土壤水分胁迫对树木N2O排放速率的影响

采用封闭罩-气相色谱法观测研究了干旱胁迫对长白山阔叶红松林的几种优势树种-红松(Pinus koraiensis)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、椴树(Tilia amurensis)和蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)叶片N2O排放。并同步测定5种树木叶片净光合速率、呼吸速率和气孔导度。结果表明：土壤水分胁迫明显降低树木叶片气孔导度、净光合速率和N2O排放速率，叶片气孔是树木N2O排放的主要通道。树木N2O排放以白天为主，在相同的水分条件下，不同的苗木有不同的N2O排放速率，同种苗木的N2O排放随干旱胁迫的加重而减少，在受到不同干旱胁迫时，针叶树红松N2O的排放速率降至正常水分条件下的34.43％和100．6％、阔叶树种N2O排放平均降至31．93％和86.35％。不同干旱胁迫的红松、水曲柳、胡逃楸、椴树和蒙古栎幼树叶片N2O排放速率为34．43、14．44、33．02、16.48和32．33ngN2O．g^-1DW．h^-1。图1表1参12。     

水曲柳等树种光合、耗水及萎蔫系数比较研究

对水曲柳等10个树种净光合速率、蒸腾速率的日变化和季节变化、耗水量以及萎蔫系数进行研究的结果表明,光合速率和蒸腾速率表现出明显的日变化和季节变化,具体的日变化趋势和季节变化规律存在差异,日均净光合速率旱柳银中杨紫丁香白榆白桦水曲柳暴马丁香黄菠萝紫椴胡桃楸;日均蒸腾速率旱柳白榆银中杨黄菠萝紫丁香水曲柳白桦暴马丁香紫椴胡桃楸;单株年耗水量银中杨旱柳白桦紫丁香白榆水曲柳暴马丁香紫椴胡桃楸黄菠萝。萎蔫系数胡桃楸黄菠萝旱柳白桦紫椴银中杨水曲柳暴马丁香白榆紫丁香。     

Effect of water stress on N2O emission rate of 5 tree species

The N₂O emission rates, photosynthesis, respiration and stomatal conductance of the dominant tree species from broadleaf/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain were measured by simulated water stress with the closed bag-gas chromatography. A total of five species seedlings were involved in this study, i.e.,Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc,Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr,Juglans mandshurica Maxim,Tilia amurensis Rupr, andQuercus mongolica Fisch. ex Turcz.. The results showed that the stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate and N₂O emission of leaves were significantly reduced under the water stress. The stoma in the leaves of trees is the main pathway of N₂O emission. N₂O emission in the trees mainly occurred during daytime. N₂O emission rates were different in various tree specie seedlings at the same water status. In the same tree species, N₂O emission rates decreased as the reduction of soil water contents. At different soil water contents (MW, LW) the N₂O emission rates ofPinus koraiensis decreased by 34.43% and 100.6% of those in normal water condition, respectively. In broadleaf arbor decreased by 31.93% and 86.35%, respectively. Under different water stresses N₂O emission rates in five tree species such asPinus koraiensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, Tilia amurensis, andQuercus mongolica were 38.22, 14.44, 33.02, 16.48 and 32.33 ngN₂O·g⁻¹DW·h⁻¹, respectively. Foundation item: This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30271068), the grant of the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZ-CX-SW-01-01B-10), and the Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Program of China (No. G1999043407) Biography: Wang Miao (1964-), male, associate professor in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

哈尔滨市6种绿化树种生理特性比较

为了全面了解各绿化树种的生理生态特性,增加哈尔滨市园林绿化树种及其生态功能的多样性,为绿化树种的选择提供理论依据。对东北乡土树种白桦、蒙古栎、糠椴、紫椴、茶条槭和黄檗二年生幼苗的生理指标进行测定,通过这6种树种生理指标的研究,对各树种的适宜应用作综合的评价分析,结果表明：这6树种最大光合速率分别为：茶条槭9.70μmolCO2/m^2·s,白桦7.67μmolCO2/m^2·s,黄檗5.88μmolCO2/m^2·s,紫椴5.51μmolCO2/m^2·s,糠椴5.20μmolCO2/m^2·s和蒙古栎4.04μmolCO2/m^2·s。6树种之间呼吸速率的差异不显著,平均为1.01μmolCO2/m^2·s。水分利用效率的种间差异较大,茶条槭、糠椴和蒙古栎高于黄檗、紫椴和白桦。所以从生态园林的角度,在水分短缺的地点,选择绿化树时应先考虑水分利用效率高的茶条槭、糠椴和蒙古栎,而在土壤水分条件较好的可适当优先考虑净光合能力强的树种。     

霸王、沙木蓼和银水牛果在不同水分条件下的生理研究

简单分析了霸王、银水牛果和沙木蓼在不同土壤水分条件下,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)的变化规律;霸王、银水牛果和沙木蓼的最适于光合作用的土壤含水量分别为18.50%、17.62%和19.30%;最适于蒸腾作用的土壤含水量分别为15.08%、21.63%和19.21%。光饱和点分别为41.7 KLux、51.4 KLux和55.6 KLux。从而证明3树种为耐旱性树种,其中沙木蓼的抗旱性最高,且耐贫瘠,霸王居中,银水牛果最低。     

水曲柳育苗密度对苗木质量的影响

水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.)是东北地区三大珍贵硬阔叶用材树种之一,也是东北地区的造林树种.垄作时,水曲柳育苗密度决定苗木的产量和质量,试验结果表明,当密度达到50株/m时,是水曲柳的最优育苗密度,其苗高、地径、主根长和侧根数最优,高径比上的比例比较合适,有利于优质壮苗的培育.     

Effect of soil water changes on photosynthetic characteristics of Taxodium distichum seedlings in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir area

Four different kinds of water treatment were applied to examine the photosynthetic characteristics of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) seedlings in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The aim was to shed light on the physio-ecological adaptation of this species to changing water levels for revegetation purposes. The water treatments were normal growth water condition (CK), light drought water stress (T1), growth under soil water saturation (T2) and growth with soil submersion (T3). T3 had the lowest content of photosynthetic pigment; T1 and T2 did not differ from CK in the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid. The ratio of chlorophyll a to b in the four groups ranged from 2.04 to 2.69 and the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid from 3.08 to 4.51. In group T1, the seedling of baldcypres had lower apparent light use efficiency, lower apparent CO₂ use efficiency and a lower net photosynthetic rate, with the net photosynthetic rate 24.9% lower than that of group CK. However, T2 and T3 did not differ from CK in apparent light use efficiency, apparent CO₂ use efficiency and net photosynthetic rate. Water use efficiency of the four treatments consistently increased as treatment was prolonged; the average water use efficiency of T3 was the lowest while that of CK was the highest. Correlation analysis showed that the net photosynthetic rate of baldcypress seedlings was positively related to transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, apparent light use efficiency and apparent CO₂ use efficiency, but highly negatively related to the ratio of chlorophyll a to b. Net photosynthetic rate was not significantly related to the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid, the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid, relative air humidity and intercellular CO₂ concentration. The transpiration rate was positively correlated with stomatal conductance and negatively related to water use efficiency. The results showed that different water treatments could effectively influence the baldcypress seedlings’ content of photosynthetic pigment, leaf gas exchange and apparent resources use efficiency. The results verified that the species T. distichum takes on the features of a water-tolerant and hydrophilic plant, which can be considered as one of the species for the building of a forest protection system for the hydro-fluctuation belt in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Baldcypress should not be planted in drought-stricken soils. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(8) [译自:生态学报, 2005, 25(8)]     

水曲柳床播不同密度对苗木生长的影响

水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.)是东北地区三大珍贵硬阔叶用材树种之一,也是东北地区的重要造林树种。研究了不同育苗密度对水曲柳床播苗木生长的影响,结果表明,当密度达到100株/m^2时,为最优育苗密度,其苗高、地径、主根长、侧根数、生物量最优,有利于优质壮苗的培育。     

黑河流域荒漠地区水分胁迫对梭梭苗木影响的试验研究(英文)

梭梭(HaloxylonAmmodendronBge,一种C4灌木)苗种植在15升的容器中,给予不同的水分胁迫处理,研究了其水分关系和气体交换特征。结果表明:当土壤水分含量大于11%时,梭梭苗有高的蒸腾量;土壤水分含量低于6%时,苗木就不能从土壤中吸取水分;很好供水的苗木的蒸腾量与潜在蒸发量成线型相关。气体交换测定发现,随着土壤水分含量的下降,造成了不同程度的气孔导度、叶蒸腾强度和光合作用的下降。对同一苗木而言,由于这个地区有高的水气压亏缺(VPD),很好和中度供水的苗木在气孔反应方面有较宽的范围,气孔在决定光合作用方面起着较小的作用,二者没有明显的线型相关关系。虽然水分胁迫使蒸腾速率比光合速率下降的更快,提高了水分利用效率,而较高的蒸发需求增加了蒸腾量,限制了光合作用,但是总的趋势是光合作用和蒸腾强度成线型相关。图6表2参15。     

喀斯特区顶坛花椒适生的土壤水分环境

2005年5月以盆栽顶坛花椒幼苗为对象,在不同水分梯度及充分供水条件下用CI-301 CO2气体分析仪进行林木生理指标观测,研究了顶坛花椒1年生苗净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶片水分利用效益与土壤含水量的关系,结果表明:维持顶坛花椒净光合作用的最佳土壤含水量为22%,维持顶坛花椒较高蒸腾速率的土壤含水量范围为22.5%～25.6%,气孔导度最大时对应的土壤含水量为25.6%,维持顶坛花椒叶片水分利用效益的最佳土壤含水量为28%,根据喀斯特造林的基本构思,可选取维持最佳叶片水分利用效益的土壤含水量临界值和维持最佳净光合速率的土壤含水量低限值作为喀斯特造林树种顶坛花椒的适宜土壤水分的高限值和低限值。这一指标可量化为22%～28%。     

Growth and photosynthetic responses of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings to various light environments

To determine light requirement and adaptability of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings, the seasonal variations of photosynthetic variables were measured in 3-year-old seedlings grown under four light levels (100%, 60%, 30%, and 15% of full sunlight) with a LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system. The leaf chlorophyll content, special leaf weight, annual height and basal diameter increment of seedlings were also observed. The maximum and minimum values of net photosynthetic rate, maximum rate of carboxylation, an...     

水曲柳木材裂纹尖端应力强度因子研究( 英文)

该文研究了水曲柳 (FraxinusmandshuricaRupr .)木材发生Ⅰ型断裂时裂纹尖端的应力场应力强度因子的情况 .借助美国大型通用有限元分析软件NASTRAN计算出裂纹尖端附近的应力 ,并通过GRAFTOOL软件对数据进行后期处理 ,画出裂纹尖端附近的应力强度因子分布图     

土壤干旱胁迫对黄栌叶片光合性能的影响

为探索土壤干旱胁迫和光照强度对黄栌光合作用性能的影响规律,应用CIRAS-2型便携式光合作用系统,测定4种土壤水分（对照、轻度、中度和重度胁迫）处理下,3年生黄栌（Cotinuscoggygria var．cinerea）苗木叶片光合作用的光响应过程。结果表明：1）土壤干旱胁迫对黄栌叶片的光合性能参数具有明显影响,随着土壤水分胁迫的加剧,黄栌叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率、光量子效率明显降低,光补偿点增高,叶片水分利用效率在轻度水分胁迫（土壤相对含水量60-65％）下的水平最高;2）黄栌叶片光合作用对强光胁迫的适应性较强,在较大幅度的强光（有效辐射强度1000-1800μmol·m^-1·s^-1）范围内,均能获得较高的光合速率和水分利用效率;3）黄栌光舍作用对弱光的光能吸收、转换和利用效率（光合量子效率）较低,并随土壤水分胁迫加剧而明显下降。     

城市白桦林下水曲柳和黄菠萝的天然更新格局研究

对比研究48 a生城市人居白桦生态林下水曲柳和黄菠萝的天然更新格局。结果表明：①水曲柳和黄菠萝更新苗的分布格局均为聚集分布;②随着林冠空隙面积的增加,水曲柳和黄菠萝的更新苗数量和密度均表现出抛物线式的变化趋势：水曲柳在林冠空隙面积为13.3 m^2时,更新苗数量最多,为32株,在11.7 m^2时更新苗密度最大,为29 289株/hm^2;黄菠萝在林冠空隙面积为22 m^2时更新苗数量最多,为11株,在15.1 m^2时,更新密度最大,为6 659株/hm^2;③相同林冠空隙面积下,水曲柳的更新苗数量明显高于黄菠萝。     

Effects of soil moisture and light intensity on ecophysiological characteristics of Amorpha fruticosa seedlings

We investigated the combined effects of soil moisture and light intensity on the growth, development and ecophysiological characteristics of one-year old Amorpha fruticosa seedlings. Soil moisture and light intensity influenced the ecophysiological characteristics of Amorpha fruticosa seedlings. Soil moisture resulted in the decreases of growth rate, individual size, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, leaf water loss rate (WLR), and biomass accumulation of plant parts, and led to increased leaf water saturation deficit (WSD). Under water stress, more photosynthetic products were allocated to root growth. With decreasing light intensity, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, chla/b, water saturation deficit, water use efficiency, water loss rate and biomass accumulation declined, while Chla, Chlb, Chla+b and carotenoids (Car) increased and more photosynthetic products were allocated to stem and leaf growth. Maximum growth vigor, net photosynthetic rate and total biomass accumulation in Amorpha fruticosa seedlings was recorded at 75 80% soil water-holding capacity and 100% light density in greenhouse environments.     

砂带磨削效率的实验研究

以杨木、水曲柳和中密度纤维板为试材,使用磨削效率测试系统和表面粗糙度测量仪进行磨削实验,分析比较了三种试材磨削效率和表面粗糙度的变化规律,以及相关因素对磨削效率和表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明,在其他条件不变的情况下,杨木的磨削效率高于水曲柳的磨削效率,中密度纤维板的磨削效率最低;横向磨削的磨削效率高于纵向磨削的磨削效率;杨木的表面粗糙度数值Ra高于水曲柳的Ra,中密度纤维板的Ra最高;横向磨削的表面粗糙度数值Ra高于纵向磨削的Ra。     

落叶松与水曲柳混交林特征研究综述

落叶松和水曲柳是我国东北地区的主要造林树种,适合我国东北地区广泛栽培。本文对现有国内外落叶松和水曲柳种间关系、立地条件以及混交优势对生长的影响进行总结,其结果对落叶松和水曲柳混交林的经营及管理具有重要的理论意义。     

干旱胁迫下臭椿4种源幼苗光合特性比较

设置4个土壤含水量水平W1、W2、W3、W4,分别为田间持水量的12．5％（严重干旱）、25％（中度干旱）、50％（轻度干旱）、75％（适宜含水量水平,CK）,处理盆栽4个种源臭椿苗未,在苗未速生后期,采用英国CIRAS-1型便携式光合测定系统测定幼苗的光合特性。结果表明：在盆栽土壤干旱胁迫下,山东鲁中、河南宝丰种源的臭椿幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、瞬间水分利用效率和气孔导度均较高,表现出较强的抗旱特性,而宁夏平罗、北京密云种源幼苗的相应指标较低。     

Effects of water stress on Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings in the desert region of Heihe inland river watershed, Gansu Province, China

The water relation and leaf gas exchange of saxoul (Haloxylon Ammodendron Bge, a C4 shrub) seedlings were studied under water stress in 2001. Saxoul seedlings maintained high transpiration when the soil moisture was above 11%. The seedlings were able to take up water from soil with above 6 % soil water content, which was the threshold level of soil moisture for seedlings. The relationship between transpiration and potential evaporation was linear for well-watered seedlings. The decrease of soil water availability led to different degrees of down-regulation of stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration and net CO2 assimilation rate. The stomata played a relatively small part in determining the net CO2 assimilation rate for the same seedling. The relationship between net CO2 assimilation rate and transpiration was linear diurnally, and reduction scale of leaf transpiration was much bigger than that of net CO2 assimilation rate by waters tress treatments, therefore intrinsic water-use-efficiency increased. High evaporative demand increased the leaf transpiration but inhibited net CO2 assimilation rate.Because of the effect of VPD on transpiration in this region, the transpiration of well-watered and mild water stress seedlings becomes responsive to change in stomatal conductance over a wider range.     

水曲柳人工混交林静态持水能力研究

对1987年营造的水曲柳针叶混交林和水曲柳纯林的静态持水能力进行了研究,结果表明:枯落物最大持水量和有效持水量分别为16.07~21.65 t.hm-2和9.05~12.82 t.hm-2,林地土壤的单位面积有效持水量变化范围为257.6~506.6 t.hm-2,土壤饱和持水量的变化范围为2 871.2~3 035 t.hm-2。综合比较,水曲柳针叶混交林静态持水能力都要好于水曲柳纯林,在3种水曲柳针叶混交林中水曲柳红松混交林持水量最大;其次是水曲柳云杉混交林;水曲柳落叶松混交林最小。