Starch Digestibility and Functional Properties of Rice Starch Subjected to Gamma Radiation

This study investigated the effect of gamma radiation on the digestibility and functional properties of rice starch. Rice cultivars IRGA417 and IAC202 were used for isolation of starch by the alkaline method. Starch samples were irradiated with 1, 2 and 5 kGy doses of ⁶⁰Co at a rate of 0.4 kGy/h. A control sample, which was not irradiated, was used for comparison. Irradiated and control starches were characterized by in vitro starch digestibility, total dietary fiber, color, water absorption index, water solubility index, syneresis, swelling factor, amylose leaching, pasting properties and gel firmness. Irradiations changed starch digestibility differently in either cultivar. Increasing radiation doses promoted increase in the color parameter b* (yellow), elevation in the capacity to absorb water, and solubility in water as well as the amylose leached from granules for both cultivars. Pasting properties showed a decrease that was proportional to the dose applied, caused by the depolymerization of starch molecules. Gel firmness of the starch from IAC202 was inversely proportional to the radiation dose applied, whereas for IRGA417, there was a reduction at 5 kGy dose. Rice starches can be modified by irradiation to exhibit different functional characteristics and they can be used by the food industries in products such as soups, desserts, flans, puddings and others.     

不同直链淀粉含量小麦淀粉理化性质与消化特性研究

为深入理解小麦直链淀粉含量与淀粉理化性质及消化特性之间的关系,以4份直链淀粉含量差异较大的小麦品种为材料,分析了其淀粉理化性质以及消化特性方面的差异。结果表明,随着直链淀粉含量的增加,回生值呈增加趋势;在体外消化前期,4个小麦品种的淀粉消化速率差异显著,西农836最慢,陕糯1号最快。这种差异与直链淀粉含量及回生值密切相关,说明直链淀粉比支链淀粉更易于回生,糊化后的冷却过程中更容易发生分子间部分重排和再结晶,重新组装成有序的聚集体,导致供试材料之间快速消化淀粉含量及总体消化程度不同。直链淀粉含量高的品种具有更多的B型小淀粉粒,但是大量B型小淀粉粒的存在并没有导致淀粉消化速率以及淀粉总体消化程度的提高,说明淀粉充分糊化后,粒度的差异并不改变淀粉消化特性。     

Differences of Physicochemical Properties Between Chalky and Translucent Parts of Rice Grains

Rice grain chalkiness is an important characteristic, but the difference between chalky and translucent parts in grains is still unclear. Here, we investigated the differences of flour made from the chalky or translucent part of rice grains in three indica and three japonica rice varieties. The chalky flour had significantly lower amylose and protein contents and looser starch granule morphology, and starches in the chalky flour had higher relative crystallinity, higher short chain content but lower long chain content than those in the translucent flour. The water states, determined with nuclear magnetic resonance, differed between the chalky and translucent flour after soaking, cooking and retrograding, and the chalky flour had more bound and free water but less constructural water than the translucent flour. Mostly, the chalky flour had lower viscosity and shorter gel consistency, but higher onset temperature and gelatinization enthalpy than the translucent flour. The results indicated that starch granule morphology would be more indicative than other attributions on pasting and gelatinization properties of chalky and translucent parts of rice grains.     

氮钾对杂交水稻B优827籽粒淀粉含量及淀粉合成酶活性的影响

以优质杂交籼稻B优827为材料,通过施用不同水平的氮、钾肥,并在B优827灌浆时段测定籽粒的直链淀粉、总淀粉含量以及淀粉合成酶的活性,分析氮、钾对水稻灌浆过程中籽粒淀粉积累、淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响,以及直链淀粉的积累与淀粉合成关键酶活性间的相关性。B优827的直链淀粉含量在开花后20 d内呈线性增加,开花20 d后有所下降;可溶性淀粉合成酶活性变化呈单峰曲线,开花后12 d酶活性达到了最高值,以后随天数增加而迅速降低;淀粉粒结合型淀粉合成酶活性变化呈单峰曲线,开花后15 d酶活性达到最高值,开花后15 d籽粒直链淀粉含量也接近最高值;灌浆中后期可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS)、淀粉粒结合型淀粉合成酶（GBSS)与直链淀粉含量呈现出显著的正相关关系。增施氮肥可以提高SSS和GBSS活性,施钾肥在生育前期提高SSS和GBSS活性,后期抑制两者的活性;氮肥和钾肥均有促进淀粉积累的作用,但氮肥施用量过高时会抑制淀粉的积累。适当控施氮肥、增施钾肥是提高B优827籽粒产量的有效途径。     

灌浆期不同时段高温对稻米淀粉理化特性的影响

【目的】研究灌浆期不同时段高温对稻米淀粉组成、结构和理化特性的影响,揭示高温对稻米淀粉理化特性影响的时段效应,阐明高温、结构和功能之间的关系。【方法】以耐热水稻品种黄华占和热敏感的9311近等位基因系为实验材料,利用人工气候箱设置高温[38℃(昼)/30℃(夜)]和对照[28℃(昼)/22℃(夜)],研究灌浆前期(齐穗期后1－15 d)和后期(齐穗期后16 d至成熟)高温对稻米的加工品质、外观品质、淀粉组成、支链淀粉链长分布、粒度分布、胶稠度、黏度特性、糊化特性、结晶特性和颗粒形态的影响。【结果】灌浆期高温使糙米率、精米率、整精米率显著下降,使垩白粒率和垩白度显著升高,导致加工品质和外观品质变差。灌浆期高温使总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、短支链淀粉含量、大淀粉粒占比、直/支链淀粉比显著下降,而中等支链淀粉含量、小中淀粉粒占比、糊化温度和糊化焓显著上升,黏度特性显著改变,结晶类型不变但结晶度显著改变,淀粉颗粒表面出现小孔,表面变得凹凸不平,导致淀粉颗粒更加碎片化和蒸煮食味品质变劣。灌浆期不同时段高温对稻米品质的影响不同,灌浆前期高温对稻米淀粉的影响大于灌浆后期,耐热品种受影响小于热敏感品种。灌浆前期高温处理下供试材料具有较高的消减值和较低的崩解值,黏度特性变差;灌浆后期高温处理下供试材料具有较低的消减值和较高的崩解值,黏度特性变好。【结论】灌浆前期高温对淀粉理化特性的影响最大,进而导致稻米的加工品质、外观品质和蒸煮食味品质变劣,灌浆后期高温提升了黏度特性。     

Physiochemical Properties of Resistant Starch and Its Enhancement Approaches in Rice

With changes in food preferences and life styles,more and more attentions have been focused on healthier food.Nowadays,resistant starch(RS)which can resist digestion in the human intestine has been recognized and accepted.High RS diet shows great benefit for the human health,and breeding high RS rice variety is a great target for realizing dietary intervention.To provide guidance for RS improvement in rice,this review summarized the unique physiochemical properties of RS and the possible approaches,i.e.genetic regulation,for enhancing RS content in rice,and proposed the potential ways to obtain rice variety with high RS content.     

水稻籽粒蛋白质含量选择对杂种早代蒸煮食味品质的影响

选用品质和产量性状不同的4个粳稻品种配制2个杂交组合,研究籽粒蛋白质含量选择对水稻杂种早代蒸煮食味品质的影响。各品质性状变异系数的变化范围在9.73%~94.99%;直链淀粉含量与蛋白质含量间存在明显的动态关系;稻米味度值先是随着蛋白质含量的下降而增加,当蛋白质含量下降到某一临界值后,随蛋白质含量下降而下降,蛋白质与直链淀粉含量适中的后代株系味度值较高;在蛋白质含量水平较高时,稻米RVA谱特性随着蛋白质含量的下降有所改善,但蛋白质含量下降到一定程度后则又会导致RVA谱特性变劣;蛋白质含量过高或过低都会导致稻米蒸煮食味品质变劣,协调蛋白质与直链淀粉含量的平衡关系是提高稻米蒸煮食味品质的关键。     

Proteins in Rice Grains Influence Cooking Properties!

The Australian rice industry is small compared to others. In order to compete, the industry targets the high-quality end of niche markets. To maintain quality it is important to understand quality attributes and to extract the most information from tests to evaluate quality. Viscosity of the flour (RVA) is a useful tool for evaluating quality. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of proteins on forming a viscosity curve, and then to understand how proteins affect the quality of cooked rice. The results demonstrate clearly that proteins influence viscosity curves both through binding water, which increases the concentration of the dispersed and viscous phase of gelatinised starch and through the agency of a network linked by disulphide bonds. Increasing rates of N nutrition decreases the peak height, consistent with fewer disulphide bonds so less contribution from the linked network. Storage also decreases peak height by increasing disulphide bonds. Proteins affect the amount of water the rice absorbs early in cooking, and the availability of water early in cooking will determine the hydration of the protein and the concentration of the dispersed and viscous phases of the starch, which will determine the texture of the cooked rice.     

不同木薯品种（系）块根淀粉特性研究

对79个木薯品种(系)块根淀粉的鲜薯含粉率、原淀粉水分、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量、峰值粘度、糊化温度、透明度、恩氏粘度、淀粉粒直径和表面积等淀粉特性指标进行研究.结果表明,不同木薯品种(系)各淀粉特性指标存在很大的差异,不同指标间也有一定的相关性,利用主成分分析对各品种(系)各指标进行综合分析,认为E169、C766、E1424、E339、R72、E217、E344、E232、E316和桂热3号木薯淀粉的加工特性最好,更适合木薯淀粉的深加工.     

高直链淀粉突变体Goamy2的淀粉糊化特性及淀粉结构分析

以高直链淀粉及突变体材料Goamy2及其野生型亲本Ilpumbyeo米粉为材料,比较了它们在理化性质和糊化特性上的差别,并通过体积排阻色谱(Size Exclusion Chromatography,SEC)分析其水溶性和不溶性淀粉组成结构差别。从冷水溶性成分来看,Goamy2主要以小分子DP141～DP2(DP为聚合度)为主,而Ilpumbyeo中带分支的链DP4100～DP64也就是相对大分子所占的比例较高,达到33.3%。从热水溶性淀粉成分来看,突变体Goamy2直链淀粉和支链淀粉的比例大致为4∶1,而Ilpumbyeo直链淀粉和支链淀粉比例大致为1∶1。至于两个材料的热水溶性支链淀粉链长分布,长短链比例差别较大,Goamy2长短链比率为0.67,而Ilpumbyeo为0.32。从热水不溶性成分来看,两个材料均以支链淀粉为主,直链淀粉所占的比例很低,均不到5%。热水不溶性支链成分的链长分布中,野生型亲本Ilpumbyeo以短链为主,短链所占的比例高达72.5%,而突变体Goamy2短链和长链几乎各占一半。     

利用RVA谱快速鉴别不同表观直链淀粉含量早籼稻的淀粉粘滞特性

采用粘度速测仪分析了浙江省新近培育的早籼稻新品种（系）的淀粉粘滞特性,结果表明不同品种（系）具有特征性RVA谱。依消减值可有效区分出品种（系）表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）的高低。低AAC品种（系）的消减值一般为负值,中等或高AAC品种（系）的消减值为正值。中等AAC品种（系）间食用品质的优劣,可根据消减值和崩解值判断。RVA谱的崩解值与胶稠度和米饭口感相关,消减值与米饭质地关联。上述结果表明, RVA谱特性可望作为理化标记在优质稻米育种中发挥重要作用。     

水稻抗性淀粉突变体抗性淀粉结构的比较研究

利用凝胶渗透色谱法和毛细管电泳法对2个富含抗性淀粉的水稻突变体RS111、AE及其野生型亲本R7954、IR36的抗性淀粉组成结构进行了比较研究，分析了2个突变体与野生型亲本抗性淀粉中直链淀粉和支链淀粉的差异。 RS111的抗性淀粉主要来源于直链淀粉，支链淀粉所占比例很小，直链淀粉与支链淀粉的比率相对于野生型亲本来说大大提高，从抗性淀粉中支链淀粉的链长分布来看，RS111与R7954比较一致，只是RS111中聚合度为10的短链比例明显小于亲本R7954；而另一突变体AE的抗性淀粉来源中，支链淀粉所占比例很大，直链淀粉与支链淀粉的比率相对于野生型亲本来说变化不大，支链淀粉中聚合度为10左右的短链比例大大高于亲本IR36，而聚合度为16、21左右的中长链比例远远低于亲本。     

Physical Properties and Gelation Behavior of a Low-Amylopectin Maize Starch and Other High-Amylose Maize Starches

This paper examines the effect of changes in fine structure due to hybrid breeding on gel formation and gel properties of high-amylose maize starches. Both small-strain oscillatory testing and uniaxial-compression testing ranked G′ and texture/strength, respectively, in the same order of HYLON® V starch <HYLON® VII starch <low-amylopectin starch (LAPS). The starch gels became more rigid and stronger as amylose content of the hybrids increased from HYLON V starch to LAPS. It was also noted in these studies that LAPS had the quickest onset of gelation and HYLON V starch had the slowest. The effect of preparation temperature on gel properties was also studied by cooking high-amylose starches at 250 °, 270 °, 290 °, 310 °, 330 °F in a mini-jet cooker with minimal steam. Temperature of jet cooking had an impact on the rate of sol-to-gel transformation of the starches, which in turn influenced the final gel properties. All three hybrids were strongest (highest fracture stress and strain values) when prepared at 270 °F. HYLON V had the narrowest cooking tolerance forming self-supporting gels from 270 ° to 310 °F, while LAPS was the most robust, forming acceptable gels throughout the range of temperatures tested.     

Digestibility of proteins and starch (in vitro) of amphidiploids (black gram×mung bean) as affected by domestic processing and cooking

The effects of different domestic processing and cooking methods on starch digestibility (in vitro) and protein digestibility (in vitro) of four strains of amphidiploids (black gram×mung bean) were investigated. An increase of 35 to 48% and 22 to 25% was observed in starch digestibility and protein digestibility, respectively, when the seed of amphidiploids were soaked for 18 h. Cooking (both of unsoaked and soaked seeds) and germination improved significantly the starch digestibility and protein digestibility of all the varieties.     

稻米蛋白质组分及总蛋白质含量与淀粉RVA谱特征值的关系

 利用低谷蛋白含量（low glutelin content, LGC）粳稻品种W1721与大面积应用的杂交粳稻恢复系轮回422构建了重组自交系群体。根据种子总蛋白质的SDS PAGE带型,推断各单株LGC位点的基因型。在排除脂肪的影响下,比较了基因型LGCLGC（谷蛋白含量较醇溶蛋白低）与基因型lgclgc（谷蛋白含量较醇溶蛋白高）在RVA谱特征值上的差异,以及同一基因型内总蛋白质含量与淀粉RVA谱特征值的关系。结果表明基因型LGCLGC的崩解值和回复值的平均值分别显著和极显著大于基因型lgclgc;LGC对崩解值和回复值的相对加性效应分别为3.91%和4.45%,贡献率分别为4.81%和12.81%。LGCLGC型的稻米,总蛋白质含量与崩解值和消减值分别存在显著的负线性回归和正线性回归关系,贡献率分别为9.86%和11.48%;lgclgc型的稻米,总蛋白质含量与消减值和回复值都存在极显著的负线性回归关系,贡献率分别为1341%和27.88%。结合前人研究认为,稻米食味品质受谷蛋白相对于醇溶蛋白的含量以及总蛋白质含量的影响;而总蛋白质含量对食味品质的影响因谷蛋白相对于醇溶蛋白的含量的不同而异。因此,育种工作中应当把谷蛋白相对于醇溶蛋白的含量以及总蛋白质含量同时作为选择指标。     

Relationship Between Variation in Activities of Key Enzymes Related to Starch Synthesis During Grain Filling Period and Quality of Eating and Cooking in Rice

Eating or cooking quality is one of the important quality of rice. Amylose content, RVA properties and taste meter value are three important indexes for evaluating cooking and eating quality of rice, which are determined by the chemical and physical com- …     

富含抗性淀粉水稻突变体的淀粉特性

 从杂交水稻优异恢复系R7954诱变筛选了1个富含抗性淀粉的突变体RS111。该突变体热米饭中抗性淀粉的含量高达7.0%，是其野生型的2.4倍。突变体的淀粉颗粒形态、DSC和多晶衍射的曲线和参数与野生型明显不同，表现为淀粉颗粒大小较为一致，圆形和卵形淀粉颗粒所占比率较高，溶晶起始温度(TO)、最高温度(TP)、回落温度(TC)、焓变(ΔHGEL)及结晶度更低。突变体的表观直链淀粉、粗脂肪和粗纤维的含量显著提高。     

不同马铃薯品种淀粉含量、淀粉产量及淀粉组成的评价

试验选用北方一作区8个当地主栽的马铃薯品种,在哈尔滨种植评价各品种的淀粉含量、淀粉产量和淀粉组成状况。试验结果表明:克新12号和延薯3号2个品种比较适合哈尔滨的气候和环境条件,具有较高的淀粉含量和淀粉产量。各品种马铃薯淀粉组成中直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量比例不同。直链淀粉含量低于25%的品种有:延薯3号、克新12号、尤金和陇薯3号。直链淀粉含量高于25%的品种有:晋薯11号、坝薯8号、青薯2号和东农303。     

杂交稻米及其亲本淀粉粒形态的扫描电镜观察

 用扫描电镜观察了品质级别有显著差异的3个水稻不育系和3个恢复系及其所配的9个杂交组合共15个材料的胚乳淀粉粒。结果表明：不同品质的稻米均有其固定的淀粉粒形态。杂交稻米淀粉粒的形态因双亲米质的优劣而具有明显差异。双亲优质的杂交稻米，表现优质米淀粉粒形态；优质与中质杂交，表现中亲淀粉粒形态；优质与普通品质杂交，表现为超中亲淀粉粒形态；双亲均是普通品质者，表现质量超亲淀粉粒形态；中质与普通品质杂交，趋向高亲淀粉粒形态；双亲均是中质者，表现中质米淀粉粒形态。据此，淀粉的形态特征可作为鉴定稻米品质优劣的一个重要指标，又可为杂交稻品质育种从淀粉粒形态上选择亲本提供依据。     

水稻弱势籽粒淀粉形成对稻米品质影响研究进展

随着社会的发展和经济水平的提高,人们的消费习惯和消费结构发生了巨大变化,人们对优质稻米的需求越来越高,有关稻米品质的研究也越发得到重视。本文综述了影响水稻弱势籽粒淀粉品质形成的机理与相应调控途径,基于此,提出了通过调控水稻弱势籽粒淀粉形成来提高稻米整体营养品质的新思路。