中温α-淀粉酶酶学性质的研究

从地衣芽孢杆菌得到的α-淀粉酶的理化性质进行了研究,结果表明:该酶的最适pH是6,pH在5～6.5时酶活比较稳定.最适反应温度是60 ℃,高于75 ℃后,酶活下降很快.Ca2+、Mn2+ 和Mg2+对该酶活力具有较明显的促进作用,乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对酶活具有较强的抑制作用.该酶是Ca2+依赖性型淀粉酶,添加0.01 mol/L的Ca2+能明显提高酶活力,添加0.125 mol/L,的Ca2+还能明显提高酶的热稳定性.     

共轭亚油酸菌株及亚油酸异构酶的研究进展

共轭亚油酸是一种具有重要生物活性的物质,但其来源十分有限.微生物合成是其主要来源之一.研究发现,丙酸菌、乳杆菌、双歧杆菌等微生物能产生共轭亚油酸,其中植物乳杆菌和德氏乳杆菌产量最高.研究还发现,这些菌体细胞中都含有能将亚油酸转化成共轭亚油酸的亚油酸异构酶.文章仅就生物法合成共轭亚油酸的菌种、亚油酸异构酶分离纯化和酶学特...     

饲用酶制剂中木聚糖酶酶学性质的研究

木聚糖酶是饲用复合酶制剂中的主要酶种之一,本文对某商品酶制剂中的木聚糖酶进行了酶学性质的研究,这对于木聚糖酶的酶活测定、保存及应用均具有重要的指导意义.实验结果表明:该木聚糖酶的热稳定性良好,最适反应温度为50℃,最适pH为5.0,Km值为4.485 mg/mL,Cu2+、Zn2+、Mn2+和Fe3+对本木聚糖酶有抑制作用,而Na+、K+及(NH4)2SO4能提高此木聚糖酶的活性.     

纳豆芽孢杆菌NY-1产蛋白酶酶学性质研究

试验为研究纳豆芽孢杆菌NY-1产蛋白酶的酶学性质,在液体培养基中培养该菌株并获得粗酶液,之后分别在不同处理条件下对粗酶液中蛋白酶活性进行测定。结果表明,该酶最适反应温度为65 ℃,最适反应pH为9.0,45 ℃时有较好的热稳定性,pH 8.0~9.0有较好的pH稳定性。金属离子Mn²⁺和Zn²⁺对该蛋白酶活性有激活作用,Fe²⁺、Cu²⁺和Mg²⁺对酶活性有抑制作用。     

米曲霉ZW-06中性蛋白酶白粗分离及酶学性质研究

从米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)ZW-06发酵干曲中对中性蛋白酶进行粗分离,并对其酶学性质进行研究.结果表明用硫酸铵沉降法所得粗酶粉的酶活力高达264443 U/g;该酶的最适反应温度为45℃,最适作用pH为6.5和9.0;该酶在常温及pH 6～10的环境下比较稳定;Mg2+、Mn2+和Ca2+对蛋白酶有强烈的激活作用,Fe2+和Cu2+则对其表现出强烈的抑制作用.动力学研究表明,该中性蛋白酶在pH 6.5和45℃条件下,Km为3.82 mg/mL,Vmax为541 U/mg·min.     

饲用酶制剂中木聚糖酶酶学性质的研究

木聚糖酶是饲用酶制剂中的主要酶种之一,通过对某商品酶制剂中的木聚糖酶所进行的酶学性质的研究表明:该木聚糖酶的最适pH值为4.5,最适反应温度为50℃,干热稳定性良好,Cu2+、Zn2+、Mn2+和Fe3+对本木聚糖酶有抑制作用,而Mg2+、Na+及(NH4)2SO4能提高此木聚糖酶的活性。     

产植酸酶菌株的筛选及酶学性质的研究

从100多个自然样品中,分离、筛选出一株高产植酸酶的曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)茵株.在30℃摇瓶发酵4 d时酶活达到6105.5 IU/mL,并对其粗酶液的性质作了研究:该酶作用的最适温度为45 ℃;最适pH为5;该酶在55℃、pH为3～7时,相对酶活大于80%;金属离子Zn2+"、Al3+、Mn2+,Cu2+等对该酶有较强的抑制作用,而Mg2+等则有一定的激活作用.     

枯草芽孢杆菌酸性内切葡聚糖酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

将来源于藏猪粪便的枯草芽孢杆菌BY-4菌株接种于含4%麸皮的产酶培养基中,37℃、220r/min培养48h,发酵上清液经HiTrap Phenyl HP疏水作用层析、HiPrep 16/60Sephacryl S-100凝胶过滤层析分离纯化得到一个内切葡聚糖酶组分,纯化倍数为15.5,回收率为25.0%。经SDS-PAGE、酶谱分析鉴定,两步分离纯化后为电泳纯的纤维素酶,相对分子量约为55 000。酶学性质研究表明,该酶的最适反应pH为4.5,最适反应温度为60℃。Mg2+、Zn2+对该酶有一定的激活作用,而Mn2+、Co2+、Ag+对该酶产生了抑制作用。     

高产淀粉酶枯草芽胞杆菌的诱变选育和酶学性质研究

为了提高产淀粉酶枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis N21的酶活,试验采用紫外线对该菌株进行诱变,并对该淀粉酶的部分酶学性质进行了研究。结果表明,淀粉酶酶活由出发株的32.96 U/mL增加到86.24 U/mL,比原菌株酶活提高了161.65%。该酶的最适反应温度为35℃,最适pH值为7.0,在30~40℃,pH值为5.0~8.0条件下较稳定。Ca2+和Mn2+对酶有激活作用,Cu2+、Zn2+对酶有抑制作用,而Mg2+、Fe2+对其影响较小。说明筛选出1株产酶活性较强的突变菌株。     

共轭亚油酸菌株及亚油酸异构酶的研究进展

共轭亚油酸是一种具有重要生物活性的物质,但其来源十分有限。微生物合成是其主要来源之一。研究发现,丙酸菌、乳杆菌、双歧杆菌等微生物能产生共轭亚油酸,其中植物乳杆菌和德氏乳杆菌产量最高。研究还发现,这些菌体细胞中都含有能将亚油酸转化成共轭亚油酸的亚油酸异构酶。文章仅就生物法合成共轭亚油酸的菌种、亚油酸异构酶分离纯化和酶学特性及存在问题作一综述。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.