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1.
ABSTRACTExcessive application of animal manure to farmland leads to phosphorus (P) loss into the surrounding water. Manure is incinerated to convert it to P-rich ash as a slow-release P fertilizer. However, the potential P loss and P availability for plants from cattle manure ash (CMA) have not been fully understood. The aims of this study were to determine the P release mechanism from CMA and to propose appropriate application rates that mitigate P loss and increase available P to soil in Fukushima, where the soil is deficient in nutrients after the replacement of cesium-137-contaminated soil with sandy mountain soil. Different P fractions in CMA were sequentially extracted with H2O, 0.5 M NaHCO3, 0.1 M NaOH, and 1 M HCl. Phosphorus contents in different fractions of CMA were in the order of HCl–P > NaHCO3–P > H2O–P > NaOH–P. Water-soluble P release of CMA was also determined by kinetic experiments for 120 h. Results showed that total water-soluble P accounted for a maximum of 2.9% of total P in CMA over 120 h due to recalcitrant P compounds formed through incineration. The Fukushima sandy soil amended with CMA at three application rates, 94, 157, and 314 mg P kg?1 (corresponding to 300, 500, 1000 kg P2O5 ha?1) was incubated for 56 days. Cattle manure compost and KH2PO4 were applied at 157 mg P kg?1 for comparison. Phosphorus release in water and CaCl2 solution from ash-amended soil was significantly lower than those from compost and KH2PO4-amended soil at the same P application rate of 157 mg P kg?1 (p < 0.05). Available P in ash-amended soil, determined by Fe-oxide impregnated strips, was not significantly different from those in compost-amended soil after day 7 and KH2PO4-amended soil on day 56 at the same P application rate. Thus, CMA reduces P losses from soil to the surrounding water while it increases P availability for plants. In comparison of different rates of CMA, P release in water or CaCl2 was significantly greater at 314 mg P kg?1 than at 94 or 157 mg P kg?1, while the percentage of available P to total P was the lowest at the highest application rate (p < 0.05), suggesting that the best application rates were 94 and 157 mg P kg?1 in this experiment. 相似文献
2.
Aimé J. Messiga Yuxin Ba Noura Ziadi Gilles Bélanger Jean Lafond 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(10):1445-1458
We analyzed in soils with contrasting cultivation histories the depletion of P following sequential extractions with soil testing solutions. Soil samples were collected in three experiments in eastern Canada (L’Acadie, Lévis, and Normandin) and P was sequentially extracted 16 times, once daily, using Mehlich-3 (M3) or Olsen (Ol) solution. The cumulative amount of P extracted was 252 mg PM3 kg?1 and 77 mg kg?1 POl for L’Acadie, 212 mg PM3 kg?1 and 66 mg POl kg?1 for Lévis, and 424 mg PM3 kg?1 and 83 mg POl kg?1 for Normandin. The depletion of P was described by a logarithmic function (Y = a ln (N) + b) for PM3, and a power function (Y = αNβ) for POl. The inorganic P pool decreased in the three soils. The organic P pool did not decrease possibly because soil testing solutions did not directly extract P from this pool. This study demonstrated that laboratory soil testing analysis using M3 or Ol solution principally target P from the inorganic pool, suggesting that P fertilizer recommendations to mineral soils relying on these methods do not account for the potential of the organic P pool to contribute to soil P availability. 相似文献
3.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-16):2484-2499
Desilication and leaching are processes that accompany plinthilization, leading to nutrient depletion. Soils from 12 profiles in a plinthitic landscape were analyzed for extractable micronutrients [iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu)]. Soils of the landscape from crestal to lower‐slope position contain plinthite in the profile, whereas those of the valley floor are devoid of plinthite. The micronutrients were extracted using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). The results showed that 0.1 M HCl extracted more of the micronutrients than DTPA. The DTPA‐extractable Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu in all the soils ranged from 1.15 to 12.44 (mean, 3.69); 0.71 to 2.75 (mean, 1.86); trace 12.44 (mean, 3.35), and trace 3.76 (mean, 0.63) mg kg?1, respectively. The DTPA‐extractable micronutrient contents were generally greater than the critical available level (4.5 mg kg?1 for Fe, 0.8 mg kg?1 for Zn, 1.0 mg kg?1 for Mn, and 0.2 mg kg?1 for Cu). The 0.1 M HCl‐extractable micronutrients in the landscape ranged from 8.00 to 30.40 (mean, 15.19); 0.30 to 6.49 (mean, 1.35); 1.00 to 27.20 (mean, 7.74); and 0.26 to 15.0 (mean, 2.77) mg kg?1 for Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively. Both DTPA‐ and 0.1 M HCl‐extractable micronutrients were generally lower in the plinthitic horizons than in the nonplinthitic horizons and higher in the Ap than the subsoil horizons. Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between DTPA‐Fe and DTPA‐Mn, Cu, and organic carbon (r = 0.913**, 0.411**, and 0.385**). There was a significant and positive relationship between 0.1 M HCl‐extractable Mn and organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and available phosphorus (P) (r = 0.413**, 0.337**, and 0.350**, respectively). 相似文献
4.
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a cyclic heptapeptide toxin produced by cyanobacteria in eutrophic water. It can be transferred into soil–crop systems via irrigation and cyanobacterial paste fertilization. No studies have examined the potential toxicity of MC-LR to soil animals. Therefore, in the present study, the toxicological effects of MC-LR on earthworm (Eisenia fetida), including survival, growth, reproduction, oxidative stress, and cell viability, were investigated. The LC50 of MC-LR was 0.149 μg cm?2 at 72 h based on a filter paper test and 0.460 mg kg?1 at 14 days based on an acute soil test. MC-LR seriously affected the reproduction of earthworms. Based on hatchability, the EC50 of MC-LR was 0.268 mg kg?1, similar to environmentally relevant concentrations of microcystins. The changes in activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, together with the levels of glutathione and malondialdehyde, indicated that oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation played significant roles in MC-LR toxicity. In addition, the toxicity of MC-LR in earthworms increased despite degradation of MC-LR in soil over time, possibly due to the formation of toxic metabolites of MC-LR or the bioaccumulation of MC-LR in earthworms. A reduction in the neutral red retention time along with an increase in coelomocyte apoptosis with increasing MC-LR concentrations indicated a severe damage to viability. These results suggest that environmentally relevant MC-LR concentrations in agricultural soil may cause reproductive, biochemical, and cellular toxicity to Eisenia fetida. This information can be used in ecological risk assessments on MC-LR in soil. 相似文献
5.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(11):2007-2018
Abstract The objective of this study was to compare iron (Fe) concentrations (mg kg?1) of the leaves measured by different methods and to determine the most suitable method to be used in evaluation of iron chlorosis in apple trees. For this purpose, green and chlorotic leaves were collected from 76 apple orchards in 1998 and 1999. Iron concentrations (mg kg?1) of dried leaf samples were measured with 4 different methods, 1 N HCl (Method 1), 0.1 N HCl (Method 2), 0.005 M DTPA (Method 3), and 1.5% o-phenanthroline (Method 4). Total Fe concentrations (mg kg?1) of dried leaf samples were also analyzed. Total chlorophyll and peroxidase enzyme activity in fresh leaf samples were measured. The total chlorophyll, peroxidase enzyme activity, Fe concentrations (mg kg?1) determined by Method 1, Method 3, Method 4, and total Fe concentrations (mg kg?1) of green leaves were higher than those of chlorotic leaves. On the other hand, no significant difference was found between Fe concentrations (mg kg?1) of green and chlorotic leaves, measured with Method 2. Significant relationship observed amongst chlorophyll concentrations, peroxidase enzyme activity, and Fe concentrations (mg kg?1) of samples suggests that 1 N HCl method was the most suitable method amongst the methods used in this study for apple trees. 相似文献
6.
Ihuoma N. Anyanwu Ojerime I. Clifford Kirk T. Semple 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2017,228(3):105
It is now acknowledged that aromatic hydrocarbons present in contaminated soils occur in mixtures. The effect of single, binary and quinary mixtures of phenanthrene and selected nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs) were investigated on the survival, growth and behavioural index of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) over a 21-day incubation in soil. The results showed that the LC50 values ranged from (not detected) ND–329.3 mg kg?1 (single mixture), ND–219.8 mg kg?1 (binary mixtures) to 148.4 mg kg?1 (quinary mixture), while the EC50 values (based on weight loss) ranged from 13.3–148.4 mg kg?1 (single mixture), 63.8–148.4 mg kg?1 (binary mixture) to 24.2 mg kg?1 (quinary mixture). Greater impacts were recorded where N-PAHs are present with phenanthrene. Further, behavioural index of E. fetida was affected after 24-h exposure to N-PAH-amended soils. Among the N-PAHs however, benzo[h]quinoline recorded the greatest impact on the survival, growth and behavioural index of E. fetida in soil. Findings from this study showed that three ring-N-PAHs are more toxic than phenanthrene as expected from their physico-chemical properties. The binary and quinary mixtures of phenanthrene and N-PAHs in soil intensified toxicity, suggesting that PAHs-N-PAHs mixtures represent greater risk to soil biota. 相似文献
7.
Microbial Biomass in Relation to Soil Properties under Integrated Farming Systems of Meghalaya,India
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3):332-345
The effects of different integrated farming systems on microbial biomass was studied 20 years after their adoption at Meghalaya, India. The soil fertility was relatively greater in agricultural and agri‐horti‐silvi‐pastoral systems as a result of accumulation of leaf litter/crop residues and addition of inorganic and organic manures. Microbial biomass carbon was greatest in agricultural (378 mg kg?1) followed by the agri‐horti‐silvi‐pastoral systems (291 mg kg?1). The most microbial biomass nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) (32.4 and 17.07 mg kg?1, respectively) were recorded in agricultural followed by agri‐horti‐silvi‐pastoral systems. Microbial biomass carbon (C) had a significant relationship with organic C, microbial biomass N, and biomass P, indicating that the living part of soil organic matter is involved in the transformation of nutrients into the labile pool and governs their availability to the plants. Application of inorganic fertilizers and organics along with lime has contributed more microbial biomass that led to more biological activity attributed in nutrient transformations and also maintained the soil fertility. 相似文献
8.
Laura Cutillas-Barreiro David Fernández-Calviño Avelino Núñez-Delgado María J. Fernández-Sanjurjo Esperanza Álvarez-Rodríguez Juan Carlos Nóvoa-Muñoz Manuel Arias-Estévez 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2017,228(7):260
The establishment of a complementary grass cover on vineyard soils can promote sustainability of the affected environment. In this work, we used an acid vineyard soil with total Cu concentration 188 mg kg?1 to study the influence of pine bark amendment on Lolium perenne growth and Cu uptake. The results indicate that the pine bark amendment did not cause a significant increase in the mass of the shoots of Lolium perenne, but favored the root biomass: 0.034 g for control and 0.061 g for soil samples amended with 48 g kg?1 of pine bark. Moreover, the pine bark amendment decreased Cu concentration in both, shoots (50 mg kg?1 for control soil and 29 mg kg?1 for soil amended with 48 g kg?1 pine bark) and roots (250 mg kg?1 for control soil and 64 mg kg?1 for soil amended with 48 g kg?1 pine bark). The main factor responsible for these results was a significant decrease of the most mobile fractions of Cu in the soil. Those fractions were extracted using ammonium acetate, ammonium chloride, sodium salt of ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA-Na), and diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA). 相似文献
9.
《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):720-728
Abstract Soil washing is one of the methods used to remediate soil contaminated with heavy metals, and when the contaminated elements have been effectively removed the washed soil can be used for agriculture. Soil washing was conducted using 0.5 mol L?1 CaCl2 solution at pH 4 as an extracting agent to remediate a paddy field soil contaminated with Cd. Dolomite powder was applied to neutralize the soil to the original pH 6.2. After CaCl2 washing, the content of Cd extractable in 0.1 mol L?1 HCl decreased from 2.4 to 0.8 mg kg?1. Subsequently, a pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of soil washing on Cd concentration in polished rice (Cdpr) for three successive years. Using the washed soil, Cdpr was ≤ 0.2 mg kg?1 with and without a treatment that simulates midseason drainage, whereas it was > 0.5 mg kg?1 in the unwashed soil with the midseason drainage treatment. The reasons for low Cdpr growth in the washed soil were the low content of exchangeable Cd in the soil and the resultant high soil pH (> 7). To evaluate the effect of soil pH on Cdpr in the fourth year, we adjusted soil pH to 5 with H2SO4 before transplanting rice seedlings. The Cdpr in the washed soil with the midseason drainage treatment increased to 0.47 mg kg?1, whereas it was less than 0.2 mg kg?1 under continuous flooding. Thus, high pH or whole season flooding are important to keep Cdpr at ≤ 0.2 mg kg?1 even after soil washing. With the application of dolomite and other ordinary fertilizers, soil properties were little affected by the present soil washing procedure because the difference in rice yield between the washed and unwashed plots was not significant within each year. 相似文献
10.
Extractable Concentrations of Cobalt from Serpentine Soils with Several Single‐Extraction Procedures
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(13-14):2200-2224
In this study, we selected three soil pedons on the shoulder, backslope, and footslope along a serpentine toposequence to measure cobalt (Co) extractability using six single‐extraction procedures. These extraction procedures are distilled water, 0.11 M acetic acid in the first step of the BCR sequential extraction (BCR1), 1 M ammonium acetate (NH4OAc; pH 7.0), 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl2), diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). Although the Co concentrations in the water extracts of the study soils ranged from 0.15 to 0.93 mg kg?1, those with HCl extraction can be up to 22.1 mg kg?1. The extractable Co concentrations in the study soils demonstrate that the extraction capacity is in the order HCl > DTPA > CaCl2 ? NH4OAc > BCR1 > H2O. The percentages of extractable Co after applying the six single‐extraction procedures reveal that Co mobility is greatest in the soils on the backslope, moderate on the footslope, and least mobile on the shoulder. 相似文献
11.
Forms and Uptake of Manganese in Relation to Soil Taxonomic Orders in Alluvial Soils of Punjab,India
B. D. Sharma O. P. Choudhary J. K. Chanay P. K. Singh 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2016,47(3):313-327
Different forms of manganese (Mn) were investigated, including total, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) extractable, soil solution plus exchangeable (Mn), Mn adsorbed onto inorganic sites, Mn bound by organic sites, and Mn adsorbed onto oxide surfaces, from four soil taxonomic orders in northwestern India. The total Mn content was 200–950 mg kg?1, DTPA-extractable Mn content was 0.60–5.80 mg kg?1, soil solution plus exchangeable Mn content was 0.02–0.80 mg kg?1, Mn adsorbed onto inorganic sites was 2.46–90 mg kg?1, and Mc adsorbed onto oxide surfaces was 6.0–225.0 mg kg?1. Irrespective of the different fractions of Mn their content was generally greater in the fine-textured Alfisols and Inceptisols than in coarse-textured Entisols and Aridisols. The proportion of the Mn fractions extracted from the soil was in the order as follows: Adsorbed onto oxide surfaces > adsorbed onto inorganic site > organically bound > DTPA > soil solution + exchangeable. Based on coefficient of correlation, the soil solution plus exchangeable Mn, held onto organic site and oxide surface (amorphous) and DTPA-extractable Mn, increased with increase in organic carbon of the soil. The two forms, adsorbed onto inorganic site (crystalline) and DTPA extractable, along with organic carbon, increased with increase in clay content of the soil. DTPA-Mn and Mn adsorbed onto oxide surfaces and held on organic site decreased with increased with an increase in calcium carbonate and pH. Total Mn was strongly correlated with organic carbon and clay content of soil. Among the forms, Mn held on the organic site, water soluble + exchangeable and adsorbed onto oxide surface were positively correlated with DTPA-extractable Mn. DTPA-extractable Mn seems to be a good index of Mn availability in soils and this form is helpful for correction of Mn deficiency in the soils of the region. The uptake of Mn was greater in fine-textured Inceptisols and Alfisols than in coarse-textured Entisols and Aridisols. Among the different forms only DTPA-extractable Mn was positively correlated with total uptake of Mn. Among soil properties Mn uptake was only significantly affected by pH of the soil. 相似文献
12.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9):1123-1136
Rice, dry bean, corn, and soybean are important food crops. Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the most yield-limiting factors for these crops grown on highly weathered Brazilian Oxisols. Four greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine P requirements of these four crops. The P levels used were 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg kg?1. Growth, yield, and yield components evaluated of four crop species were significantly increased with the application of P fertilization. Most of the responses were quadratic in fashion when the P was applied in the range of 0 to 400 mg kg?1. Maximum grain yield of upland rice was obtained with the application of 238 mg P kg?1 of soil, maximum dry bean grain yield was obtained with the application of 227 mg P kg?1 of soil, and maximum grain yield of soybean was obtained with the application of 224 mg P kg?1 of soil. Maximum shoot growth of corn was obtained with the addition of 323 mg P kg?1 of soil. Most of the growth and yield components had significant positive association with grain yield or shoot dry weight. Phosphorus concentration and uptake were greater in the grain compared to straw in upland rice and dry bean plants. Overall, P-use efficiencies decreased with increasing P rates. 相似文献
13.
Harrison Ifeanyichukwu Atagana 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,215(1-4):261-271
The capability of Chromolaena odorata (L) to grow in the presence of different concentrations of three heavy metals in crude oil-contaminated soil and its capability to remediate the contaminated soil was investigated using pot experiments. C. odorata plants were transplanted into contaminated soil containing 50,000 mg kg?1 crude oil and between 100 and 2,000 mg kg?1 of cadmium, nickel, and zinc and watered weekly with water containing 5% NPK fertilizer for 180 days. C. odorata did not show any growth inhibition in 50,000 mg kg?1 crude oil. Plants in experiments containing 2,000 mg kg?1 Cd showed little adverse effect compared to those in Zn-treated soil. Plants in 1,000 and 2,000 mg kg?1 Ni experiments showed more adverse effects. After 180 days, reduction in heavy metals were: 100 mg kg?1 experiments, Zn (35%), Cd (33%), and Ni (23%); 500 mg kg?1, Zn (37%), Cd (41%), and Ni (25%); 1,000 mg kg?1, Zn (65%), Cd (55%), and Ni (44%); and 2,000 mg kg?1, Zn (63%), Cd (62%), and Ni (47%). The results showed that the plants accumulated more of the Zn than Cd and Ni. Accumulation of Zn and Cd was highest in the 2,000 mg kg?1 experiments and Ni in the 500 mg kg?1 experiments. Crude oil was reduced by 82% in the experiments that did not contain heavy metals and by up to 80% in the heavy metal-treated soil. The control experiments showed a reduction of up to 47% in crude oil concentration, which was attributed to microbial action and natural attenuation. These results show that C. odorata (L) has the capability of thriving and phytoaccumulating heavy metals in contaminated soils while facilitating the removal of the contaminant crude oil. It also shows that the plant??s capability to mediate the removal of crude oil in contaminated soil is not significantly affected by the concentrations of metals in the soil. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(4):869-881
Abstract Greenhouse experiments were carried out to study the influence of gyttja, a sedimentary peat, on the shoot dry weight and shoot concentrations of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) in one bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Bezostaja) and one durum wheat (Triticum durum L., cv. Kiziltan) cultivar. Plants were grown in a Zn‐deficient (DTPA‐Zn: 0.09 mg kg?1 soil) and B‐toxic soil (CaCl2/mannitol‐extractable B: 10.5 mg kg?1 soil) with (+Zn = 5 mg Zn kg?1 soil) and without (?Zn = 0) Zn supply for 55 days. Gyttja containing 545 g kg?1 organic matter was applied to the soil at the rates of 0, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10% (w/w). When Zn and gyttja were not added, plants showed leaf symptoms of Zn deficiency and B toxicity, and had a reduced growth. With increased rates of gyttja application, shoot growth of both cultivars was significantly enhanced under Zn deficiency, but not at sufficient supply of Zn. The adverse effects of Zn deficiency and B toxicity on shoot dry matter production became very minimal at the highest rate of gyttja application. Increases in gyttja application significantly enhanced shoot concentrations of Zn in plants grown without addition of inorganic Zn. In Zn‐sufficient plants, the gyttja application up to 5% (w/w) did not affect Zn concentration in shoots, but at the highest rate of gyttja application there was a clear decrease in shoot Zn concentration. Irrespective of Zn supply, the gyttja application strongly decreased shoot concentration of B in plants, particularly in durum wheat. For example, in Zn‐deficient Kiziltan shoot concentration of B was reduced from 385 mg kg?1 to 214 mg kg?1 with an increased gyttja application. The results obtained indicate that gyttja is a useful organic material improving Zn nutrition of plants in Zn‐deficient soils and alleviating adverse effects of B toxicity on plant growth. The beneficial effects of gyttja on plant growth in the Zn‐deficient and B‐toxic soil were discussed in terms of increases in plant available concentration of Zn in soil and reduction of B uptake due to formation of tightly bound complexes of B with gyttja. 相似文献
15.
H.P. Collins L. Porter R.A. Boydston A. Alva B. Chaves Cordoba 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2016,47(10):1227-1238
This study evaluated the petiole uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur (N, P, K, and S) by the potato from two seed meals, mint compost, and five commercially available organic fertilizers under an irrigated certified organic production system. Available soil nitrate (NO3-N) and ammonium (NH4-N) from each amendment averaged 115 kg N ha?1 at application and 25 kg N ha?1 30 d after planting through harvest, with minor differences between fertilizers. Petiole N declined from an average of 25,000 mg N kg?1, 4 wk after emergence to 3,000 mg N kg?1 prior to harvest. Petiole P and K concentrations were maintained above 4,000 mg P kg?1, 10,000 mg K kg?1, and 2,000 mg S kg?1 tissue, respectively, throughout the growing season in all treatments. Tuber yields were not different between fertilized treatments averaging 53 Mg ha?1. This study provides organic potato growers baseline information on the performance of a diverse array of organic fertilizers and amendments. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(13-14):1963-1978
Abstract: The fraction distributions of heavy metals have attracted more attention because of the relationship between the toxicity and their speciation. Heavy‐metal fraction distributions in soil contaminated with mine tailings (soil A) and in soil irrigated with mine wastewater (soil B), before and after treatment with disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), were analyzed with Tessier's sequential extraction procedures. The total contents of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) exceeded the maximum permissible levels by 5.1, 33.3, 3.1, and 8.0 times in soil A and by 2.6, 12.0, 0.2, and 1.9 times in soil B, respectively. The results showed that both soils had high levels of heavy‐metal pollution. Although the fractions were found in different distribution before extraction, the residual fraction was found to be the predominant fraction of the four heavy metals. There was a small amount of exchangeable fraction of heavy metals in both contaminated soils. Furthermore, in this study, the extraction efficiencies of Pb, Cd, and Cu were higher than those of Zn. After extraction, the concentrations of exchangeable Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn increased 84.7 mg·kg?1, 0.3 mg·kg?1, 4.1 mg·kg?1, and 39.9 mg·kg?1 in soil A and 48.7 mg·kg?1, 0.6 mg·kg?1, 2.7 mg·kg?1, and 44.1 mg·kg?1 in soil B, respectively. The concentrations of carbonate, iron and manganese oxides, organic matter, and residue of heavy metals decreased. This implies that EDTA increased metal mobility and bioavailability and may lead to groundwater contamination. 相似文献
17.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7-8):885-893
Abstract Soil chemical and physical reactions involving phosphorus (P) must be understood to predict the risk of P being transported from agricultural land to streams and lakes. The kinetics of P sorption by an Ultisols from West Virginia, USA, receiving P from fertilizers were compared to soils amended with turkey litter. Addition of 6.6 and 13.2 Mg turkey litter ha?1 increased Bray 1P levels to about the same level as adding 53 and 115 kg P ha?1, respectively. Phosphorus binding capacity decreased to a greater extent when P was added as fertilizer as compared to turkey litter. For example, P binding maximum was 360 mg P kg?1 dry soil when soil was amended with 6.6 Mg turkey litter ha?1 as compared to 260 mg P kg?1 dry soil when amended with 53 kg P ha?1. This study demonstrates that the decrease in P‐binding capacity with increasing soil P is less when P is added as turkey litter. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3-4):449-460
Abstract Fixation and recovery of added phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were studied in different soil types of pulse‐growing regions. Amounts of P and K fixed increased in all the soils irrespective of type and texture. With the increase in levels of added P and K, maximum P fixation was observed at lower levels of added P (50 mg kg?1). Alfisols showed maximum P‐fixation capacity (92.7%), followed by Vertisols (86.5%) and Inceptisols (76.6%) at 50 mg kg?1 added P. However, K fixation increased with increasing levels of added K up to 200 mg kg?1, and thereafter fixation either decreased or was maintained at similar levels. Vertisols showed higher K fixation than Inceptisols and Alfisols. Fertilizer P requirement per unit increase in available P in soil was highest in Bangalore (3.23) and lowest in Delhi (2.38). Fertilizer K requirement per unit increase in available K in soil was highest in Raipur and Gulbarga (1.75) and lowest in Ranchi (1.28). 相似文献
19.
Abstract Greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plant growth, and nutrient uptake in saline soils with different salt and phosphorus (P) levels. The following treatments were included in this experiment: (i) Soil A, with salt level of 16.6 dS m?1 and P level of 8.4 mg kg?1; (ii) Soil B, with salt level of 6.2 dS m?1 and P level of 17.5 mg kg?1; and (iii) Soil C, with salt level of 2.4 dS m?1 and P level of 6.5 mg kg?1. Soils received no (control) or 25 mg P kg?1 soil as triple super phosphate and were either not inoculated (control) or inoculated with a mixture of AM (AM1) and/or with Glomus intraradices (AM2). All pots were amended with 125 mg N kg?1 soil as ammonium sulfate. Barley (Hordeum vulgar L., cv. “ACSAD 6”) was grown for five weeks. Plants grown on highly saline soils were severely affected where the dry weight was significantly lower than plants growing on moderately and low saline soils. The tiller number and the plant height were also lower under highly saline condition. The reduced plant growth under highly saline soils is mainly attributed to the negative effect of the high osmotic potential of the soil solution of the highly saline soils which tend to reduce the nutrient and water uptake as well as reduce the plant root growth. Both the application of P fertilizers and the soil inoculation with either inoculum mixture or G. intraradices increased the dry weight and the height of the plants but not the tiller number. The positive effect of P application on plant growth was similar to the effect of AM inoculation. Phosphorus concentration in the plants was higher in the mycorrhizal plant compared to the non mycorrhizal ones when P was not added. On the other hand, the addition of P increased the P concentration in the plants of the non mycorrhizal plants to as high as that of the mycorrhizal plants. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) uptake increased with AM inoculation. The addition of P had a positive effect on micronutrient uptake in soil with low level of soil P, but had a negative effect in soil with high level of soil P. Micronutrient uptake decreases with increasing soil salinity level. Inoculation with AMF decreases sodium (Na) concentration in plants grown in soil of the highest salinity level but had no effect when plants were grown in soil with moderate or low salinity level. The potassium (K) concentration was not affected by any treatment while the K/Na ratio was increased by AM inoculation only when plant were grown in soil of the highest salinity level. 相似文献
20.
Anjorin Godwin Ajiboye Morolake Omolola Aduloju 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(10):1393-1408
Available iron, zinc, copper and manganese were determined in six pedons located in upper slope, middle slope and valley bottom soils derived from Abeokuta geological materials in Nigeria. The soils had an average of 639.8 g kg?1 sand, 241.8 g kg?1 clay and 118.4 g kg?1 silt. The fertility status of the soils was low–medium with a strongly acid–neutral reaction, 1.3–15.1 g kg?1 organic carbon contents, moderate–high exchangeable bases and 1.38 mg kg?1 available phosphorus. Both Fe (122.50 mg kg?1) and Mn (111.40 mg kg?1) occurred at toxic levels, whereas the mean Cu (1.27 mg kg?1) and Zn (2.56 mg kg?1) contents were found to be adequate for most crops grown in the region. There were significant positive correlations among the micronutrients and also between soil pH, organic carbon, particle size fractions and micronutrients. The high levels of Fe and Mn were probably due to the presence of oolitic ironstone in the parent material. 相似文献