Relationships among invasive common carp,native fishes and physicochemical characteristics in upper Midwest (USA) lakes

Abstract – Common carp Cyprinus carpio is a widespread invasive species that, in high abundance, can impose numerous deleterious effects in aquatic ecosystems. Common carp increase turbidity and nutrient availability while reducing invertebrate prey resources and aquatic macrophytes, transforming shallow lakes from the clear‐ to turbid‐water state. However, potential effects of common carp on native fish communities have received limited attention. We evaluated the relationships among relative abundances of nine native fishes and common carp for 81 lakes in eastern South Dakota and their associated physicochemical characteristics. Inverse threshold relationships among relative abundances of native fishes and common carp were identified for black bullhead Ameiurus melas, black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, white bass Morone chrysops and northern pike Esox lucius, while marginally significant relationships were detected for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and smallmouth bass M. dolomieu. Lakes where common carp relative abundance exceeded 0.6 fish per net night had low abundance of native fishes, whereas lower abundance of common carp resulted in variable abundance of native fishes. Lakes with abundance of common carp surpassing 0.6 fish per net night were also characterised by larger surface areas and watersheds and impaired water quality (higher dissolved solids and chlorophyll a concentrations and lower secchi depth). Our results are consistent with the biotic‐abiotic constraining hypothesis that proposes biotic factors can regulate fish populations regardless of abiotic conditions. Thus, common carp abundance may need to be reduced and sustained below ecological thresholds to improve water quality and increase abundance of native fishes.     

Anoxia survival in common carp and crucian carp is related to high zinc concentration in tissues

ABSTRACT:   Ten lots of common carp and six lots of crucian carp (each lot of 100 fish) were treated under anoxia for five days at water temperatures of 25–31°C. The average per group mortality of common carp was 17%, but none of the 600 crucian carp died. The digestive tract tissues of the common carp that died had significantly lower zinc concentrations than those that survived (59 ± 41 vs 142 ± 60 μg/[g fresh tissue], P  < 0.001). The digestive tract tissues of the crucian carp had mean zinc concentrations of 652 ± 458 μg/(g fresh tissue). One lot of common carp that had low tolerance for anoxia was fed a high zinc diet (2000 mg zinc/kg diet) for 1, 2 or 6 months and then subjected to 5 days anoxia. The survival rates of those fed the high zinc diet 1 and 2 months increased from 0 to 50%, respectively; all of fish that had fed a high zinc diet for 6 months survived. Thus, anoxia survival in common carp and crucian carp is closely related to the high concentrations of zinc in their tissues.     

基于microCT扫描技术的鲤骨骼和显微结构分析

了解活体鲤（Cyprinuscarpio）骨结构、形态、连接、空间分布以及骨骼矿物质组成对鲤的选育、行为学研究以及肉品加工有重要的意义。X射线显微CT技术（microCT）对样品没有破坏,可实现活体检测,并能获取活体任意形态的结构参数。因此,文章通过这项技术来研究活体鲤的骨骼状况。结果显示,脊椎骨与头、尾相连,胸鳍位于头骨后,背鳍、腹鳍和尾鳍与整个脊椎骨并不相连。骨体积分数和骨小梁厚度在腹鳍较高,头尾较低;骨表面积体积比、骨小梁数量和骨小梁间隔在头部较高,腹鳍较低;骨矿物质含量、骨矿物质密度和组织矿物质含量在背鳍最高;骨体积分数在腹鳍最高,胸鳍、背鳍和尾鳍次之,头尾较低。骨小梁厚度、矿物质含量等在背鳍、腹鳍部位较高,这可能与鲤的运动有关,而头骨表面积体积比、骨小梁数量和骨小梁间隔较高可能与头部的复杂结构密切相关。     

红鲤4群体间红细胞免疫功能及其差异

应用红细胞C3b受体花环试验和红细胞天然免疫粘附肿瘤细胞花环试验方法，证实兴国红鲤(Cyprinuscarpio.var.singguonensis)、玻璃红鲤(C.carpio.var.wananensis)、荷包红鲤(C.carpio.var.wananensis)及瓯江彩鲤(C.carpio.var.color)的红细胞表面都存在C3b补体受体，均可形成花环；红鲤的红细胞免疫粘附能力存在着种群间差异，上述2种花环试验的花环率大小的顺序均是：兴国红鲤＞荷包红鲤＞瓯江彩鲤＞玻璃红鲤，差异都极显著(P＜0．01)；4群体红鲤的红细胞均具有吞噬作用。结果证实，鱼类红细胞免疫功能在机体防御病原的过程中占有重要地位。     

Study on the adaptability of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to diets from the perspective of digestion and absorption

As an ecologically sustainable aquaculture mode, the rice‐fish approach has been paid more attention in recent years. In rice paddies, there are plant and animal diet items available to fish, but it is not clear how common carp adapt to different diets. In view of this, common carp (initial weight 492.6 ± 30 g, n = 270) were randomly divided into three groups and fed with earthworms (group A), earthworms + duckweed (group M) and duckweed (group P) respectively. After 8 weeks under these feeding regimes, the intestinal digestive enzymes activities were assayed, and intestinal tissue sections stained with HE and AB‐PAS were used to observe the morphology. The results showed that the activities of trypsin and lipase were highest in group A, followed by group M and group P. Group A had greater intestinal fold height, fold width and fold absorption area than the other groups (p < .05), especially in the foregut. Meanwhile, the total number of mucous cells was largest in group P, followed by the groups M and A. Totally, activities and distributions of digestive enzymes, fold height, fold width, fold absorption area and number and distribution of mucous cells of common carp were affected by the type of diet. Based on these results, it was found that common carp has strong adaptability to diets, and it was speculated that the majority of digestion and absorption of protein was concentrated in the foregut, while for starch and cellulose, it was spread out along the whole intestine.     

Reaction of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.) to oxygen deficiency in winter as an example for the suitability of radio telemetry for monitoring the reaction of fish to stress factors in pond aquaculture

The reaction of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in an ice‐ and snow‐covered pond to depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO) in winter was recorded using radio telemetry. The carp moved from the deeper parts of the pond to the shallow areas near the tributary in search of better oxygenated water. Evidence was found that feeding occurred until December but ceased with the oxygen crisis. After the carp farmer started aeration to improve the oxygen supply, carp returned towards the deeper parts of the pond. The gross activity was significantly correlated with DO (P<0.001) and was not influenced by water temperature (P>0.05). The clear documentation of the carp's reaction to oxygen depletion suggests, that radio telemetry may be useful for investigating the effects of various stress factors on fish in pond aquaculture.     

Testing of performance in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. under pond husbandry conditions I: top-crossing with Northern mirror carp

Performance tests of Northern mirror carp (M72) and three different crossbreds were conducted in semi‐intensive pond conditions from the larval stage up to market size. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible utilization of new hybrid combinations (M72 × PL – Poho?elice mirror carp) and (M72 × Dor – Israeli mirror carp), and to compare them with a hybrid widely reared as a commercial product (M72 × M2 – Hungarian mirror carp) and with M72 purebred. The testing model was derived from similar studies carried out in the conditions of the Czech Republic, where an internal control of different scale cover is used to eliminate all non‐genetic effects. ancova revealed at market size significantly better growth in M72 × Dor (1 619±28.3 g; LS mean±SE) and M72 × PL (1475±29.8 g) compared with M72 (1278±26.3 g). Survival during the test of 3 years duration was significantly the best in the M72 × Dor hybrid as were the dressing out parameters measured at market size, even if these were significantly different only in proportion of fillets with skin (39.1±0.28%). Interestingly, the crossbred M72 × M2 commonly used by Czech fishermen showed for both, growth (1371±26.2 g) and survival, the lowest values among crossbreds and with regard to dressing out parameters mostly among all tested groups.     

First year growth and survival of common carp in two glacial lakes

Abstract  Cohorts of common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, were monitored from hatch through the next spring in two South Dakota, USA lakes to identify factors affecting year-class strength. Hatching occurred over 37- and 47-day periods in the two lakes. Common carp that hatched earlier achieved greater total lengths at the end of the first growing season (Brant Lake: r  = −0.84, d.f. = 77, P  <   0.001; Campbell Lake: r  = −0.87, d.f. = 78, P  <   0.001). Mean daily growth rates were approximately 1.0 mm day⁻¹ and similar between lakes. Total length was positively related to daily growth rate in the two lakes, indicating that members of the cohort that grew faster achieved greater total lengths by time of capture. Hatch date was inversely related to daily growth (fish hatched earlier grew faster) in one lake ( r  = −0.44, d.f. = 77, P  < 0.001) but not the other ( r  = −0.04, d.f. = 78, P  = 0.678), suggesting that length at the end of the growing season can be affected by length of growing season and growth rate. Overwinter survival of age-0 fish appeared to be size dependent because age-1 common carp length–frequency distributions from both lakes comprised only of the larger cohort members present the previous autumn.     

中国鲤几个代表种群基因组DNA遗传多样性分析

中国鲤具有悠久的养殖历史和重要的经济价值,无论是天然种群还是养殖品种,年产量远超过其它鱼类。近几十年来,养殖新品种的开发获得成功,大大提高了产量,改善了品质。但是由于盲目的开发利用,许多重要的鲤养殖种类的种质资源遭到破坏。"江西三红"(Cyprinuscarpiovar.xingguonensis、Cyprinuscarpiovar.wuyuanensis、Cyprinuscarpiovar.wananensis)、黄河鲤(Cyprinusycarpiovar.)和黑龙江野鲤(Cyprinuscarpiohaematopterus)是中国鲤几个具有代表性的养殖品种和野生种,在我国鲤鱼遗传育种研究中均占有非常重要的地位。应用第二代分子标记,即微卫星标记(microsatellite)84个,对以上5个具有代表性的中国鲤进行了全基因组DNA检测。结果表明,当退火温度提高至60℃时,有43对标记引物扩增出清晰的条带,其中有14对在群体间呈现多态性,扩增等位基因位点为2～4个。微卫星座位MFW4,MFW19,MFW23和MFW26在群体内显示了高度的多态性,扩增等位基因位点为7～13个。统计实验结果发现,"江西三红"3个品种间遗传差异较小,兴国红鲤和荷包红鲤的亲缘关系较近(0.93);属于同一亚种不同地理种群的黄河鲤和黑龙江野鲤具有较高的遗传相似性(0.89)。另外,根据微卫星多态性分析结果,探讨了这5种鲤的遗传多样性。     

鲤胰蛋白酶原基因的电子克隆及生物信息学分析

为深入研究胰蛋白酶在鱼类中的生理功能和作用机制,利用生物信息学的方法,成功获得了鲤3种胰凝乳蛋白酶原cDNA序列(ccTRP1、ccTRP2和ccTRP3)并对其进行了序列分析。结果表明,三者均含有一个长度为729bp的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),编码由242个氨基酸组成的胰蛋白酶原,其中包括15个氨基酸组成的信号肽和5个氨基酸(LDDDK)组成的激活肽。总平均亲水性GRAVY(grand average of hydropathicity)分析表明,三者均是亲水性蛋白。氨基酸比对结果显示,三者具备胰蛋白酶原的保守结构特征,如含有催化三联体氨基酸(His-57、Asp-102和Ser-195),12个半胱氨酸,位于底物结合口袋底部Asp-189和口袋开口处的Gly-216、Gly-226等。同时,鲤3种胰蛋白酶之间具有90%以上的同源性。进化树结果显示,鲤3种胰蛋白酶均属于Group I(阴离子型胰蛋白酶),且三者的进化距离不一致。     

Koi herpesvirus and carp edema virus threaten common carp aquaculture in Croatia

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a very important fish species for warm-water aquaculture in Croatia. All Croatian carp farms are subjected to a surveillance programme for the presence of koi herpesvirus (KHV), causing a deadly disease called koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD). However, there is no surveillance for other viral pathogens of importance like carp edema virus (CEV), a causative agent of koi sleepy disease (KSD). During regular testing within the KHVD surveillance programme, we tested samples for CEV simultaneously. The screening indicated possible outbreaks of KHVD and KSD. During 2016, KHVD broke out in an isolated area and soon thereafter a KHV eradication programme was successfully performed. However, during 2018 and 2019, two additional mortality events occurred in lakes in the southern part of Croatia during the spring. Samples from both events tested positive for CEV. An epidemiological investigation confirmed the introduction of infected carps from an infected farm to one of the lakes. To prevent the spreading of CEV into open waters, it is of utmost importance to introduce CEV testing before fish movement or to perform regular testing of all carp farms in the country to determine CEV prevalence for the purpose of implementation of control measures.     

Anaesthetic properties of Propiscin (Etomidaat) and 2-phenoxyethanol in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), neural and behavioural measures

The objective of the study was to evaluate the anaesthetic effects of Propiscin (2% etomidate) and 2-phenoxyethanol on common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) by observing neural and behavioural measures. When exposed to the anaesthetic agent, the carp lost equilibrium after approximately 90 s of exposure. They did not breathe and the controls did not respond to tail pinch or prick or 6 V at the skin of the upper jaw. A shift to lower frequencies on the electroencephalogram (EEG) and computing fast Fourier transformation was observed when exposed to water containing Propiscin or 2-phenoxyethanol. Heart rate was reduced after placement in the water containing an anaesthetic agent. It may be concluded from our results that common carp were immobilized and sedated, when exposed to water containing 2 mL L⁻¹ Propiscin and immobilized and anaesthetized in water containing 0.5 mL L⁻¹ 2-phenoxyethanol. In addition, the use of EEG provides for a sound assessment of exposure of carp to these anaesthetics.     

新疆天池移植鲤鱼效应的探讨

1971年7月15日，新疆昌吉州阜康县水产部门向天池水域首次移植鲤鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼夏花鱼种50万尾，1981年11月2日，自治区水产局从北京空运400尾4寸虹鳟鱼种投放天池，多年来对天池水域鱼类捕捞观察，发现移植鱼类中仅有鲤鱼生存并衍生。1989，1990年我们对天池水域进行了调查，本文旨在对天池中鲤鱼的生长进行评价，同时，对该水域渔业利用进行探讨。     

用RAPD方法研究草鱼、柏氏鲤和3个地理种群鲤的亲缘关系

用２４种随机引物对雅罗鱼亚科（Ｌｅｕｃｉｓｃｉｎａｅ）的草鱼,鲤亚科（Ｃｙｐｒｉｎｉｎａｅ）的柏氏鲤和３个地理种群鲤（荷包红鲤、黑龙江野鲤和德国镜鲤）进行ＲＡＰＤ分析,构建了这５种鱼类的基因组指纹图谱。通过对获得的基因组指纹图谱的量化分析,利用ＵＰＧＭＡ重建了它们之间的亲缘关系。结果鲤种内３个地理种群之间的相似性高于鲤和柏氏鲤种间的相似性,而草鱼与另４种鲤亚科鱼类亚科之间的差异明显高于柏氏鲤、黑龙     

福瑞鲤选育家系不同养殖阶段的生长差异分析

为了进一步观察最佳线性无偏预测(best linear unbiased prediction,BLUP)家系选育方法在福瑞鲤(Cyprinus carpio)继代选育中的潜力,该研究测量了继续选育第2代家系群体不同养殖阶段的体质量和形态性状。结果表明,生长快速家系群福瑞鲤早期(4月龄)生长速度较慢,到后期则生长加快,其体质量增长表现出明显的优势。在体型方面,随着养殖时间的延长,福瑞鲤各选育家系群的体厚/体长增加,体高/体长降低,逐渐呈现其体型修长的特征;同时2个越冬期的成活率均达到了94%以上。结果表明通过BLUP家系选育对福瑞鲤长期选育是可行的。在此基础上,通过主成分分析发现,福瑞鲤生长性状第一主成分是体质量;对不同生长时期的体质量进行相关性分析,发现9月龄、14月龄、21月龄鱼的体质量与24月龄的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P0.01),分别为0.851、0.897和0.957。因此,在福瑞鲤继续选育过程中,进行早期个体选择值得尝试。     

Effects of antimicrobial peptides on growth,morphology of foregut villi and related genes mRNA expression in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of different levels (0, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) of antimicrobial peptides on growth, protease activity of foregut, the morphology of foregut villi and related genes mRNA expression level in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The results showed that the feed of antimicrobial peptides promote common carp growth, and the optimal dosage of antimicrobial peptides is 200–333 mg/kg in the common carp feed. The protease activity of 200 and 400 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control and other groups (p < 0.05). The foregut villus height with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). The crypt depth of 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly lower than control group (p < 0.05). The ratio of villus height and crypt depth of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). The ratio with 600 mg/kg group was significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). The IGF‐I gene expression level of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control group and 600 mg/kg group (p < 0.05). The IL‐1β gene expression level of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). These results indicated up‐regulation of growth and immune related genes in antimicrobial peptides fed common carp. Correlation analysis showed that IGF‐I mRNA and IL‐1β mRNA were positively correlated with SGR. IL‐1β mRNA and FCR were significantly negative correlated. It indicated that growth and immune gene common regulated the growth of the carp under antimicrobial peptides intervention. In conclusion, antimicrobial peptides can improve growth and related genes mRNA expression in the common carp. Further studies using molecular biological technique or immunologic methods are required to conclude that antimicrobial peptides are beneficial in common carp.     

鲤头长、体厚、体高性状的QTL定位及遗传效应分析

用174个SSR、41个EST、345个SNP标记对以镜鲤良种后代为祖父母本所培育的杂交F2群体的68个个体进行基因型检测,运用JoinMap4.0软件包构建遗传连锁图。利用MapQTL5.0区间作图法(interval mapping,IM)和多QTL区间定位法(MQM mapping,MQM)进行QTL检测,通过置换实验(1000次重复)确定连锁群显著性水平阈值。在对体高、头长、体厚的区间定位中,共检测到6个与体高性状相关的QTLs区间,分布在LG1(SNP1339-SNP1490)、LG10(HLJE469-SNP1491)、LG12(SNP0922-HLJ1316)、LG13(SNP0937-HLJ328)、LG25(SNP1041-HLJ594)、LG35(SNP1425-SNP0389)等6个连锁群上,解释表型变异范围为20.0%～43.3%。其中,SNP1339-SNP1490区间LOD值最大为3.64,解释表型变异35.4%。6个与头长相关的QTLs,分布在LG1(SNP1339-SNP1490)、LG12(HLJ071-HLJ336)、LG13(SNP0937-HLJ328)、LG24(SN...     

利用OneMap软件构建鲤遗传连锁图谱

首次使用R环境中的OneMap软件包,以荷包红鲤抗寒品系(♂)和云南大头鲤(♀)为祖父母本所培育的110个F2个体为作图群体,以荧光扩增片段长度多态性(fluorescent amplification fragment length polymorphism,fAFLP)为主要分子标记,采用远交全同胞家系模型构建鲤的遗传连锁图谱。结果显示,110个F2个体中共产生1513个清晰的fAFLP标记,其中多态性标记911个;另开发多态性的EST标记12个,最后总计923个标记用于构建遗传连锁图谱;采用OneMap软件包构建的遗传图谱含有238个fAFLP标记和8个EST标记分布在50个连锁群上,总图距为2876.64cM,标记间平均间距为14.68cM,图谱覆盖率为66.56%。     

Plasma vitellogenin levels in male common carp Cyprinus carpio and crucian carp Carassius cuvieri of Lake Kasumigaura

In order to investigate the possible influence of estrogenic environmental endocrine disruptors on the reproductive activity of fish in Lake Kasumigaura, plasma levels of vitellogenin (VTG), a biomarker of estrogen exposure, were measured in wild and cultured male common carp Cyprinus carpio and wild crucian carp Carassius cuvieri . Testicular histology and plasma steroid hormone levels were also examined. Fish were collected from June 1998 to August 1999. Plasma VTG levels in most fish examined were below a detection limit (40 ng/mL) throughout the sampling period, and a small amount of VTG (43.5 ng/mL–1680 ng/mL) compared to that in females was detected in some fish. Active spermatogenesis in the testis and increased levels of plasma sex steroids were observed in most of the fish examined. Thus, no marked influence of estrogenic chemicals was detected in the reproductive activity of male common carp and crucian carp in Lake Kasumigaura collected from the sampling sites in the present investigation.