/32);14个代表株鸭源E.coli的16S rRNA形成2个主要分支,3株新发现的血清型单独形成一个较远的分支,11株常见血清型与人及其他动物源E.coli形成另一个大的分支,其中有6株与人的O157亲缘关系较近,2株与出血性E.coli O157:H7 sakai聚为一个小分支;从遗传进化的关系分析,这些菌株有可能是人类的潜在病原菌;同时还发现不同血清型的分离株可以聚为一支,而同一血清型的分离株可以处于不同的分支,常规的O血清学分型不能体现菌种间遗传关系的远近.     

Serotypes and virulence factors of Escherichia coli strains isolated from dogs and cats

E. coli strains isolated from urine of dogs and cats with urinary tract infections (UTI) and from feces of healthy one's were serotyped, and the serotypes were correlated with uropathogenic virulence factors. The most prevalent O-serotypes, O4 and O6, were isolated from dogs and cats with UTI. In contrast, O11 and O102 strains were the most frequently found from feces of healthy dogs and cats. Most of type O4 and O6 strains possessed such virulence factors as pil, pap, sfa, hly, and cnf1, while most type O11 and O102 strains pil only or pil and aer. All strains of type O75 possessed afaI and aer. K1 antigen was negative in all strains obtained from UTI.     

鸭源大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及致病性分析

【目的】了解江苏、江西、安徽地区鸭源大肠杆菌的分布以及致病性情况。【方法】本研究对江苏、江西、安徽地区的病死鸭进行了鸭源大肠杆菌的分离鉴定,运用PCR结合玻片凝集法测定鸭源大肠杆菌分离株的血清型,并进行了18种毒力基因的PCR检测,随后进行雏鸭致病性试验,并对毒力较强和毒力较弱的菌株进行生长曲线以及半数致死量(LD₅₀)测定。【结果】本研究共分离鉴定获得鸭源大肠杆菌74株,鉴定为O1、O2、O18、O78血清型的分别有1、2、2和4株,其余均未定型;18种毒力基因鉴定结果表明,ibeB、yijp、OmpA和mat基因检出率分别为97.3%、97.3%、95.95%和90.54%。动物致病性试验结果表明,经10⁷ CFU/只攻毒后,74株分离株均引起雏鸭不同程度发病,但仅有2株对雏鸭致死率≥50%。生长曲线测定结果表明,2株强毒株与2株弱毒株的生长速度无显著差异(P>0.05),2株强毒株的LD₅₀分别为10^4.75和10^7.375 CFU。【结论】本研究分离的74株鸭源大...     

鸡大肠埃希氏菌菌毛表达、血凝谱及粘附特性研究

对６株具有不同致病性的鸡大肠埃希氏菌分离株体外菌毛的表达、对１３种不同红细胞血凝谱及血凝方式、对鸡胚成纤维细胞（ＣＥＦ）及在体内外对１日龄鸡气管组织的粘附特性进行了研究,结果表明,具有致病性的菌株,在体外适宜的条件下,能表达菌毛,非致病性菌株不表达。不同菌株的血凝谱及血凝方式具有差异,除中等致病性菌株ＭＧ３０e对大鼠红 细胞（ＲＢＣＦ）的凝集不能被Ｄ－甘露糖抑制,表现为抗甘露糖型血凝（ＭＲＨＡ）外,     

内蒙古地区奶牛源沙门氏菌的分离、鉴定及其对小鼠的致病性研究

本研究旨在通过对内蒙古地区奶牛源沙门氏菌的分离、血清学鉴定及其对小鼠的致病性研究,探明本地区奶牛源沙门氏菌的血清型分布及其对小鼠的致病力强度,为兽医临床防制由沙门氏菌引起的奶牛感染性疾病提供依据。采用SC增菌液和SS琼脂从兽医临床采集的奶牛乳房炎和奶牛子宫内膜炎病料中分离沙门氏菌;对分离到的疑似菌落进行涂片染色镜检和生化鉴定;采用A～F群O抗原多价诊断血清及单价诊断血清对疑似沙门氏菌进行血清型鉴定;采用腹腔注射感染小鼠,观察部分菌株对小鼠的致病和致死情况,并进行病理学检查。结果显示,从460份病料中共分离、鉴定出沙门氏菌38株,分离率为8.3%;38株分离菌均分布于A～F群内,分属8个群、14种血清型,其中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌分离率最高（39.5%）;选择的5株沙门氏菌攻毒后均可引起小鼠发生死亡,死亡率在50%～80%之间;在感染小鼠的心脏、肝脏均回收到了攻毒菌,且发病小鼠的心脏、肝脏和肾脏出现坏死灶,肺脏有细菌性栓子。结果表明,内蒙古地区奶牛源沙门氏菌血清型分布较复杂,对小鼠有较强的致病性,且不同血清型菌株间的毒力存在差异。     

猪链球菌2型分离株对野生斑马鱼的致病性

以野生斑马鱼为模式动物,对6株mrp＋epf＋sly＋猪链球菌2型（SS2）分离株进行致病性比较。斑马鱼经腹腔接种不同稀释度的SS2分离株,连续观察5d,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析并统计半数致死量（LD50）。结果显示,6个分离株对斑马鱼的LD50在10^5cfu-10^6cfu之间,临床株与非临床株的毒力差异不显著（P〉0.05）。从攻毒后死亡的鱼腹腔和脑可分离到SS2,并伴有腹腔出血及肝、肠、脑部炎性病变。表明SS2可感染斑马鱼,为进一步研究SS2的体内感染机制及毒力因子功能等奠定了基础。     

藏香猪源大肠埃希菌致病性和血清型检测及药敏试验

为了解四川省藏香猪源大肠埃希菌致病性、血清型及耐药性情况,从四川省藏香猪养殖场中无菌采集腹泻仔猪肝脏、肛拭子及粪便等组织病料253份中,分离得到155株大肠埃希菌。采用人工感染小鼠致病性试验、玻板凝集试验和KB药敏纸片法分别测定155株大肠埃希菌分离菌株的致病性、血清型及耐药性。结果显示,小鼠致病性试验表明155株分离菌中120株有致病性;玻板凝集试验表明120株致病性大肠埃希菌分离株属于14个血清型,以O111、O147、O109和O119为主要流行的优势血清型;耐药性试验表明120株致病性大肠埃希菌分离株对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、新霉素、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶4种药物耐药较严重,耐药率在94.2%~98.3%之间,对庆大霉素、氟苯尼考、多西环素等6种药物耐药率在44.2%~85.0%之间,对其他药物耐药率在15.0%~37.5%之间。说明该地区藏香猪源致病性大肠埃希菌血清型呈多样性分布,耐药性严重。     

H3N2亚型猪流感病毒中国分离株的克隆纯化及生物学特性

以有限稀释克隆法对29株H3N2亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)不同地区分离株进行纯化，并对其生物学特性进行了研究。结果，8株对鸡呈现中等致病力，21株对鸡呈现低致病力。不同地区SIV分离株(第5代)的EID50差异较大，以安徽分离株最高，为10^-10.77／0．2mL，其他毒株在10^-5.5～10^-10.56／0．2mL之间。黑龙江省分离株和浙江省分离株的LD50高达10^-2.84／0．1mL，其他分离株在10^-1.17～10^-2.56／0．1mL之间。经鸡胚分离传代后，SIV分离株均能凝集0．7％人“O”型血、绵羊、兔、豚鼠、小鼠、大鼠及鸡的红细胞，其红细胞凝集谱的差异主要表现在对马、牛、驴、猪红细胞的凝集特性上。大部分SIV分离株为热不稳定型，部分毒株表现为中等热稳定型和热稳定型。从其抗原特性看，大部分SIV分离株表现为亲和相，对AIV参考毒株DKUK63和SIV参考毒株SWTN77表现出较高的HI滴度；部分分离株经鸡胚传代后，出现了相别的变异。     

In vitro and in vivo characterization of avian Escherichia coli. II. Factors associated with pathogenicity

The pathogenicity of 197 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from clinically affected commercially grown broiler chickens and normal hatchery chicks was assessed by inoculating day-old broilers intratracheally. The degree of pathogenicity (high, intermediate, low) was judged according to mortality and lesions occurring within 7 days following inoculation. Serotype, metabolic activity, motility, and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity of each isolate were evaluated and related to pathogenicity. Seventy-five of the isolates of high to intermediate pathogenicity belonged to serogroup O2, O78, or O35. In addition, 51 pathogenic E. coli isolates could not be serotyped, and several had multiple serotypes. Most isolates had similar metabolic activity, as determined by amino acid decarboxylation and carbohydrate fermentation, regardless of pathogenicity. An exception was the fermentation of adonitol, which occurred more frequently with the highly pathogenic strains. Motility and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity were not related to pathogenicity. An age-associated resistance to intratracheal E. coli administration occurred by 15 days of age in uncompromised birds. Relative susceptibility of birds older than 2 weeks to intratracheal and/or intravenous E. coli inoculation could be increased by prior exposure to pathogenic reovirus 1733, adenovirus 3167, or infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Birds infected with IBDV at 3 weeks failed to clear apathogenic and pathogenic E. coli from circulating blood.     

Uropathogenic virulence factors in isolates of Escherichia coli from clinical cases of canine pyometra and feces of healthy bitches

Escherichia coli is commonly isolated in canine pyometra, but little is known of the virulence factors that may be involved in the precipitation of this disease. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of uropathogenic virulence factor (UVF) genes in E. coli isolates from canine pyometra and from feces of healthy bitches to evaluate their role in the pathogenesis of pyometra. E. coli from 23 cases of canine pyometra and from the feces of 24 healthy bitches were analyzed, by polymerase chain reaction, for UVF genes associated with canine and human urinary tract infections (UTIs). The prevalences of UVFs in E. coli from canine pyometra were similar to that in canine and human uropathogenic E. coli. The prevalence of pap was greater (P=0.036) for E. coli from pyometra (52%) than for fecal isolates (21%), and the papGIII allele was present in all pap-containing isolates. The prevalences of genes for alpha-haemolysin and cytotoxic necrotising factor 1 were not significantly higher (P=0.075) in E. coli from pyometra than from feces. The proportion of pyometra strains with >or=3 UVFs was higher (P=0.039) than that of fecal strains, suggesting that possession of >or=3 UVF genes enhances the pathogenicity of the strain. Our findings demonstrate that E. coli associated with canine pyometra are similar to uropathogenic strains, and that operons that encode P fimbriae, alpha-haemolysin and cytotoxic necrotising factor 1 probably enhance the virulence and pathogenicity of the strain in the canine genital tract.     

Virulence properties of Escherichia coli isolated from ostriches with respiratory disease

Eight Escherichia coli isolates from ostriches with respiratory disease were investigated for the presence of genes encoding the following adhesins: type 1 pili (fim), pili associated with pyelonephritis (pap), S fimbriae (sfa), afimbrial adhesin (afaI), temperature regulated adhesin, curli (crl, csgA) and temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (tsh). Genes for heat labile (LT) and heat stable (STa and STb) enterotoxins, Shiga toxins (stx1 and stx2), cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (cnf), alpha-haemolysin (hly) and aerobactin (aer) production were also investigated. Other characteristics investigated were the presence of hemagglutination activity, growth on an iron-deficient medium, aerobactin production, serum resistance, adherence to chicken tracheal cells, pathogenicity for day-old chicks, and serogroup. Serogrouping showed that four isolates belonged to serogroup O2, two to serogroup O78, one to serogroup O9, and one to serogroup O21. The virulence genes found were: fim in all eight isolates, csgA in seven, aer in six, and pap, crl and tsh in one isolate each. All isolates analyzed were positive for mannose-resistant hemagglutination, adhered in vitro to ciliated tracheal epithelium, grew on iron-deficient medium, and showed serum resistance. Pathogenicity tests on day-old chickens revealed one highly pathogenic isolate, three of low pathogenicity and four isolates with intermediate pathogenicity.     

Differentiation of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from poultry

Twenty-one isolates of Escherichia coli recovered from chickens and turkeys were evaluated for pathogenicity in 1-week-old chicks. Fifteen produced coli-septicemia (pathogenic) and six were innocuous (nonpathogenic). Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic E. coli were tested for their ability to selectively absorb Congo red (CR) dye incorporated into agar medium. Eight of 15 pathogenic E. coli (somatic antigen types O1, O78, O11, O88, and OX9) absorbed the dye and produced red colonies (CR+) between 48 to 72 hours of incubation. All serotypes of E. coli with homologous somatic antigen O78 were CR+, while those of O2 antigen were CR- (white colonies). Five of six nonpathogenic E. coli also were CR+. In contrast to pathogenic E. coli, however, nonpathogenic isolates absorbed CR early, between 18 to 24 hours of incubation. Although CR dye binding did not correlate well with pathogenicity, it may be an identifiable property of some serotypes of E. coli.     

单核细胞增生性李斯特菌分离株的生物学特性研究

对从广州禽产品分离的6株LM进行了药敏试验、pH值的适应范围、动物致病性等生物学特性研究。6株LM分离株对先锋必、氯霉素、卡那霉素、头孢唑啉、庆大霉素等多种药物敏感;而对多黏菌素B、复方新诺明、新生霉素有耐药性。LM分离株在pH值4.0～10.5范围内可存活。以109 CFU剂量感染SPF小鼠、清洁级新西兰兔和健康粤黄鸡,小鼠的致死率达100%,可引起兔结膜炎等症状,但未引起试验鸡的任何不适。6株LM分离株的Hly基因与标准参考株基因相似性达到96.1%以上,说明该基因在LM中较为保守。     

Virulence factors and markers in Escherichia coli from calves with bacteremia

Relative pathogenicity of 151 Escherichia coli isolates from 36 calves with bacteremia after necropsy was studied by measurement of the LD50 after mice were inoculated IP with E coli isolates. Study of virulence factors and markers revealed that the pathogenicity of E coli was associated with the production of hydroxamate siderophores and with resistance to serum bactericidal effects. Production of colicins, including colicin V, and of surface antigen 31A was correlated with virulence. The close association between phenotypic expression of virulence factors and markers was consistent with a hypothesis of a localization of genes coding for virulence factors and markers on the same plasmid.     

Virulence genes and P fimbriae PapA subunit diversity in canine and feline uropathogenic Escherichia coli.

In this study, a total of 118 Escherichia coli strains isolated from dogs (93) and cats (25) with urinary tract infection (UTI) were tested in a multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the presence of adhesin-encoding genes (pap, sfa, and afa), hemolysin encoding genes (hly), cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (cnf1) and aerobactin (aer) genes. Virulence gene frequencies detected in those isolates which had been randomly collected (68 canine strains) were: 43% pap, 57% sfa, 1% afa, 44% hly, 41% cnf1 and 34% aer. These frequencies were much higher in the remaining 50 hemolytic strains of either cat or dog origin. Virulence factor associations in the 80 hemolytic strains studied revealed that 50/80 simultaneously had two adhesin genes (pap and sfa) and two cytotoxin genes (hly and cnf1), and 15/80 in addition had the aer gene. The major structural subunit and antigenic determinant of P fimbriae of uropathogenic E. coli is PapA. Polymorphism in this subunit was studied by an F antigen-specific papA allele polymerase chain reaction in 51 canine and 22 feline pap positive E. coli strains. The most prevalent canine papA alleles were F10 (39%), F15 (37%) and F12 (35%). In feline strains F15 (50%) was more frequent, other allele frequencies were F12 (45%), F14 and F10 (27%) and F16 (23%). Only nine canine and two feline strains were negative for one of the 11 serologically defined F types of P fimbriae. Three copies of the pap operon were found in 16/51 canine and 9/22 feline UTI E. coli pap positive strains. In this study, we show that a particular combination of virulence genes appears with high frequency in dog and cat urinary tract E. coli strains (pap, sfa, hly, and cnf1). In spite of the more frequent presence of F10, F12 and F15 papA alleles in this virulence gene combination, the occurrence of different papA alleles in strains where up to three copies of the pap operon are present accounts for the observed P fimbriae diversity.     

Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeic calves in Argentina

Faecal samples from 76 diarrhoeic calves belonging to 36 farms located in the Pampas plain, Argentina, were examined for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). A total of 15 STEC strains were isolated from 12 (15.8%) calves which came from six different farms. All stx positive strains assayed by PCR were also positives in the Vero cell cytotoxicity test. The majority (60.0%) of the STEC strains carried the stx(1) gene. Twelve (80.0%) of the STEC isolates which belonged to serotypes O5:H- (n = 4), O26:H11 (n = 4), O26:H- (n = 1), O111:H- (n = 2), and O123:H38 (n = 1) were also enterohaemolysin (EHly) positive and carried the gene encoding for intimin (eae). All the stx positive strains were negative for the bfpA gene. Localized adherence to HEp-2 cells were observed in 83.3% of the eae+ STEC strains. STEC belonging to serotype O5:H- showed atypical biochemical properties, including urease production. Urease was also produced by two strains belonging to serotypes O153:H? and non-typeable, respectively. Resistance to three or more antibiotics was observed in 12 (80.0%) of the STEC isolates. Most of the serotypes of STEC recovered in this survey carried virulence traits that are associated with increased human and bovine pathogenicity. The present study shows that highly virulent STEC strains are being shed by diarrhoeic calves from farms located in a high incidence area of human STEC infections.     

Diversity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in sheep flocks of Paraná State,southern Brazil

Sheep constitute an important source of zoonotic pathogens as Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). In this study, the prevalence, serotypes and virulence profiles of STEC were investigated among 130 healthy sheep from small and medium farms in southern Brazil. STEC was isolated from 65 (50%) of the tested animals and detected in all flocks. A total of 70 STEC isolates were characterized, and belonged to 23 different O:H serotypes, many of which associated with human disease, including hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Among the serotypes identified, O76:H19 and O65:H– were the most common, and O75:H14 and O169:H7 have not been previously reported in STEC strains. Most of the STEC isolates harbored only stx1, whereas the Stx2b subtype was the most common among those carrying stx2. Enterohemolysin (ehxA) and intimin (eae) genes were detected in 61 (87.1%) and four (5.7%) isolates, respectively. Genes encoding putative adhesins (saa, iha, lpf_O113) and toxins (subAB and cdtV) were also observed. The majority of the isolates displayed virulence features related to pathogenesis of STEC, such as adherence to epithelial cells, high cytotoxicity and enterohemolytic activity. Ovine STEC isolates belonged mostly to phylogenetic group B1. PFGE revealed particular clones distributed in some farms, as well as variations in the degree of genetic similarity within serotypes examined. In conclusion, STEC are widely distributed in southern Brazilian sheep, and belonged mainly to serotypes that are not commonly reported in other regions, such as O76:H19 and O65:H–. A geographical variation in the distribution of STEC serotypes seems to occur in sheep.     

Identification and Analysis of Serotype and Genotype of 89 Clinical Isolates of Haemophilus parasuis

In this study, we aimed to determine the tissue distribution of clinical isolates of Haemophilus parasuis (HPS) to explore the epidemic distribution and correlation of its serotypes and genotypes, and to provide scientific basis for the effective prevention and control of Glässer's disease. According to the 89 strains of HPS isolated from the clinic, the serotypes of HPS were identified by PCR, and the number of HPS strains in different parts of the isolates was counted. Sequence type (ST) identification analysis, site polymorphism analysis, BURST cluster analysis and UPGMA phylogenetic tree cluster analysis were performed by using the multilocus sequence typing method. Nine serotypes (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, and 14) and undetermined serotypes (NT) were identified from 89 HPS clinical isolates. Serotypes 4,13,7 and 5 were the predominant serotypes, accounting for 28.09%, 22.47%, 13.48% and 10.11%, respectively, and sixty-four strains of HPS were isolated from the lung tissues. ST267, ST268, ST387 and ST365 were dominant genotypes, accounting for 26.97%, 21.35%, 8.99% and 5.62%, respectively, there were 3-13 alleles at each locus, and the polymorphisms ranged from 3(g3pd) to 71(6pgd). The BURST analysis showed that the 89 HPS were divided into 2 single ST types and 11 clonal groups (CC). The phylogenetic tree of UPGMA had 4 branches, the dominant ST type was found in 2, 3 and 4 branches, which was corresponded to the HPS isolates with virulent serotype. The epidemic serotypes and genotypes of HPS are diversified and have obvious genetic heterogeneity. At the same time, ST types and serotypes have some crossover and are related to HPS clinical pathogenicity.     

89株副猪嗜血杆菌临床分离株血清型、基因型鉴定与分析

旨在明确副猪嗜血杆菌（HPS）临床分离株分离部位的组织分布,进而探讨其血清型和基因型的流行分布特点及相关性,为猪格氏病（Glässer's disease）的有效防控提供科学依据。针对临床分离鉴定的89株HPS,利用PCR技术鉴定血清型,统计各血清型HPS在不同分离部位的菌株分布数量;应用多位点序列分型（MLST）方法进行序列类型（ST）鉴定分析、位点多态性分析、BURST分群统计和UPGMA系统发育树聚类分析。89株HPS临床分离株共鉴定出9种血清型（1、2、4、5、7、11、12、13、14）以及未定型（NT）,血清4、13、7和5型为优势血清型,分别占比28.09%、22.47%、13.48%和10.11%,有64株HPS分离于肺,占比71.91%;24种ST型,ST267、ST268、ST387和ST365为优势基因型,分别占比26.97%、21.35%、8.99%和5.62%,每个基因位点存在3~13个等位基因,多态性位点从3（g3pd）到71（6pgd）不等,BURST分析中划分为2个单个ST型和11个克隆群（CC）,UPGMA系统发育树被分为4个分支,优势ST型处于2、3、4三个分支中,均对应具有毒力血清型的HPS分离株。HPS临床分离株流行血清型和基因型呈现多元化,具有明显的遗传异质性,同时,ST型与血清型存在一定的交叉性,且与HPS临床致病力相关。