Relationships between growth stress and wood properties in poplar I-69 (Populus deltoides Bartr. cv. “Lux” ex I-69/55)

Six inclined poplar I-69 (Populus deltoids cv. I-69/55) trees were collected for studying the influence of growth stress level on wood properties. Growth stress indicator (GSI) was measured at eight positions around the periphery of each trunk at breast height and corresponding wood samples were obtained. Wood anatomical, physico-mechanical and chemical characteristics were measured, including cell diameter, fibre length, double wall thickness excluding the gelatinous layer, lumen diameter after gelatinous layer removal, proportion of wood tissues, basic density, FSP, MOE, compressive strength, shrinkage and chemical composition. Each property was regarded and discussed in relation to the growth stress level.     

18年生尾巨桉无性系木材纤维形态和基本密度变异研究

对18年生尾巨桉（Eucalyptus urophlla×E．grandis）无性系木材纤维特征与基本密度进行研究,通过测定木材的纤维长度、宽度、壁厚、腔径、木材基本密度,分析结果表明：木材基本密度、纤维长度、纤维长宽比、壁厚、壁腔比在树干径向方向由髓心向外有逐渐增大的规律。纤维长度与基本密度之间呈显著的负相关,纤维宽...     

Effect of silvicultural practices on fibre properties of Eucalyptus wood from short-rotation plantations

The effect of nitrogen addition and weed management on fibre properties of wood from 6.5-year-old Eucalyptus grandis and E. tereticornis from intensively managed short-rotation plantations were investigated. Trees for analyses were sampled from plots with zero nitrogen input (n = 4), plots with high level (187 kg N ha^?1) nitrogen input (n = 4), plots from which weed growth was not removed throughout the rotation (n = 4) and plots from which weeds were removed periodically (n = 4). Fibre characteristics were evaluated on wood samples collected from base, breast height, 50, 75 and 100 % of merchantable bole height of trees. Though N input and weed management improved tree growth significantly irrespective of species, the treatment effects did not cause any significant change in fibre characteristics such as fibre length, fibre diameter, lumen width and wall thickness. Longest and widest fibres were observed at the outer most radial portion of wood in all cases. In general, within tree fibre length varied significantly along the radial direction of wood. Fibre diameter, lumen width and wall thickness lacked any specific pattern between species and treatments. Runkel ratio and felting and flexibility coefficients values showed high pulping quality of wood irrespective of species and treatments. The study concluded that the fibre properties that influence pulpwood quality of Eucalyptus have not been affected by silvicultural practices, like fertilizer input and weed management, aimed at improving productivity of short-rotation eucalypt plantations.     

15年生巨尾桉人工林木材物理力学性质的研究

为了更好开发利用15年生巨尾桉人工林木材,本研究以广西南宁市树木园15年生巨尾桉(Eucalyptus×E.urophylla)人工林木材为研究对象,对其物理以及力学性质进行了测试、分析。结果表明,15年生巨尾桉属中密度等级材,体积干缩系数小;抗弯强度,抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度和冲击韧性分别为83.9、12790、44.2、65KJ/m2,对应的强度等级分别为2级、3级、1级、2级;端面、弦面和径面的硬度分别为68.9、51.3、55.1MPa,其中端面硬度已经达到了4级标准,弦面和径面的硬度也达到了三级标准。木材综合强度为128.1MPa,属高强度树种;木材的综合品质系数达到了191.2GPa,属于低等级材。     

湖南省邓恩桉与柳桉高产纤维材引种培育研究进展

中国大多数桉树资源主要集中在较为温暖的沿海地区.目前在湖南和江西等华南和中南省份较为冷凉的内陆地区,通过选择一些合适的耐寒桉树品种,种植了一些规模不大的桉树人工示范林,这些示范林显示出了较好的适应性与丰产性.这些较为冷凉的内陆地区有着立地条件较为优越的适合人工林发展的广大林地.对于较冷地区,尤其是湖南省来说,通过分析所...     

滇楸无性系早期木材性状变异与评价

目的 为解析滇楸无性系材性遗传变异规律,提高滇楸材性的遗传改良效率。 方法 以生长于贵州的20个滇楸无性系为试验材料,测定了其树高、胸径、木材基本密度、胞壁率、双壁厚、胞腔直径和纤维长度等生长和材性指标;通过最大似然法估计了性状的遗传参数,分析了性状间的遗传相关和表型相关;以聚类和隶属函数法相结合的方法评价了无性系材性优良程度。 结果 结果表明：滇楸无性系间具有显著的材性差异;各性状的表型变异系数为6.21%~21.29%;木材基本密度、胞壁率和双壁厚受较强的遗传控制,重复力分别达0.88、0.87和0.73;遗传和表型相关分析结果发现,基本密度与管孔率、胞壁率和双壁厚均呈显著或极显著正相关,遗传相关系数分别为0.542、0.908和0.747。木材密度与胞腔直径各项性状的遗传相关均呈负相关。木材密度与其余材性性状的遗传相关系数绝对值均大于表型相关系数绝对值,材性性状的相关主要取决于遗传因素。回归分析进一步表明,木材基本密度与胞壁率和双壁厚有明显的正向线性关系,而与弦向胞腔直径和弦向中央直径有明显的负线性关系。 结论 滇楸无性系间材性差异显著,存在较大的变异程度;聚类分析和隶属函数法综合评价得出,滇楸无性系可分为：A高木材密度型,B短纤维型;C低木材密度型,D长纤维型,四大类型。     

桉树不同地理种源木材构造性质比较研究

在海南省琼海市，中国林业科学研究院热带林业研究所按树种源试验林内，采集了巨桉，柳桉，赤桉和尾叶桉４４个种源的木材试材，对木材解剖了分子和基本密度进行了研究和评优，从中选出巨桉１４８６０、１４８４９、１４５０９，柳桉１４４２９，１４４３５、１４５２７；赤桉１２１８７、１５０５０、１５０６２和尾叶桉１５０８９为最优种源。     

桉树木材旋切单板质量以及制造胶合板工艺的研究

对福建省主要桉树木材材性及其旋切单板厚度偏差、背面裂隙率进行检测分析,探讨木材旋切单板的适应性和制造胶合板的工艺并采用正交法优选最佳工艺参数。结果表明:尾叶桉单板背面裂隙率和单板厚度变动系数比尾巨桉小,尾叶桉用于旋切1.5 mm厚度单板质量较佳。尾叶桉木材制造胶合板较佳工艺参数:热压温度为130℃、单位压力为1.4 MPa、热压时间为1.35 min·mm-1、涂胶量为320 g·m-2。工艺条件对板材性能均有影响,桉树木材龄级对板材性能影响显著,随着桉树龄级的增大,板材性能有较大幅度提高,特别是静曲强度、弹性模量影响最为明显。     

鱼鳞云杉干部显微解剖结构与云杉大黑天牛危害的关系

鱼鳞云杉健康木和被害木干部解剖特征量中,存在显著性差异的指标包括胞壁厚（晚材）、管胞腔直径（径向早材）、管胞直径（早材）、木射线条数、管胞长（早材、晚材）、树脂道比量和木射线比量;逐步回归分析表明,管胞腔直径（径向早材）和管胞长（早材）为正相关,是有利于云杉大黑天牛危害的特征量,树脂道比量、木射线条数和木射线比量为负相关,是对云杉大黑天牛产生抗性的特征量。     

Predicting anisotropic shringkage of softwood Part 1: Theories

 The phenomenon of wood shrinkage by losing moisture can be analysed at four levels: molecular, ultrastructural, microstructural and macrostructural levels. To predict the shrinkage of wood cells, the model of Barber and Meylan is modified in the current work to reflect combined effects of shrinkage of the cell wall, changes of the lumen shape and effects of rays and bordered pits. Where a piece of wood contains a multi-layer of earlywood and latewood or multi-layer of normal and defect wood with variable properties, a model is proposed to relate the total, measurable shrinkage to the shrinkage of each layer. The model can be applied to a specimen with asymmetric properties through the thickness. In such a board, bow (or crook), cup and twist are often observed. The modified and proposed models involve several mechanical properties of the cell wall which are difficult to measure. These properties vary with wood types, such as earlywood, late wood, compression wood, or wood with spiral grain. However, an alternative method may be used to obtain these properties from experimentally measured shrinkage data, and this method will be presented in a subsequent paper. Received 25 January 1999     

Transverse shrinkage in G-fibers as a function of cell wall layering and growth strain

Transverse drying shrinkage was measured at microscopic and mesoscopic levels in poplar wood characterised by an increasing growth strain (GS), from normal to tension wood. Results show that: (a) the drying shrinkage, measured as a relative thickness decrease, was significantly higher for G-layer (GL) than for the other layers (OL), GL shrinkage was not significantly correlated with GS, and OL shrinkage was negatively correlated with GS. (b) In gelatinous fibre (G-fibre), lumen size increased during drying and this increase was positively related with GS, but in normal wood fibre, lumen size decreased during drying. These findings suggest that GL shrank outwards (i.e., its internal perimeter increases), so that its shrinkage weakly affected the total cell shrinkage and the mesoscopic shrinkage was controlled by the OL shrinkage which shrank inwards (i.e., its external perimeter decreases). (c) Measurements done on 7 × 7 mm2 thin sections evidenced a negative correlation between transverse shrinkage and GS, significant in T direction but weak in R direction. These observations at both levels allow to discuss the contribution of GL to the mesoscopic shrinkage of tension wood.     

不同初植密度对巨桉木材纤维形态的影响

对不同初植密度（2.0m×4.0m、3.0m×3.0m、3.0m×4.0m）20年生巨桉胸径处外缘材纤维形态特征（纤维长度、宽度、壁厚、腔径、长宽比和壁腔比）进行测定和分析,旨在为定向培育巨桉人工林提供基础数据。研究结果表明：随初植密度的增大,纤维长度、宽度、壁厚、腔径先增大后减小,以3.0m×3.0m的最大;纤维长宽比和壁腔比先减小后增大,3.0m×4.0m的纤维长宽比和壁腔比最大。本研究认为3.0m×3.0m的纤维形态特征为最好。     

毛白杨与瘿瘤解剖特性和化学组成变异分析

对1年生毛白杨人工接种后,毛白杨与瘿瘤木纤维和导管分子长、宽、腔径、长宽比、壁厚与化学组成变异进行测定与分析.结果表明:纤维各解剖参数(壁厚除外)在处理组接种处明显下降,上方木质部和接种处导管变小,下方受其影响较小.方差分析表明:处理组毛白杨木质部木纤维及导管分子差异极显著;对照组木质部木纤维和导管分子无明显变化;瘿瘤之间木纤维及导管分子的长、宽均差异显著,说明瘿瘤细胞分裂异常;与木质部相比,瘿瘤中木纤维和导管分子明显减小;毛白杨木质部和瘿瘤之间木纤维及导管分子差异达显著和极显著.处理组毛白杨接种处冷水抽出物、热水抽出物、1%NaOH抽出物含量增加,纤维素含量降低,木质素含量最高.方差分析表明:处理组毛白杨化学组成变异极显著,对照组毛白杨各接种部位和瘿瘤之间化学组成均变化平稳.瘿瘤木质部中冷水抽出物、热水抽出物、1%NaOH抽出物含量分别比提高了2.6～4.3,1.5～2.6,1.1～1.8倍,而纤维素含量下降了51%～99%,处理组毛白杨接种处木质素含量是瘿瘤的2.7倍,和其他接种部位相比,瘿瘤木质素含量略高.     

Collapse-type shrinkage characteristics in plantation-grown eucalypts： I . Correlations of basic density and some structural indices with shrinkage and collapse properties

Collapse-type shrinkage is one of highly refractory drying defects in low-medium density plantation-grown eucalypt wood used as solid wood products. Basic density (BD), microfibril angle (MFA), double fibre cell wall thickness (DWT), proportion of ray parenchyma (RP), unit cell wall shrinkage, total shrinkage and residual collapse, which are associated with collapse-type shrinkage characteristics, were investigated by using simple regression method for three species of collapse-susceptible Eucalyptus urophyll, E. grandis and E.urophyllaxE.grandis, planted at Dong-Men Forest Farm in Guangxi autonomous region, China. The results indicated that : unit cell wall shrinkage had a extremely strong positive correlation with BD, moderately strong positive correlation with DWT, and a weakly or moderately negative correlation with RP and MFA; total shrinkage was positively correlated with BD, DWT and RP and negatively related to MFA, but not able to be predicted ideally by any examined factors alone owing to lower R^2 value (R^2≤0.5712); residual collapse was negatively correlated with BD and DWT, linearly positively correlated with MFA, and had strongly positive linear correlation with RP. It is concluded that BD can be used as single factor (R^2≥0.9412) to predicate unit cell wall shrinkage and RP is the relatively sound indicator for predicting residual collapse     

竹木复合胶合板二次覆面工艺研究

针对目前国内竹胶合板建筑模板普遍存在厚度公差大、表面质量差等严重影响产品质量的问题,进行了竹木复合和二次覆面工艺的探索。研究结果表明：产品厚度公差和表面质量以及主要物理力学性能达到或超过竹胶合板模板JG／T156—2004标准优等品质量要求。     

Structure-property relationship of wood in East-Liaoning oak

Summary Relationships between various anatomical parameters and selected physico-mechanical properties of wood were examined statistically in East-Liaoning Oak. Path analysis revealed that the key anatomical factors influencing wood shrinkage vary with the type of shrinkage: both radial and tangential shrinkage are mainly controlled by fiber diameter, differential shrinkage mainly by microfibrillar angle and volumetric shrinkage by tissue proportions; specific gravity is determined directly by percentage of cell wall material, while the percentage, in turn, is closely related to tissue proportions, among which vessel proportion is the most important; tensile strength is closely related to microfibrillar angle and specific gravity is not always a good estimator of strength.We to express our sincere thanks to Prof. B. F. Ke and Prof. Dr. P. Baas for their support and help. The paper is based mainly on the presentation at the Timber Engineering Meeting, Saint John, Canada, July 30–August 4, 1990.     

十种木材材性对其胶合板物理力学性能影响的研究

检测了南方 １０ 种木材旋切单板的外观特征,并对以这些单板压制的胶合板的物理力学性能进行了对比和分析研究．结果表明：不同树种木材的质量密度、硬度、粗细结构及内含物对胶合板的质量密度、压缩率、胶合强度、抗弯强度和吸水厚度膨胀率分别有不同程度的影响．除刨花楠由于内含物的影响其胶合板的胶合强度达不到国家标准外,其余树种木材的各种物理力学性能指标均达到或超过 ＧＢ９８４６．４—８８ 规定的标准,但它们之间存在着一定的差别．     

三种松木单板的胶合工艺条件和胶合性能的改善

用ＵＦ、ＭＵＦ胶制作三种松木胶合板，分别就单板厚度、涂胶量及抽提物含量对胶合性能的影响，松木与柳安混合树种组坯、特殊添加剂对改善胶合性能的作用进行了研究。结果表明：除了老挝松边材ＭＵＦ胶合板以外，１．５和２．０ｍｍ厚的单板胶合强度均达到或超过日本ＪＡＳ普通胶合板的要求。合板胶合强度随单板厚度增加而下降，在一定范围内增加涂胶量可以提高合板胶合强度，混合组坯及施加特殊添加剂具有改善松木单板胶合性能的作用。     

Temperature effects on wood anatomy, wood density, photosynthesis and biomass partitioning of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings

Wood density, a gross measure of wood mass relative to wood volume, is important in our understanding of stem volume growth, carbon sequestration and leaf water supply. Disproportionate changes in the ratio of wood mass to volume may occur at the level of the whole stem or the individual cell. In general, there is a positive relationship between temperature and wood density of eucalypts, although this relationship has broken down in recent years with wood density decreasing as global temperatures have risen. To determine the anatomical causes of the effects of temperature on wood density, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden seedlings were grown in controlled-environment cabinets at constant temperatures from 10 to 35 degrees C. The 20% increase in wood density of E. grandis seedlings grown at the higher temperatures was variously related to a 40% reduction in lumen area of xylem vessels, a 10% reduction in the lumen area of fiber cells and a 10% increase in fiber cell wall thickness. The changes in cell wall characteristics could be considered analogous to changes in carbon supply. Lumen area of fiber cells declined because of reduced fiber cell expansion and increased fiber cell wall thickening. Fiber cell wall thickness was positively related to canopy CO2 assimilation rate (Ac), which increased 26-fold because of a 24-fold increase in leaf area and a doubling in leaf CO2 assimilation rate from minima at 10 and 35 degrees C to maxima at 25 and 30 degrees C. Increased Ac increased seedling volume, biomass and wood density; but increased wood density was also related to a shift in partitioning of seedling biomass from roots to stems as temperature increased.     

日本落叶松自由授粉家系纸浆材材性遗传变异的研究

对12年生日本落叶松自由授粉子代测定林纸浆材材质性状进行了遗传变异分析、遗传参数估计、相关分析及综合评价和选择。结果表明:家系间综纤维素含量、基本密度、早材和晚材纤维长度、早材和晚材壁腔比差异极显著或显著,10g·L-1NaOH抽出物差异也达10%水平显著。各性状受强度或中等强度的遗传控制,对日本落叶松进行家系水平的材性改良具有很大的潜力。木材密度与早、晚材壁腔比、10g·L-1NaOH抽出物呈显著正相关,与综纤维素含量呈显著负相关,与早、晚材纤维长度相互独立;晚材纤维长度与早材纤维长度存在紧密正相关,纤维长度与早材壁腔比存在显著负相关关系,与晚材壁腔比、综纤维素含量和10g·L-1NaOH抽出物相互独立;综纤维素含量与早材壁腔比呈显著负相关,与晚材壁腔比相关不显著;10g·L-1NaOH抽出物与综纤维素含量、早、晚材壁腔比均相互独立。根据对日本落叶松材质性状的综合评价结果,选出最适合作纸浆林培育的249、340、346、217和364号家系。