The effects of silicon fertilizer on denitrification potential and associated genes abundance in paddy soil

This study evaluated the effect of silicate fertilizer on denitrification and associated gene abundance in a paddy soil. A consecutive trial from 2013 to 2015 was conducted including the following treatments: control (CK), mineral fertilizer (NPK), NPK plus sodium metasilicate (NPK + MSF), and NPK plus slag-based silicate fertilizer (NPK + SSF). Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to analyze the abundances of nirS, nirK, and nosZ genes. Potential N₂O emissions and ammonium and nitrate concentrations were related to the nirS and nirK gene abundance. Compared with the NPK treatments, the addition of a Si fertilizer decreased N₂O emission rates and denitrification potential by 32.4–66.6 and 22.0–59.2%, respectively, which were probably related to increased rice productivity, soil Fe availability, and soil N depletion. The abundances of nirS and nirK genes were decreased by 17.7–35.8% and 21.1–43.5% with addition of silicate fertilizers, respectively. Rates of total N₂O and N₂O from denitrification (DeN₂O) emission were positively correlated with the nirS and nirK gene abundance. Nitrate, exchangeable NH₄ ⁺, and Fe concentrations were the main factors regulating the nirS and nirK gene abundance. Silicate fertilization during rice growth may serve as an effective approach to decreasing N₂O emissions.     

长期施肥对氨氧化古菌丰度及群落结构的影响

【目的】氨氧化古菌对土壤氮素转化有着重要的作用。本研究以长期定位施肥黄泥田土壤为研究对象探讨了长期不同施肥模式对土壤氨氧化古菌数量和多样性的影响,为制定合理的施肥制度提供理论基础。【方法】试验在福建省农科院试验站上进行,以30年长期定位施肥的红壤性水稻土为研究对象采用荧光定量PCR和克隆文库技术,研究了长期不同施肥模式对氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)丰度及群落结构的影响。试验设4个处理:1)不施肥(CK);2)单施氮磷钾肥(NPK);3)氮磷钾肥配施牛粪(NPKM);4)氮磷钾肥配施秸秆(NPKS)。小区面积为12 m~2每个处理设3个重复。土样采集时间为2012年10月份(水稻收获后),测定土壤养分和氨氧化古菌的数量及多样性。【结果】1)与CK相比,NPKM和NPKS处理显著增加了土壤有机质含量,NPKM和NPKS处理之间无显著差异。2)与CK相比施肥均能提高土壤全氮含量;NPKM和NPKS处理能够显著提高土壤全磷含量,NPKM处理全磷含量最高;仅NPKS处理能显著增加全钾含量。3)与CK相比,长期施肥均能提高土壤有效氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)的含量,并且NPKM处理AN和AP含量最高,NPKS处理中AK含量最高。4)与CK相比,长期施肥均对土壤pH值无显著影响。5)与CK处理相比,NPKM和NPKS处理的amoA基因拷贝数显著增加增加幅度分别为168.4%和95.7%;单施化肥处理与CK无显著差异。土壤氨氧化古菌数量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,与土壤全磷、有效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关。6)长期不同施肥处理影响土壤氨氧化古菌的种群结构,单施化肥增加了土壤AOA的多样性,而化肥配施有机肥则降低了AOA的多样性。7)本试验中得到的土壤氨氧化古菌amoA基因序列均为不可培养的古菌,包括泉古菌(Crenarchaeote)和奇古菌(Thaumarchaeote)。本试验所得氨氧化古菌绝大多数与来自土壤、沉积物的amoA基因克隆非常相似,少数与水体环境相似。【结论】不同培肥模式下,土壤中氨氧化古菌均为不可培养的古菌,包括泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)和奇古菌(Thaumarchaeota),然而水稻土壤养分和氨氧化古菌丰度及群落结构变化显著。单施化肥的作用不明显,有机无机肥配施有利于土壤有机质和养分的积累以及氨氧化古菌的生长增加了氨氧化古菌优势菌群的比例。     

造林恢复植被后土壤的化学计量学特征对其碳组分的影响

Afforestation is recognized as an important driving force for soil organic C(SOC) dynamics and soil element cycling.To evaluate the relationships between soil C:N:P stoichiometry and SOC fractions,soil C:N:P stoichiometry distributions at 0–200 cm soil depths were analyzed and the contents of SOC fractions were evaluated in 9 typical land-use systems on the Loess Plateau of China.The contents of light fraction organic C,particulate organic C(53,53–2 000,and2 000 μm),labile organic C,microbial biomass C,and dissolved organic C decreased with increasing soil depth and were higher in afforested soil than in slope cropland soil.Compared with the slope cropland,different vegetation types influenced soil C:N,C:P,and N:P ratios,especially when C:P and N:P ratios were significantly higher(P0.05).Moreover,SOC fractions at the 0–10 and 10–40 cm depths were particularly affected by soil C:P ratio,whereas those at the 40–100 and 100–200 cm soil depths were significantly affected(P0.05) by soil N:P ratio.These results indicate that changes in SOC fractions are largely driven by soil C:P and N:P ratios at different soil depths after afforestation.     

Ammonia oxidizer abundance in paddy soil profile with different fertilizer regimes

Studies about ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) are often focused on topsoil, but little is known about their activity and distribution in subsoil. A long-term fertilizer experiment was conducted to assess the effects of different fertilizer treatments on AOB and AOA in vertical soil profiles of paddy soil plots that received no nitrogen fertilizer control (CK), NPK chemical fertilizers (CF), organic–inorganic mixed fertilizer (OIMF) and organic fertilizer (OF). Soil properties, potential nitrification rate (PNR) and amoA gene abundance of AOB and AOA were measured and analyzed by two-way ANOVA and correlation analysis. Quantitative PCR analysis of amoA genes showed that AOA were more abundant than AOB in all the soil samples. AOB declined sharply with soil depth. Compared with CK and OF treatments, CF and OIMF treatments had higher abundance of AOB throughout the soil profiles. However, AOA tend less responsive to soil depth and fertilizers compared to AOB. This caused the AOA/AOB ratios in subsoil higher than in topsoil, and in CK and OF higher than in CF and OIMF treatments. These results suggest that AOA are more abundant and can be better adapted to nutrient-poor subsoils than AOB, and autotrophic nitrification could likely be determined by a complex suite of environmental factors in vertical profiles of the paddy soil tested.     

不同施肥制度对稻田土壤微生物的影响研究

湖南省进行了18年土壤肥力与施肥效益监测的长期定位试验,就3个定位点不同施肥制度对稻田土壤微生物的影响进行了研究。结果表明,长期施肥土壤的有机质含量与细菌总数及放线菌总数之间无直接相关,土壤有机质含量的高低并不能作为评价土壤微生物多少的指标;真菌数量可反映土壤的肥力水平,土壤真菌数量可用来评价不同施肥制度的效果。施用30%有机肥和习惯施肥处理的氮素养分和硝化细菌数量较多,硝化细菌数量与有机质含量也无相关;长期施用大量有机肥(60%)的土壤反硝化细菌数量高于其它施肥处理,这可能与长期使用大量有机肥后土壤氧化还原电位降低有关。硫化细菌和反硫化细菌数量与土壤有机质含量无直接相关性,施肥可影响土壤硫素的供应。施用单质氮肥多的土壤,氨化细菌数量较多,而有机肥施用量高的土壤,氨化细菌数量较少。无肥区的土壤微生物活度最低,60%有机肥处理的土壤微生物活度最高。土壤有机质含量高,土壤微生物活度也高,两者呈正相关。保持农业土壤的健康要从多方面来进行联合调控,而不是单纯的采用某一农业技术来进行。     

Effect of reclamation on C,N, and P stoichiometry in soil and soil aggregates of a coastal wetland in eastern China

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The elements carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in soil are crucial to all biological processes. Reclamation in coastal wetlands would alter the balance...     

Effect of P fertilizer reduction regime on soil Olsen-P, root Fe-plaque P, and rice P uptake in rice-wheat rotation paddy fields

In agricultural systems, it is vital to use limited yet optimal phosphorus(P) resources, because excessive P fertilizer application leads to the accumulation of P in soil, increasing the risk of environmental pollution and causing the waste and exhaustion of P resources. In a rice-wheat rotation system, omitting P fertilizer application in the rice-growing season is a good alternative;however, how this P fertilization reduction influences changes in P in the soil-root-aboveground system is unclear. In this study, after a seven-year rice-wheat rotation at the Yixing(YX) and Changshu(CS) sampling sites, China, compared with P fertilization in rice-and wheat-growing seasons(PR+W), reduced P fertilization(no P fertilizer application in either season, P0;P fertilization only in wheat-growing seasons, PW;and P fertilization only in rice-growing seasons, PR) did not result in substantial variation in crop biomass. The PW treatment did not reduce crop total P, root iron(Fe)-plaque P, and soil Olsen-P at three stages of rice growth(seedling, booting, and harvesting stages) at the YX and CS sites. In contrast, concentrations of soil Olsen-P, aboveground crop total P, and root Fe-plaque P decreased in the P0 treatment by 45.8%–81.0%,24.6%–30.9%, and 45.6%–73.4%, respectively. In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between the root Fe-plaque P and crop biomass at the two sites. Significant positive correlations were also observed between root Fe-plaque P and root total P, crop total P, and soil Olsen-P. In addition, the results of a redundancy analysis revealed that soil alkaline phosphatase(ALP) played a major role in the supply of P in soil, and was closely associated with root Fe-plaque P. The results of this study will enhance the understanding of the changes in P in the soil-root-aboveground system, particularly under P fertilizer reduction regimes.     

施用有机肥对土壤有机磷转化的影响研究

采用室内淹水灭菌培养方法,研究施用有机肥后,水稻土有机磷含量动态变化特征,并分析有机肥对水稻土有机磷各组分转化的影响。结果表明,水稻土施用有机肥后有机磷含量呈上升趋势,平均增加43.65 mg.kg-1,且随着施肥量的增加而显著增加;有机肥施用对水稻土有机磷不同组分影响强度不同,依次为高稳态有机磷>活性有机磷>中稳态有机磷>中活性有机磷;有机肥施用量与活性有机磷增加量(r=0.486**)、高稳态有机磷增加量(r=0.713**)均呈极显著正相关关系,有机肥磷素可以直接转化为活性有机磷和高稳态有机磷;无机磷降低幅度与中稳态有机磷增幅(r=0.381*)、高稳态有机磷增幅(r=0.300*)均呈显著正相关关系,施用有机肥可间接促进土壤无机磷向中稳态有机磷和高稳态有机磷转化。     

白龙江干旱河谷不同植被土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

探讨不同植被类型土壤碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)含量及生态化学计量特征,了解不同植被类型土壤养分状况及对土壤的改良效果,为干旱河谷植被恢复重建中的植被空间分布格局及造林技术提供理论依据和技术指导。采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,测定了干旱河谷刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、狼牙刺(Sophora davidii)、河朔荛花(Wikstroemia chamaedaphne)、华西小石积(Osteomeles schwerinae)、酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba)和荆条(Vitex negundo)等主要人工林土壤的碳、氮和磷含量,运用模糊数学隶属函数法综合评价了不同林型对土壤营养和化学计量特征的影响。白龙江干旱河谷6种植被类型土壤C、N、P含量均处于中下水平;刺槐、狼牙刺、华西小石积、酸枣和荆条土壤C∶N值随土层的加深而升高;6种植被类型土壤C∶P、N∶P平均值均远远低于全球平均水平和我国平均水平。6种植被类型对土壤营养元素、化学计量和土壤物理性质改良效果最好的为河朔荛花,其次为荆条,再次为刺槐,因此推荐选择上述3树种作为白龙江干旱河谷造林先锋树种。     

Effect of long-term fertilization on bacterial composition in rice paddy soil

We investigated the effect of long-term fertilization on bacterial abundance, composition, and diversity in paddy soil. The experiment started in 1990 in Taoyuan Agro-ecosystem Research Station in China (111°33′ E, 28°55′ N). The molecular approaches including real-time quantitative PCR, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, and clone library construction were employed using 16S rRNA gene as genetic marker. Application of inorganic fertilizers did not affect bacterial abundance, and rice straw incorporation combined with inorganic fertilizers significantly (P < 0.05) increased bacterial abundance with shifts in bacterial community composition. Among phylogenetic groups, γ-Proteobacteria was responsive to all fertilization regimes while Acidobacteria was relatively stable to fertilization practices. Inorganic fertilizer mainly affected γ-Proteobacteria and δ-Proteobacteria, while rice straw incorporation influenced β-Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. Therefore, long-term fertilization can affect abundance and composition of bacterial communities in paddy soil.     

Nitrapyrin affects the abundance of ammonia oxidizers rather than community structure in a yellow clay paddy soil

Purpose

Yellow clay paddy soil (Oxisols) is a low-yield soil with low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in southern China. The nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6- (tricholoromethyl)-pyridine, CP) has been applied to improve NUE and reduce environmental pollution in paddy soil. However, the effects of nitrapyrin combined with nitrogen fertilizers on ammonia oxidizers in yellow clay paddy soil have not been examined.

Materials and methods

A randomized complete block design was set with three treatments: (1) without nitrogen fertilizer (CK), (2) common prilled urea (PU), and (3) prilled urea with nitrapyrin (NPU). Soil samples were collected from three treatments where CK, PU, and NPU had been repeatedly applied over 5 years. Soil samples were analyzed by quantitative PCR and 454 high-throughput pyrosequencing of the amoA gene to investigate the influence of nitrapyrin combined with nitrogen on the abundance and community structure of ammonia oxidizers in yellow clay paddy soil.

Results and discussion

The potential nitrification rate (PNR) of the soil was significantly correlated with the abundances of both ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Application of urea significantly stimulated AOA and AOB growth, whereas nitrapyrin exhibited inhibitory effects on AOA. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the most dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of AOA and AOB were affiliated with the Nitrosotalea cluster and Nitrosospira cluster 12, respectively. AOA and AOB community structures were not altered by urea and nitrapyrin application.

Conclusions

Nitrogen fertilization stimulated nitrification and increased the population sizes of AOA and AOB. Nitrapyrin affected the abundance, but not community structure of ammonia oxidizers in yellow clay soil. Our results suggested that nitrapyrin improving NUE and inhibiting PNR was attributable to the inhibition of AOA growth.

     

落干对表层水稻土氮素转化及关键功能微生物丰度的影响

落干过程中稻田土壤氮素转化发生显著变化,但表层土壤不同层次的氮素转化特征及相关机制尚不清楚。通过室内土壤培养试验,探讨了落干过程中(9 d)上表层(0～5 cm)和下表层(5～10 cm)水稻土氧化还原电位(Eh)、土体氧化亚氮(N2O)浓度和排放通量等的动态变化特征,并利用实时荧光定量PCR测定氨氧化基因(古菌amoA和细菌amoA)和硝酸盐还原酶基因(narG和napA)的丰度变化。结果表明,经9 d落干上表层水稻土Eh由-200 mV上升至500 mV左右,而下表层在-200～0 mV之间波动。上表层水稻土NH4+-N含量下降速率和NO^3--N含量上升速率分别是下表层的2.8和1.8倍。落干过程中,上表层水稻土氨氧化作用可能是由氨氧化细菌(AOB)主导的,而驱动硝酸盐还原作用可能以含napA基因反硝化微生物为主。     

不同浓度铜污染对水稻土甲烷氧化菌群落结构的影响

近年来,随着含铜矿产的开采、冶炼和制造等工业“三废”的排放、含铜农药与杀菌剂的长期大量施用以及城市污泥的堆肥利用,农田土壤铜污染日趋严重。土壤含铜量一旦超出其环境承载力,就会对植物、动物和土壤微生物产生危害,严重威胁到生态系统的稳定和人类的健康[1]。我国是水稻生产大国,其种植面积达全国粮食作物栽培面积的1/4,因此,水稻土在我国粮食生产中占有及其重要的地位,是具有重大经济意义的土壤资源[2]。研究表明,过量铜会对水稻根系产生毒害,进而推迟抽穗期,降低产量[3]。铜污染不仅会危害作物地上部分的生长发育,同时也会导致土壤微生物数量、呼吸强度、微生物商、代谢商等的变化,并对微生物的活性和功能产生影     

氮肥对绿洲稻田土壤硝态氮动态的影响及其生物学效应

我国氮肥的利用率一般只有30%左右,氮素损失约占30%～50%[1].其中,土壤硝态氮的淋洗是重要的损失途径,一直受到广泛关注[2-4].硝态氮在土壤中很少被土壤颗粒所吸持,主要以溶质的形式存在于土壤溶液中,从而成为评价地下水水质好坏的重要指标之一.     

不同离子对水稻田土壤甲烷氧化活性影响的研究

研究了矿质元素不同的阴离子和阳离子与黄松泥田水稻土壤氧化甲烷活性之间的相关性。结果表明 ,不同的阴离子和阳离子对甲烷氧化活性的影响有显著性差异 ,不同浓度的同一种阴离子或阳离子对甲烷氧化活性的影响也有显著性差异。Na+较K+对土壤甲烷氧化活性具有更强的抑制作用。NH4+和NO2-可与甲烷氧化竞争土壤中的分子氧而有明显的抑制作用。Cr3+对微生物具毒性而影响土壤的甲烷氧化。阴离子PO43-和CO32-无明显影响。这种影响的差异性不仅与阴离子和阳离子本身的理化特征有关 ,而且与土壤对阳离子的吸附力及阴离子与土壤的相互作用强度有关。土壤理化特性同样影响阴离子和阳离子对甲烷氧化活性影响的强弱     

淹水厌氧培养对水稻土中酶活性的影响

An incubation experiment with soil water content treatments of 0.15 （W1）, 0.20 （W2）, and 0.40 （W3） g g^-1 soil was carried out for two months to investigate the activities of important enzymes involved in C, N, P, and S cycling in a paddy soil from the Taihu Lake region, China, under waterlogged and aerobic conditions. Compared with air-dried soil, waterlogging resulted in a significant decrease （P ≤ 0.05） of fluorescein diacetate （FDA） and /3-D-glucosidase activities, and this effect was enhanced with increasing waterlogging time. Waterlogging also significantly inhibited （P ≤ 0.05） arylsulfatase as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase activities, but did not decrease the activities with the increase in waterlogging time. Short-term waterlogging did not affect urease activity, but prolonged waterlogging decreased it markedly. In contrast, the aerobic incubation （W1 and W2 treatments） significantly increased （P ≤ 0.05） FDA, alkaline phosphatase, and /3-D-glucosidase activities. With aerobic treatments the activities of FDA and alkaline phosphatase increased with incubation time, whereas /3-D-glucosidase activity decreased. A significant difference （P ≤ 0.05） was usually observed between the W1 and W2 treatments for the activities of FDA as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase; however,/3-D-glucosidase and urease were usually not significant （P ≤ 0.05）. No activity differences were observed between waterlogging and aerobic incubation for arylsulfatase and urease.     

Effect of carbon sources on asymbiotic nitrogen fixation in a paddy soil

The effect of various carbon sources on asymbiotic N₂ fixation in a paddy soil was studied by C₂H₂ reduction and ¹⁵N tracer techniques. N₂ fixation increased with increasing concentrations of cellulose and rice straw, but the former was more effective. N₂ fixation was considerably enhanced in soils amended with glucose, sucrose, succinate, acetate, butyrate, pyruvate or n-propanol, while n-butanol, ethanol, lignin or paraffin were ineffective. Succinate at low moisture content and butyrate under flooded conditions stimulated N₂ fixation during a 15-day incubation.     

淹水时间对水稻土磷素形态转化及其有效性的影响

水稻土淹水后土壤中P的形态及其有效性发生了变化,为掌握淹水时间对这种变化影响的规律,选择太湖地区典型水稻土-黄泥土为试验样本,在室内进行了不同淹水时间的土壤培育试验,并采用新鲜土壤样品测定的方法,研究了淹水时间对土壤P素形态转化及其有效性的影响.结果表明:①淹水时间主要影响Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P和Ca8-P的转化.与淹水前相比,淹水使Fe-P和Ca8-P增加、O-P和Ca10-P减少,其中,Fe-P和Ca8-P分别于淹水45和15天后增加最为显著并趋于稳定,此时分别增加了194和9.6 mg/kg(分别占淹水前的93％和73％);O-P和Ca10-P于淹水15天后减少最为显著并趋于稳定,此时分别减少了72和20 mg/kg(分别占淹水前的24％和27％):②淹水改变了水稻土P素有效性及有效P的数量,与淹水前相比,淹水45天,水稻土 P素有效性及有效P的数量最高,有效P增加了32 mg/kg(占淹水前的57％).结论:淹水时间影响着水稻土 P素形态转化、有效性以及有效P的数量,淹水45天,水稻土P素形态转化数量最大、有效性最高和有效P的数量最大.     

长期定位试验对水稻田土壤甲烷氧化活性和甲烷排放通量的影响

通过对长期定位施肥的黄松稻田土的甲烷氧化活性和甲烷排放通量的研究表明,长期定位施肥对稻田土壤的好氧甲烷氧化活性和甲烷排放通量有显著性的影响(|t|t0.05,P0.05),而对稻田土壤的厌氧甲烷氧化活性有影响但未达显著性水平(|t|t0.05,P0.05)。施加有机肥能显著增加稻田土壤的甲烷氧化活性和甲烷排放通量;当有机肥和无机肥混合施用时,其促进作用明显大于单施有机肥或无机肥。施加尿素后,稻田土壤的甲烷氧化活性及甲烷排放量都有所下降,但钾肥和磷肥能缓解由尿素引起的抑制作用。施肥后耕作的稻田甲烷氧化活性和甲烷排放通量高于施肥后不耕作的稻田;耕作而不施肥的稻田甲烷氧化活性和甲烷排放通量要低于不施肥也不耕作的稻田。