多拉菌素浇泼剂临床前毒理学试验研究

观察多拉菌素浇泼剂对动物的安全药理学和皮肤的毒性作用。用家兔进行皮肤安全药理学试验,用豚鼠进行皮肤刺激性试验和皮肤过敏试验。结果说明多拉菌素浇泼剂对家兔无任何毒性反应,对豚鼠皮肤无刺激性反应,不产生致敏作用。多拉菌素浇泼剂是一种较安全的局部外用药,适合在临床上推广应用。     

防治犬真菌性皮肤病中药软膏剂的制备及质量评价

为寻找安全有效防治犬真菌性皮肤病的临床药物,采用乳化法制备出防治犬真菌性皮肤病的复方中药软膏剂,并通过对中药软膏的外观性状、稳定性、刺激性、局部致敏性等质量标准进行综合评价。试验结果表明,本试验制备的中药软膏剂外观细腻,质地均匀,质量稳定,无明显急性毒性反应、无刺激性、不产生局部及全身过敏反应。     

瑞香狼毒涂搽剂急性毒性及对皮肤刺激性试验

[目的]观察瑞香狼毒涂搽剂的急性毒性与外用药的安全性。[方法]采用小白鼠急性经口毒性试验方法及根据GB15670—1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》,对家兔进行皮肤、眼部刺激性试验。[结果]瑞香狼毒涂搽剂急性经口毒性的LD50为894.4mg/kg,皮肤刺激得分均小于0.49,急性眼刺激得分指数最高为2.1。[结论]瑞香狼毒涂搽剂为低毒、对皮肤无刺激性、对眼部轻微刺激的制剂,外用安全。     

Toxicological properties of metaflumizone

Metaflumizone is a new insecticide developed for crop protection and urban pest control by BASF. Its mammalian toxicological profile was assessed by conducting multiple toxicity studies in the rat, mouse, and dog, covering all relevant endpoints. Metaflumizone is characterized by very low acute toxicity, is not irritating to the eye or the skin and does not possess a potential to induce skin sensitization. The substance also shows relatively low toxicity following subchronic oral or dermal exposure to mammals. In addition, metaflumizone demonstrates low toxicological potential following chronic oral exposure to rats, mice, and dogs. Overall, the lowest no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is 12mg/(kgday) from the 1-year chronic dog study. In a battery of in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity assays, the weight-of-the-evidence indicates a lack of potential genotoxicity for metaflumizone. Furthermore, the compound demonstrated a lack of potential oncogenicity in long-term toxicity studies in rats and mice. Results from the rat multi-generation reproductive toxicity study as well as the rat and rabbit developmental toxicity studies indicate that metaflumizone is not selectively toxic to the offspring or fetus, as compared to the parents. Also, metaflumizone is not teratogenic in the rat or rabbit. Lastly, no neurotoxicity could be detected in acute and subchronic neurotoxicity studies in rats.     

The hemolytic activity of bracken extracts in guinea pigs

This study was conducted to elucidate the hemolytic activity of a new toxic substance in bracken fern. A crude extract (CE) was prepared from the methanol extracts of bracken by the column chromatography. When the CE was injected subcutaneously in guinea pigs, the hemoglobinuria and hemolysis were observed within 6 hr, and 3 days later edema and hemorrhages in the urinary bladder were observed. The CE was then fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and three (HF, BF and CF) of the fractions showed the toxic activities in guinea pigs. The HF caused the hemolysis, whereas both the BF and the CF caused the hemorrhagic cystitis without any hemolytic activities. The HF was further fractionated by the HPLC, resulting of the 3 fractions (HF-I, II and III). The hemolysis was caused only with the HF-II, and HF-II as well as HF did not cause the hemorrhagic cystitis. HPLC analysis revealed that both BF and CF contains braxin B and braxin C, respectively, and both HF and HF-II do not contain braxin A, B or C. These facts suggest that bracken fern contains a new toxic substance (hemolysin) which induces the acute hemolysis in guinea pigs.     

Encephalopathy caused by Talisia esculenta intoxication in pregnant ewes and their newborn lambs

An outbreak of acute encephalopathy occurred in pregnant ewes and their newborn lambs associated with consumption of Talisia esculenta fruits and bark. Clinical signs in 5 adult pregnant ewes included drooling, bloat, tachypnea, depression, ataxia, body shaking, difficulty in rising, and recumbency. Three neonatal lambs born to some of those ewes had similar clinical signs. No significant gross abnormalities were observed on autopsy. Histologically, neuronal necrosis, axonal and dendritic swelling, and loss of Purkinje neurons were observed in the cerebellum. The observation of similar neurologic clinical signs and lesions in pregnant ewes and their neonatal lambs suggests that the toxic principle of T. esculenta crosses the placenta and reaches the fetus.     

Pharmacologic-endocrinological findings in animal experiments with TURISYNCHRON and SUISYNCHROM. 2. Toxicologic findings

Acute, subacute and chronic toxicity of TURISYNCHRON and its zinc complex (SUISYNCHRON) was tested in mice, rats and dogs. The acute toxicity of SUISYNCHRON was lower than that of TURISYNCHRON in mice and rats. Ulcerative lesions in the duodenum produced by high doses of SUISYNCHRON were quantitatively less pronounced than those produced by similar doses of TURISYNCHRON. Subacute toxicity testing in rats showed that neither preparation had any toxic effect on haematological, clinical chemical or histological criteria in the dosages selected. Chronic toxicity testing of TURISYNCHRON in dogs did not reveal any evidence of toxic damage.     

中药“连蒲”透皮剂的稳定性、刺激性和安全性试验

为了研究中药“连蒲”乳房炎搽剂的稳定性、刺激性、安全性,笔者分别对中药“连蒲”透皮剂进行了稳定性考察,包括外观、pH值、连翘苷含量、微生物限度检查、常温留样和加速试验观察等项目：以成年健康家兔为试验动物。考察了“连蒲”乳房炎搽剂分单次和多次给药分别对完整皮肤和受损皮肤的刺激性以及不同给药剂量的急性毒性。常温留样和加速试验表明,该制剂在常温（25℃）、高温（40℃）、低温（4℃）下放置3个月后,制剂的外观性状、pH值、连翘苷的含量等检查结果与制备初期相比均无明显变化,且微生物限度检查合格：单次和多次给药对皮肤均未造成红斑和水肿现象;不同给药剂量的皮肤急性毒性试验结果显示,各组家免的采食、体温、皮肤、毛发、眼、黏膜、呼吸、中枢神经系统及四肢活动等状况均正常,未见中毒或异常症状,表明中药“连蒲”乳房炎搽剂在3个月内稳定,无急性皮肤毒性,安全性良好。     

Toxicity of apolar and polar Lantana camara L. crude extracts in mice

Lantana camara L, widely used in folk medicine, presents toxicity for farm animals. The acute poisoning effects of the apolar and polar L. camara L. extracts in mice were done. The percentage of death during 7 days after treatment, the acute signs of toxicity as well as the general activity observed in open field were assessed. The extracts were administered by i.p. route at 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 g/kg. Animals were evaluated during the first 2 h after the treatments to assess the acute signs of toxicity and daily observations were done for the presence of death. In the end of the experiment, at day 7, or immediately after death the animals had their organs removed, weighted and observed for macroscopic alterations. ¹H NMR and TLC analysis suggest the presence of triterpenoids in the apolar phase but not in the polar phase. Results showed also that both extracts produced similar percentage of death, mainly after 2 days of treatment; only the apolar extract presented a dose-dependent increased lethality. At necropsy, mice treated by both apolar and polar extracts were severely icteric, dehydrated and constipated, with hepatosis, showed congested heart and lung, and nephrosis; no skin lesions were shown. The main signs of toxicity revealed a decreased spontaneous general activity. In addition, it was observed a decreased duration of locomotion and animal rearing parallel to an increased immobility in the open field. The similarity of the signs related to the acute toxicity for both apolar and polar extracts suggested that the extracts have some of the active toxic principles in common. Data from open field behavior and spontaneous signs of toxicity suggest that the toxic principles have depressive properties on central nervous system.     

烟酸黄藤素注射液安全性试验研究

为进一步临床试验并了解烟酸黄藤素注射液的安全性,对其进行了溶血性试验、肌肉刺激性试验和急性毒性试验（口服试验和腹腔注射试验）。结果表明,烟酸黄藤素注射液对兔红细胞不产生溶血和凝聚作用;肌肉注射,2只试验兔4块股四头肌刺激反应级之和为3,局部刺激反应轻微;口服、腹腔注射LD50分别为2866mg／kg、153mg／kg,黄藤素口服给药属低毒性药物,注射给药属中等毒性药物。     

肺靶向氟苯尼考明胶微球的血液相容性及毒理学研究

通过对肺靶向氟苯尼考明胶微球进行溶血实验、刺激实验及急性毒性试验,考察其对受试动物的血液相容性及毒性,评价肺靶向氟苯尼考明胶微球作为静脉注射药物的可行性和安全性。实验结果显示,不同剂量的肺靶向氟苯尼考明胶微球注射剂的溶血指数均小于5%,无明显毒性;10%氟苯尼考明胶微球注射剂对受试动物皮肤无明显刺激作用;肺靶向氟苯尼考明胶微球对小鼠的LD50为2.226 7 g/kg,LD5095%的可信限为1.950 2~2.635 6 g/kg。说明肺靶向氟苯尼考明胶微球毒副作用小,符合注射剂的相关要求,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

Dermal safety study with imidacloprid/moxidectin topical solution in the ivermectin-sensitive collie

A study was conducted to determine the safety of the dermal application of 10% imidacloprid/2.5% moxidectin topical solution in ivermectin-sensitive collies. Each milliliter of this solution contains 100mg of imidacloprid and 25mg of moxidectin. A total of 21 collies were prescreened for ivermectin-sensitivity and heartworm negative status prior to selection for the study. Animals were assigned based on the maximum ivermectin-sensitivity score demonstrated during the prestudy screening. Treatment groups included a 3x and 5x test article group, and a 3x and 5x mineral oil control group. The 3x and 5x doses were administered at three and five times, respectively, the 1x dose based on the animal's body weight. On day 0, 3 of the 21 dogs were treated with dermal applications of a preliminary dose of 3x test article to screen for unexpected signs of toxicity with the remaining 18 dogs being treated with 3x mineral oil to blind for the volume of liquid applied. After no signs of toxicity were observed, these same three dogs were treated with 3x of test article and 2x mineral oil on days 28 and 56. The remaining 18 animals were equally allocated to either a 5x test article group or a 5x control group and were each treated on days 28, 56, and 84. Personnel performing observations were blinded to treatment. Observations were made for clinical signs of ivermectin sensitivity twice daily during non-dosing days. On treatment days, dogs were observed hourly for the first 4h post-treatment and at 6, 8, 12, 18 and 24h. Signs of toxicosis were not observed in any of the dogs throughout the observation period. This study demonstrated the safety of imidacloprid/moxidectin, when administered to collies testing positive for ivermectin sensitivity at dosages up to five times the maximum recommended dose.     

胆翘注射液急性和亚慢性毒性试验

旨在评价胆翘注射液的毒性,为临床安全用药提供理论依据。以昆明小鼠为研究对象,进行急性和亚慢性毒性试验。在急性毒性试验中,给予小鼠不同浓度的胆翘注射液来测定胆翘注射液的半数致死量和最大耐受量;在亚慢性毒性试验中,小鼠以(10、5、2.5g/kg)不同剂量连续腹腔注射给药28d,在给药第28天观察小鼠的临床体征、体重及饲料利用率、血常规、血液生化指标和病理组织学变化。结果显示,急性毒性试验各剂量组小鼠均无死亡,无法测出LD_(50),最大耐受量为20g/kg。亚慢性毒性试验中用药组小鼠的临床体征、体重及饲料利用率、血常规、血液生化指标与空白组小鼠相比,无显著差异(P0.05),组织病理学观察,实质器官无异常病变。表明胆翘注射液实际无毒,安全性好。     

A subacute toxicity study on 99m Tc stannous Glucoheptonate injection.

A subacute toxicity study on 99m Tc stannous glucoheptonate was performed with rats, dogs and rabbits, injected intravenously at ten to 100 times the human dose on a body weight basis. There were no abnormalities in the clinical status of any of the animals. No changes were found in urinalysis, blood chemistry or hematology in the rabbit nor in gross examination, renal histology or bone marrow smears in the rats and rabbits. Hepatic histology was also done. A focal area of necrosis in a liver of one rabbit that had been injected with 100 times the human dose was observed using light microscopy. Examination by electron microscopy in another group of rats and rabbits was prompted by the observation of that lesion. This revealed vacuolated and dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum and degranulated and vesiculated rough endoplasmic reticulum in all the test livers. X-ray microanalysis indicates that the ultrastructural changes are linked to the deposition of tin.     

庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液的毒理学试验研究

为对庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液的安全性进行毒理学评价,采用急性毒性试验、溶血试验、局部血管刺激性试验、肌肉及皮肤刺激试验及豚鼠全身用药的过敏试验,考察庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液制剂的安全性。结果表明,庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液对小鼠肌肉注射的LD50为4.989 mL/kg,0.1~0.5 mL该注射液在4 h内对兔红细胞不产生溶血和凝聚作用;静脉注射部位血管及周围组织均未见充血、水肿、出血和坏死等病理改变,肌肉注射部位充血范围在0.5 cm×1.0 cm以下,4块股四头肌反应级的最高与最低之差等于0,家兔四块股四头肌反应级之和小于10;以相当于临床用量2倍的剂量涂抹皮肤,停药后1、24、48、72 h镜下观察均未见明显异常的病理变化;豚鼠首次致敏后第14天及第21天静脉注射液攻击,在观察期内未见过敏反应。表明庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液在该试验条件下是安全的。     

一种新兽用止泻中药复方制剂对大鼠的急性及亚慢性毒性试验

为了解一种新兽用止泻复方制剂的安全性,本试验对该复方制剂进行了经口急性毒性和亚慢性毒性研究。急性毒性试验采用最大给药剂量法对20只Wistar大鼠进行经口灌服制剂。亚慢性毒性试验将80只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,每组20只,经口染毒剂量分别为3 000、1 500、750和0 g/kg体重,连续染毒30 d。试验期间观察一般临床状况,每周测量大鼠体重并据此调整染毒剂量。试验结束后测定试验动物血液学、血清生化指标,并进行大体解剖学观察,称取各组主要脏器并计算脏器系数,对高剂量组和对照组大鼠的主要脏器进行组织病理学观察。急性毒性试验结果显示,该制剂经口染毒LD₅₀均大于5 g/kg体重时,所有大鼠均存活。亚慢性毒性剖检发现,高剂量组除个别大鼠心脏、肺脏、睾丸（♂）出现轻度淤血外,其他各剂量组的实质器官均未发现异常变化;血液学指标中除高剂量组的单核细胞比率、红细胞压积水平显著下降（P<0.05）外,其余各组各项指标均在正常范围内,与对照组无显著差异。结果表明,在本试验条件下,根据WTO有关外源性化学物急性毒性分级标准,该制剂属实际无毒物质;亚慢性毒性试验也未发现该制剂对大鼠的生长发育产生影响,短期重复应用至少在1 500 mg/kg饲喂条件下无亚慢性毒性。     

Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity Test on Rats of a New Kind of Antidiarrheal Chinese Herbal Medicine Compound Preparation for Livestock

In order to understand the security of a new kind of antidiarrheal Chinese herbal medicine compound preparation for livestock,acute and sub-chronic toxicity test were conducted.Acute toxicity test used the largest drug dose method,20 Wistar rats were orally treated with the Chinese medicine compound preparation.In the sub-chronic toxicity test,80 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups with 20 rats in each group and orally given a dose of 3 000,1 500,750 and 0 mg/(kg·BW）of Chinese medicine compound preparation once a day for 30 days.The general clinical status was observed,rats weight were measured and the dose was adjusted every week during the test,after the test measured blood routine index,biochemistry index,and preceded the gross anatomy observation,weighing each major organs and calculated the viscera coefficient,and proceded main viscera histopathological observation between the high dose group and the control group.The acute toxicity results showed that every rat would be alive gavaged with the lethal dose（LD₅₀）of compound preparation larger 5 g/(kg·BW).The sub-chronic toxicity autopsy showed that except heart,lung,and testicles in individual rats appeared mild bleeding in the high dose group,the other dose group organs found no abnormal change.The haematological index showed except mononuclear cell rate（P<0.05),and hematocrit declined significantly（P<0.05）in the high dose group,all the indexes of the other groups were in the normal range,there was no significant difference from the control group.The test suggested the Chinese medicine compound preparation was no toxicity under the condition of this test according to acute toxicity classification standard of exogenous chemicals by WTO,there was no effect on the growth and development of rats in the sub-chronic toxicity test,and there was no chronic toxicity at least 1 500 mg/kg feeding conditions in short-term repeated application.     

First report of Thelazia sp. from a captive Oriental white stork (Ciconia boyciana) in Japan

Nematodes of the genus Thelazia were recovered from the cornea and inferior conjunctival sac of an immature Oriental white stork (Ciconia boyciana). The bird hatched and reared at the Toyooka Oriental White Stork Breeding Center, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, but died of chlamydiosis. There were neither gross nor histopathologic ophthalmic lesions. The eye worm from a bird is believed to be first reported in Japan. As regarding reintroduction plan for the Oriental white stork, control measures for prevent further infection with the eye worm will be needed.     

Varied pathogenicity of a Hong Kong-origin H5N1 avian influenza virus in four passerine species and budgerigars

This investigation assessed the ability of the zoonotic A/chicken/Hong Kong/220/97 (chicken/Hong Kong) (H5N1) highly pathogenic avian influenza virus to infect and cause disease in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), house sparrows (Passer domesticus), European starlings (Sternus vulgaris), and budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) after intranasal administration. Zebra finches were the most severely affected of the five species, demonstrating anorexia, depression, and 100% mortality within 5 days of inoculation. Gross lesions in this species were absent or only mild. But histologic lesions and the corresponding viral antigen were observed in multiple organs, especially in the nasal cavity, brain, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, and ovary. Significant morbidity and mortality also were observed in both house finches and budgerigars. Affected birds of these two species demonstrated anorexia, depression, and neurologic signs and typically were moribund or dead within 2 days of the onset of clinical signs. Gross lesions were mild or absent in house finches and budgerigars. Histologically, the brain and pancreas were the most consistently and severely affected organs in house finches. The brain was the most affected organ in budgerigars. Unlike these three species, house sparrows suffered only mild transient depression, had no mortality, and lacked gross lesions. Viral antigen and microscopic lesions were observed only in the heart and testicle of a minority of birds of this species. Starlings demonstrated neither clinical disease nor mortality and lacked gross and histologic lesions. Viral antigen was not observed in any of the collected tissues from starlings. These results indicate that there is significant variation in the pathogenicity of the chicken/Hong Kong virus for different species of birds, including species within the same order. In addition, neurotropism is a recurrent feature among birds that eventually succumb to infection.     

The effects of heat-labile Bordetella avium toxin on turkey poults

Intraperitoneal exposure of turkey poults to various concentrations of Bordetella avium sonicate containing heat-labile toxin indicated a high degree of toxicity: poults died after exposure to sonicate containing as little as 6.32 micrograms of protein. The toxic effects were dose-related: poults that received sonicate containing 158 micrograms of protein died in 4 to 6 1/2 hours, those that received 31.6 and 6.32 micrograms of protein died in 25 to 30 hours, and those that received 1.2 micrograms survived the 6-day course of the study and were apparently unaffected. Histologic examination of poults that received lethal doses of the toxin revealed degeneration and necrosis of parenchymal cells of the liver and pancreas as well as hyperemia, hemorrhage, and necrosis of the mucosa of the small intestine. No lesions were observed in poults that received the sublethal dose of toxin or in unexposed poults. Repeated intranasal exposure of poults to the sonicate did not produce clinical signs of disease or gross lesions.