益阳地区优质油生产产业化的现状及其对策

分析了益阳地区优质油生产产业化的现状，发展优质油生产产业化的必要性和有利条件，指出实现优质油生产产业化必须坚持统一供种，防止品种混杂；坚持集中连片，实行区域化种植；坚持优质优价，激励农民种植优质油菜的积极性；坚持基地收购，确保加工质量。     

中国优质小麦生产的现状与问题分析

小麦是中国的第二大粮食作物。中国的小麦生产已基本可以满足国内市场需求,且局部地区丰年有余,出现库存积压,但中国小麦生产的品种结构性矛盾突出,专用小麦品种和优质专用商品小麦缺乏,粮食贮运成本较高。目前,中国小麦生产在稳定总产的前提下,应以品种结构调整、优质生产区划、优质专用品种选育及推广、优质生产基地建设、优质小麦分收分贮、品质快速检测、优质优价和专用品种的食品加工技术为主要任务。     

加拿大小麦科研生产对国内的启示

中国和加拿大都是世界上小麦生产和消费大国。本文根据作者的考察与学习体会，阐述了加拿大、国内及本地小麦生产、科研、加工等方面的差异，探讨国内小麦科研、推广及加工过程中的限制因素，根据云南省内外当前科研生产实际，提出了推进农业合作化组织建设，促进小麦产业化发展的建议。     

优质小麦标准化势在必行

从国际、国内以及河南省三个方面论述了优质小麦标准化的必要性和迫切性，旨在为各级政府部门，科研单位、龙头企业和小麦生产基地在优质小麦育种、生产、加工、经营、贸易、管理和信息化服务等全程标准化决策中提供参考。     

县域优质小麦生产效果分析Ⅱ.陕西省岐山县优质小麦示范效果调查

为了给优质小麦品种的生产、示范和推广提供依据,以国家审定品种小偃503为材料,以陕西关中平原岐山县10个小麦主产乡镇示范点为基地,研究小偃503的生产优势、籽粒品质变化,分析其示范效果.结果表明,示范田生产的小麦达到了国家优质强筋小麦标准,籽粒品质整体优于农户田间样品和当地商品小麦,且性状相对均匀一致,有利于加工企业加工优质产品;小偃503的品质性状在年度之间和地点之间变异系数较大.这些结果说明,不能忽视优质小麦的生产管理措施;通过优质小麦生产示范,可以大批量生产优质小麦原料.     

晋单(糯)41玉米及其产业化开发

叙述了晋单(糯)41玉米新品种的特征特性、优质高效栽培技术、速冻保鲜和真空保鲜加工技术;在糯玉米产业化中品种、技术、产品之间的紧密关系:品种决定产品档次和种植加工效益,品种又必需有配套的栽培、保鲜加工技术作依托,才能充分发挥自身特性,保证加工产品的产量和质量;晋单(糯)41的育成和产业化开发形成了山西省地方性龙头产业,并对我国糯玉米的科研育种、生产开发、加工增值起到了积极的推动作用。     

中国小麦产业化现状与发展对策初探

加入世界贸易组织(WTO)以来,由于国际小麦市场的影响,中国小麦生产的成本与价格劣势、产业化市场定位等具体问题开始显现。要保持中国小麦产业的持续健康发展,提高小麦的国际竞争力,我们认为要采取以下对策:1积极推动小麦企业的横向与纵向整合,做大产业经营规模,扩大小麦战略储备,增强市场调控能力;2发展小麦产品加工,促进小麦产业升级;3加强市场研究,构建小麦市场体系,发挥市场功能;4加强小麦产业化的科学与工程研究,加快科技进步,提高小麦产业效率;5推行市场准入制度,组建小麦产业行业协会,积极推动中国小麦产品出口。     

县域优质小麦生产效果分析I．陕西省岐山县小麦生产现状调查

优质小麦生产是一项系统工程,涉及到种子供应、栽培技术、品质检验、收购贮藏、政策支持等。为了解陕西省岐山县小麦生产的状况以及优质小麦品种推广的效果,以岐山县为区域,直接在农户田间抽取收获的小麦样本,现场调查相关生产要素,分析该县的小麦生产现状及存在的问题。结果表明,岐山县属于硬粒、高蛋白质、高筋、强筋小麦产区;田间调查表明,通过优质小麦的推广,主栽品种的比例提高,品种数量减少;稳产、高产、管理简单、便于机械收获、适宜间套的小麦品种深受当地农民欢迎。政府部门应在减少生产品种数量、落实优质优价政策方面做更多的工作。     

县域优质小麦生产效果分析Ⅰ.陕西省岐山县小麦生产现状调查

优质小麦生产是一项系统工程,涉及到种子供应、栽培技术、品质检验、收购贮藏、政策支持等.为了解陕西省岐山县小麦生产的状况以及优质小麦品种推广的效果,以岐山县为区域,直接在农户田阃抽取收获的小麦样本,现场调查相关生产要素.分析该县的小麦生产现状及存在的问题.结果表明,岐山县属于硬粒、高蛋白质、高筋、强筋小麦产区;田间调查表明,通过优质小麦的推广,主栽品种的比例提高,品种数量减少;稳产,高产、管理简单、便于机械收获、适宜间套的小麦品种深受当地农民欢迎.政府部门应在减少生产品种数量、落实优质优价政策方面做更多的工作.     

强力推进链式开发 做大做强稻米产业

淮安是江苏省优质稻米的主要产区,也是中国稻博会的发源地。近年来,淮安市以产业化链式开发为主线,按照“品种优质化、基地规模化、生产安全化、加工精深化、产品品牌化、市场多元化”的思路,大力推进优质稻米产业化链式开发,初步形成了“市场牵龙头,龙头连基地,基地带农户”的产业化经营格局,优质稻米的市场竞争力和综合效益不断提升。本文对淮安市建设规模特色基地、强化品种技术支撑、搭建展示展销平台、组建协会整合品牌、壮大龙头加工企业等推进优质稻米产业链式开发的做法进行了总结介绍。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).