水曲柳幼林适生立地条件研究

在帽儿山地区对不同立地条件下水曲柳人工幼林生长指标进行标准地调查,并运用数量化方法研究了影响水曲柳人工林生长的立地因子。结果表明：影响水曲柳人工林生长的主要立地因子依次为坡位,土壤A层厚,坡向和坡度,其中坡位为主导因子。水曲柳人工林在中上坡位生长最好,在下坡位生长差。根据立地因子划分了34个立地类型。此外对不同立地类型的养分状况进行了分析,发现养分并不是限制水曲柳生长的主要因子。     

不同立地条件下水曲柳人工幼林生长的初步分析

本文描述了不同立地条件下水曲柳人工林的生长情况，结果表明，在谷地生长的水曲柳的树高、胸径和立木蓄积分别比沼泽地高９％，２４．５％和１０％，比落叶松下生长的水曲柳分别高２２％，５３％和７７％。在山地沟谷两侧、水湿地和沼泽地可应用床式高台整地造林技术。     

闽东高海拔山地地形因子对杉木人工林生长的影响

应用地形5个因子在2个水平下的正交试验设计方法,系统分析了闽东高海拔山地14年生杉木人工林生长的变化规律,结果表明:影响杉木人工林胸径、树高的各地形因子的重要程度依次为:坡形>坡位>坡向>海拔>坡度,影响杉木人工林冠幅的各地形因子的重要程度依次为:坡形>坡位>坡向>坡度>海拔,影响杉木人工林枝下高的各地形因子的重要程度依次为:坡形>坡位>海拔>坡向>坡度。坡形对杉木人工林胸径、树高和枝下高影响显著,坡位对杉木人工林树高影响显著。影响杉木人工林生长的最重要地形因子是坡形,其次是坡位,坡向、海拔和坡度(在45°以内)对杉木人工林生长影响不显著。     

燕山北部山地不同生境水曲柳幼树生长的比较

为了解水曲柳幼树在燕山北部山地的生长状况,以及生境对水曲柳幼树生长的影响,对林间空地、高密度林冠下、低密度林冠下和裸地4种不同生境下水曲柳幼树生长特征进行调查研究。结果表明:林间空地生境中,水曲柳幼树的地径和树高最大,在高密度林冠下和裸地生境中较低;造林后第2年第、第3年树高生长量由高到低分别为林间空地低密度林冠下高密度林冠下裸地;树高生长量呈逐年增加的趋势。由此得出结论,林间空地最适宜水曲柳幼树的生长,水曲柳在冀北山地生长状况良好,可在当地进行推广造林。     

水曲柳人工造林与培育技术的研究

在缓坡、轻微水湿地、农耕地等不同立地进行水曲柳人工造林,以农耕地为最佳,其次是缓坡。农耕地10 a生水曲柳人工幼林平均树高为5．430 m,为其它立地水曲柳人工幼林树高均值的150．0％,单位面积立木蓄积为其它立地立木蓄积的158．3％,树高、胸径最大值分别为6．80 m和7．3 cm,表现出较强的生长优势。水曲柳人工林生长规律为:3 a、6 a生时,树高、胸径、材积生长开始加快,速生期内胸径、树高连年生长量分别在0．40-0．67 cm之间和0．500 0-1．000 0 m之间。采用Riehards曲线进行水曲柳人工幼林树高生长过程拟合,结果为H=8．773 545×[1-EXP(-0．217 416 5 X)]3.574 767。     

水曲柳人工林生长特性研究

水曲柳人工林生长特性的研究表明:水曲柳人工林胸径生长从第6年开始加快,6~21 a生间,连年生长量在0.40~0.67 cm之间,9~24 a生间,平均生长量在0.47~0.50 cm之间。树高生长从3 a生开始加快,3~6 a生间,连年生长量在0.50~0.67 m,9~18 a生间,连年生长量在0.67~1.00 m之间;9~24a生间,平均生长量在0.61~0.72 m。材积生长从12 a生开始加快,12~24 a生间,平均生长量在0.00088~0.002 99 m3之间;从9a生开始,连年生长量在0.001 34~0.006 82 m3之间。24a生人工林直径、树高、材积生长分别为25a生天然林胸径、树高、材积的1.81倍、1.92倍和6.12倍。     

华北落叶松人工林林分密度与生长因子的关系研究

以冀北山地30年生不同密度的华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,研究了密度对林分胸径、树高、冠幅、枝下高等生长因子的影响。研究结果表明:林分密度与胸径、冠幅、树高、枝下高存在负相关性,与海拔和坡度存在正相关性。密度对各林分生长因子影响的重要程度依次为:胸径>冠幅>树高>枝下高。30年生华北落叶松人工林在600株/hm2时林木生长得最好。     

广西江南油杉人工林生长与地形因子关系

选择广西6个江南油杉(Keteleeria fortunei var.cyclolepis)种植点,设置标准地进行林木生长指标测定,以5株优势木生长指标进行方差分析,探讨不同坡向、坡位、坡度对江南油杉人工林生长的影响。结果表明:江南油杉人工林在阳坡的生长优于阴坡;在下坡的生长优于中坡,在上坡的生长为三种坡位中最低;在斜坡的生长水平优于平坡。     

内蒙古东南部山地人工林造林立地质量评价

调查了内蒙古东南部山地主要造林树种华北落叶松、兴安落叶松、油松、樟子松人工林立地条件和林分生长情况,依据立地因子（海拔高度、土壤类型、土层厚度、坡向、坡度）和林分因子（优势木高、树龄）,应用统计学方法划分了造林立地类型,用样地资料拟合了4个针叶树种的生长模型,分别编制了适宜该区的立地指数表,并对该区针叶树造林立地质量做出了评价。研究表明,内蒙古东南部山地针叶树人工林中57.11%的立地质量处于中等水平,近30%立地质量较差,仅有13.22%的林分生产力水平处于优等水平。     

长白山区水曲柳根呼吸的季节动态及影响因子

为了探讨林木呼吸的季节动态及影响因素,采用LI-COR-6400-06测定并研究长白山红松针阔混交林中天然水曲柳根系呼吸的季节变化规律,分析根系呼吸与土壤温度、土壤湿度和土壤全氮含量等因子的关系。结果表明:天然水曲柳不同径级根系呼吸速率在生长季节均有明显的季节动态,其中7月最高,10月最低,呈单峰曲线,呼吸速率在1.02～9.27μmol·g-1s-1之间;水曲柳根系呼吸速率与10cm深处土壤温度季节变化一致,二者呈显著指数相关(P<0.05);根系呼吸与土壤湿度呈二次曲线相关,即当土壤湿度在一定范围内时根系呼吸速率与其成正比,而当土壤湿度超过一定值时根系呼吸速率则与土壤湿度成反比;根系呼吸速率与土壤N含量呈线性相关,并且随树木年龄的增加呼吸速率下降;不同径级根系呼吸温度系数Q10值在2.21～2.71之间变化,且Q10值随根系径级增大而降低,表明细根对土壤温度的敏感性高于粗根。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.