论社会实践与社会和谐

“和谐”是社会实践最基本的“人和”环境的客观需要；也是形成“和谐文化”并指导人的生活方式、行为方式的根本前提；同时也是构建“和谐社会”促进社会发展的基本动力。一个社会的和谐在本质上体现为一种和谐的文化精神，社会主义现代化建设的伟大实践需要以“和谐文化”为基础构建和谐社会。“以人为本”是科学发展观的核心，是人的全面发展的内在本质要求。     

浅谈二恶英

比利时二恶英毒鸡事件震惊世界，也惊醒了国人。二恶英一时成为人们关注的焦点，各报纷纷发表文章加以介绍，这对提高人们对二恶英的认识很有帮助。写这文章的目的，希望通过对已发表文章的综合整理，使那些关心二恶英、过去多少读过一些这方面文章的人，对二恶英有个更全面、更进一步的认识。１　什么是二恶英　二恶英，英文原名是“Ｄｉｏｘｉｎ”。按命名原则“Ｄｉ”即二；“ｏｘ”即恶，是含氧杂环型化合物的意思；“ｉｎ”即英，是表示不含氧原子的六元环。单纯从字面上看“二恶英”，只表明一种含两个氧原子的六元杂环化合物。实际上…     

殷商周秦时代犬史小考

狗是旧石器时代驯化的，是人类驯化饲养最早的家畜。由于狗既可作为肉食，又可作为狩猎的助手，且最易与人接近和听人驱使，所以很早人和狗的关系就很密切。在河南裴李岗、河北磁山、甘肃大地弯等新石器时代地下文化遗址中，都发现了狗的骨头，可见距今７０００多年前人们便已将狼驯化为家狗。相传伏羲氏发明了网罟，用来猎兽捕鱼，由于工具的改进，生产力的提高，古人将一时吃不完的活野兽驯养起来，以备不时之需，这就有原始初期的畜牧业，犬在甲骨文作“犬”，犬的“丿”表示用绳束或枷的意思，说明以束约犬的猛性，开始驯养了。新石器时…     

推进健康养殖摒弃陈规陋习建立长效机制--由人畜共患病和动物源性食品安全事件引发的思考

畜牧业发展的最终目的是供人类消费，经济越发达，人与动物关系越密切。近年来，人畜共患病多发乃至致人死亡的事件在世界各地屡屡发生：禽流感在东南亚一些国家感染人，并导致数十人死亡；每年都有狂犬病犬伤人致死；今年四川发生人感染猪链球菌病死亡，沈阳等地发生人感染炭疽甚至死亡，等等，虽然只是极少数病例，但闹得人心不安，社会影响极大。一个不争的事实是，畜牧业在造福人类的同时，也因为人畜共患病的客观存在，对人类构成的威胁也就越大。是谁打开了“潘多拉的魔瓶”？人类又如何实现发展畜牧生产与造福社会有机和谐的统一？这是我们必须认真思考的一个重大命题。作者从养殖、加工、经营等多环节，从生活习俗、生产方式、防疫技术等多角度，从技术、管理、法律等多层面进行了深入浅出的分析，据此，提出了实现人畜共患病和动物源性食品安全控制的基本对策，即：推进健康养殖，摒弃陈规陋习，建立长效机制。     

田壮壮少数民族电影的特征分析

田壮壮是“第五代导演”的代表人物，他的《猎场札撒》、《盗马贼》和《德拉姆》都是有关少数民族题材的重要作品。本文通过对这三部影片的分析，总结出了其少数民族题材电影的特征，包括他的纪实性手法、对深层文化内涵的挖掘，以及他对“人”的关注。从中我们也看到了田壮壮对民族性格和人的灵魂、信仰的关注，而这些也都让其有了自己独特的风格。正如台湾著名电影评论家焦雄屏女士对他的赞赏：“田壮壮，第五代的最后防线”。     

炮制假蜂蜜的前前后后

不正之风能够刮起来,往往与这些冠有“共产党员”称号又戴着“乌纱帽”的人有关系。这些人虽然在党的队伍中是极少数,但确实是一些危害极大的害群之马!     

“雪狼”草地早熟禾——快速成坪的高品质草地早熟禾新品种

“雪狼”是能快速成坪的草地早熟禾新品种能在播种后3天内发芽，而其他品种都没有；5天时，当其他品种发芽率最高达到28．0％时，“雪狼”已达52．5％；7天时达到79．8％，创下在室温下7天内出苗而建植草坪的奇迹。     

学习讲话 扎实推进新一轮扶贫开发工作

江总书记在今年“七一”重要讲话中指出：“党的一切工作，必须以最广大人民的根本利益为最高标准；最重要的必须首先考虑并满足最大多数人的利益要求，这是始终关系党的执政全局，关系国家经济政治文化发展的全局，关系全国各族人民的团结和社会安定的全局。”     

“雪狼”草地早熟禾——快速成坪的高品质草地早熟禾新品种

“雪狼”是能快速成坪的草地早熟禾新品种能在播种后3天内发芽，而其他品种都没有；5天时，当其他品种发芽率最高达到28．0％时，“雪狼”已达52．5％；7天时达到79．8％，创下在室温下7天内出苗而建植草坪的奇迹。     

“警犬观”的几点思考

何谓“警犬观”，如何给它下一个确切的定义？笔者认为，“警犬观”是人们对待警犬技术工作的认识观念、思维方法和社会价值体现及其认识的总的看法。警犬技术工作从广义上讲，它包括警犬的疾病防治、饲料营养、繁殖育种、幼犬培训、训练使用。从狭义上讲，训练和现场使用是直接服务于公安工作的。就其本质而言，就是人与犬之间相互关系的工作。通俗地讲，就是将犬的各种生理功能运用到人类社会所需要的一些工作中。     

Using policy goals to evaluate red wolf reintroduction in eastern North Carolina

Despite being politicized in its early stages, the Red Wolf (Canis rufus) Recovery Program (RWRP) existed for 30 years in eastern North Carolina with little attention paid to finding common ground between policy contestants. We situated our data from 62 key informant interviews within Stone’s (2002) policy goals framework to evaluate red wolf recovery in eastern North Carolina, United States. Four goals underpin U.S. political culture and offer common ground with which to begin negotiation among policy contestants. Our results highlight challenges to achieving one definition prescribing how to treat each policy goal. The future of recovery within the red wolf’s historic range could hinge on decision-makers’ willingness to prioritize policy design over policy tool evaluation, developing a process by which to achieve an agreed-upon set of values underscoring red wolf recovery. This process must reconcile disagreements about what is fair or equitable treatment of landowners and include local-level experiences.     

SRY-positive 78, XY ovotesticular disorder of sex development in a wolf cloned by nuclear transfer

Recently, we reported the three wolves cloning with normal karyotype from somatic cells of endangered male gray wolves (Canis lupus), but one wolf had female external genitalia. In this study, we conducted further clinical, histological, and genetic analyses. This cloned wolf had a normal uterus but developed ovotestis. Through molecular analysis of the SRY gene, a mutation in the coding sequence of SRY gene could be excluded as a cause of intersexuality. This is the first report of a cloned wolf with a 78, XY ovotesticular disorder affecting sexual development characterized by bilateral ovotestes.     

Wolf teeth and their extraction

The equine first premolar or ‘wolf tooth’ (Triadan 05) is a normal vestigial tooth, which is often absent, but when present most commonly lies rostral to the second maxillary premolar (Triadan 06). The routine extraction of wolf teeth has been performed historically and is contentious, but clinically indicated in some instances. This review article aims to summarise concisely the limited peer reviewed literature on wolf teeth and to describe the practice of their extraction. Extraction is usually performed in the standing sedated horse, and complications are avoided with good surgical planning, analgesia and instrumentation.     

Patterns and determinants of human-carnivore conflicts in Central Iran: realities and perceptions behind the conflict

This article assessed the patterns and determinants of human-carnivore conflicts and local attitudes toward carnivores in 18 villages in eastern Isfahan Province, Central Iran. Livestock depredation by carnivores was common, representing a total loss of 3% and 13% of sheep and poultry population, respectively. Over 93% depredation events were attributed to the gray wolf. Households and herders held negative attitudes toward the gray wolf due to their perceived threat to livestock and humans and expressed positive attitudes toward other carnivore species. Preventative measures, such as improved livestock husbandry seem to reduce damage caused by carnivores. In general, livestock that were herded by day with the presence of shepherds and guardian dogs and kept within an enclosure at night with dog presence were 35% less likely to be killed by wild predators. Education influenced peoples’ attitudes toward carnivores.     

狼多杀性巴氏杆菌和肺炎双球菌混合感染的诊断

2011年4月,青海省西宁市野生动物园有7只狼突然陆续死亡,经病理学和细菌学检查确诊为多杀性巴氏杆菌和肺炎双球菌混合感染致死。主要对该起狼多杀性巴氏杆菌和肺炎双球菌混合感染的诊断作一介绍,以期为兽医同仁提供参考。     

Cecal inversion and subsequent colocolic intussusception in a red wolf (Canis rufus gregoryi).

A 2-yr-old female red wolf (Canis rufus gregoryi) presented with weight loss and diarrhea. Abnormal clinical pathology included low serum calcium, sodium, chloride, globulin, and albumin levels. Differential diagnosis included infectious enteritis, intestinal parasitism, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatic or renal disease, and malnutrition. The wolf was treated empirically, but did not improve. A second examination revealed persistent poor musculature and stool quality. Abdominal palpation revealed a firm mass; contrast radiography confirmed an intussusception. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a colocolic intussusception involving the cecum. Following reduction of the colocolic intussusception, cecal inversion (cecocolic intussusception) was identified. Because the cecal inversion could not be reduced, typhlectomy was performed through a colotomy incision. Bacterial culture of peritoneal fluid yielded two strains of Escherichia coli. Postoperatively, the wolf was placed on antibiotics and a soft diet. The diet was gradually returned to its normal formulation and the wolf progressively gained weight. Physical examination 7.5 mo following initial presentation revealed normal body weight and condition. To our knowledge, this is the first recorded incidence of cecal inversion with concurrent colocolic intussusception.     

Predicting Spatial Risk of Wolf-Cattle Encounters and Depredation

Spatial variability in terrain, vegetation, and other features affect cattle and wildlife distribution on mountainous grazing lands of the western United States. Yet we have a poor understanding of how this spatial variability influences risk of wolf-cattle encounters and associated depredation. This knowledge gap severely limits our capacity to prevent or mitigate wolf-cattle conflict. Research addressing this problem was conducted in 2009−2011 at four study areas in western Idaho to evaluate models and mapping tools for predicting spatial risk of wolf-cattle encounters. Lactating beef cows grazing these study areas were instrumented with Global Positioning System (GPS) collars and tracked at 5-min intervals throughout the summer grazing season. Resource selection function (RSF) models, based on negative binomial regression, were developed from these GPS data and used to map the relative probability of cattle use in each study area. A wolf RSF model originally developed by Ausband et al. (2010) was applied to map study-area habitat types in terms of their relative suitability as wolf rendezvous sites. Spatial relationships between cattle and wolf selectivity patterns were used to classify and map wolf-cattle encounter risk to 5 classes (very high to very low) across each study area during the wolf rendezvous period (15 June−15 August). Validation analyses using GPS-based, wolf-cattle encounter observations (n = 200) revealed 84% of observed encounters occurred in areas of high- or very high−encounter risk (class 4 or 5). About 75% of confirmed wolf depredations recorded among three of four study areas were located in areas of high or very high risk. This new predictive understanding of wolf-cattle encounter risk will greatly aid livestock producers, resource managers, and policy makers in more effectively applying husbandry practices, allocating mitigation resources, and developing conflict mitigation plans and policies applicable throughout the mountainous western United States and potentially other regions of the world where wolves and cattle come into conflict.     

New techniques for an old disease: sarcoptic mange in the Iberian wolf

Sarcoptic mange, a parasitic skin infection caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei, has been reported in over 100 mammals, including humans. In endangered species, mange causes conservation concerns because it may decimate isolated populations and contribute to extinction. The Iberian Peninsula still maintains one of the largest wolf (Canis lupus) populations in Europe. In Iberia, sarcoptic mange is endemic in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and the first confirmed wolf mange cases were recently reported. However, knowledge on S. scabiei in wolves is scarce because of the sampling difficulties inherent to research on scarce species. In order to describe wolf mange epidemiology and to infer conservation implications, this study combined traditional laboratory techniques with the revision of wolf carcass pictures taken by field biologists and original information obtained by camera trapping. A total of 125 necropsies and 8783 camera-trap days allowed insights into wolf mange epidemiology between 2003 and 2010. Living Sarcoptes mites were detected in 19% of the fresh carcasses. Alopecic (delayed) type IV hypersensitive response reactions were observed, while parakeratotic lesions were infrequent. The number of mites isolated per wolf ranged from 1 to 78, and had a negative correlation with the percentage of alopecic skin. No effect by sex on mange prevalence was found. Yearlings showed a lower probability to present mange-compatible lesions than pups or adults. Wolves with mange-compatible lesions had a lower kidney fat index than apparently healthy ones. ELISA testing of 88 sera yielded an antibody prevalence of 20%. Photo-trapping recorded mange-compatible lesions since 2003 with a peak in 2008. The percentage of wolves with mange-compatible lesions registered in camera-traps during 1 year correlated with the percentage of red foxes with lesions in the previous year. This is the first large survey on sarcoptic mange in the Iberian wolf. Necropsy data, with alopecia as the main feature and a slight effect on body condition, and trends derived from camera trapping coincided in showing a rather low prevalence and an apparently stable situation of the disease and its host, suggesting that this parasite is currently not a major threat for this wolf population. However, more information is needed in order to assess the effect of mange on aspects such as pup survival.