Lycojaponicuminol A–F: Cytotoxic serratene triterpenoids from Lycopodium japonicum

Six new serratene triterpenoids (1–6), together with nine known triterpenoid compounds were isolated from the extract of club moss Lycopodium japonicum. The structures of isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic methods. The cytotoxic activities of all compounds were evaluated against three human cancer cell lines in vitro by MTT assay. Compounds 2, 6–8 and 11 exhibited moderate activities against all three cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 2.28–11.81 μg/mL.     

New antimicrobial pregnane glycosides from the stem of Ecdysanthera rosea

Phytochemical investigation on the stem of Ecdysanthera rosea led to the isolation of eight new C-21 pregnane glycoside ecdysosides A–H (1–8), together with one known pregnane glycoside ecdysantheroside A (9). Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data (MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR) analysis, as well as comparison with the reported literature data. Antimicrobial activities of all the compounds were evaluated against bacteria and yeasts. Compounds 1, 9, 3 and 5 exhibited moderate antibacterial activities against respective Enterococcus faecalis and Providensia smartii, with MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL. Compound 8 showed significant anti-yeast activity against Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL.     

Bioactive polyketides and alkaloids from Penicillium citrinum,a fungal endophyte isolated from Ocimum tenuiflorum

Chemical investigation of the endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum cultured on white beans or on rice led to the isolation of two new alkaloids (1 and 2), along with fourteen known polyketides (6–12, 14–20) and four known alkaloids (3–5, and 13). The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by extensive analysis of the 1D, 2D NMR, and MS data, and by comparison with the literature. Compound 13, which had been previously obtained only by chemical synthesis, was isolated as a natural product for the first time, while compound 6 was firstly reported as a fungal metabolite. A re-isolation of sclerotinin A (14) revealed it to be a diastereoisomeric mixture (14a and 14b), whose stereochemistry was proposed for the first time based on ROESY experiment. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antibacterial activities. Compounds 12 and 17 showed significant cytotoxicity against the murine lymphoma cell line L5178Y with IC₅₀ values of 1.0, and 0.78 μg/ml, respectively, while compounds 5, 11, and 15 were moderately active against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (MIC 64 μg/ml).     

Carapanolides C–I from the seeds of andiroba (Carapa guianensis,Meliaceae)

Five new mexicanolide-type limonoids, carapanolides C–G (1–5), together with two new phragmalin-type limonoids, carapanolides H–I (6, 7), were isolated from the oil of Carapa guianasis AUBLET (Meliaceae) seeds. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses using 1D and 2D NMR spectra and FABMS. Carapanolides C (1), E (3), and I (7) exhibited moderate activity in the P388 (IC₅₀ 17.9 μM in 1, 15.8 μM in 3) and L1210 cell lines (IC₅₀ 13.3 μM in 1, 18.1 μM in 3, 16.9 μM in 7). On the other hand, Carapanolide D (2) exhibited a strong inhibitory effect in the HL-60 cell line (IC₅₀ 11.0 μM), Carapanolides F (4) showed inhibitory activity in the L1210 cell line (IC₅₀ 15.9 μM), and the cytotoxic activity of Carapanolides I (7) was moderate in all cell lines.     

Biotransformation on the flavonolignan constituents of Silybi Fructus by an intestinal bacterial strain Eubacterium limosum ZL-II

Eubacterium limosum ZL-II is an anaerobic bacterium with demethylated activity, which was isolated from human intestinal bacteria in our previous work. In this study, the flavonolignan constituents of Silybi Fructus were biotransformed by E. limosum¹ ZL-II, producing four new transformation products — demethylisosilybin B (T1), demethylisosilybin A (T2), demethylsilybin B (T3) and demethylsilybin A (T4), among which T1 and T2 were new compounds. Their chemical structures were identified by ESI-TOF/MS, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, HMBC and CD spectroscopic data. The bioassay results showed that the transformation products T1–T4 exhibited significant inhibitory activities on Alzheimer's amyloid-β 42 (Aβ₄₂²) aggregation with IC₅₀ values at 7.49 μM–10.46 μM, which were comparable with that of the positive control (epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG³, at 9.01 μM) and much lower than those of their parent compounds (at not less than 145.10 μM). The method of biotransformation by E. limosum ZL-II explored a way to develop the new and active lead compounds in Alzheimer's disease from Silybi Fructus. However, the transformation products T1–T4 exhibited decreased inhibitory activities against human tumor cell lines comparing with their parent compounds.     

Cytotoxic sesquiterpenes from Hedychium spicatum: Isolation,structure elucidation and structure–activity relationship studies

Phytochemical investigation of chloroform extract from rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum resulted in the isolation of six new sesquiterpenes (1–6) along with fifteen known compounds (7–21). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of the extensive spectroscopic analyses (IR, Mass and NMR) and by comparison of the data with those reported in the literature. Further, cytotoxic activities of all the isolates were evaluated by determining their inhibitory effects against A-549, B-16, Hela, HT-29, NCI-H460, PC-3, IEC-6 and L-6 cancer cell lines. Results indicated that compounds 1 and 3 may serve as an important natural lead compounds for future development as they showed potent cytotoxic activity against Hela cell lines with an IC₅₀ value of 0.3 μg/mL and 1.80 μg/mL, respectively.     

Cytotoxic biflavones from Stellera chamaejasme

Bioassay-guided phytochemical studies on Stellera chamaejasme led to the isolation of two new biflavones, chamaejasmenin E (1) and chamaejasmin D (2), together with ten known compounds. The structures of new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and their absolute configurations on 2, 3, 2″ and 3″ were confirmed by TDDFT quantum chemical calculated ECD spectra combined with experimental ECD spectra. All isolated biflavones were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against Bel-7402 and A549 tumor cell lines, and sikokianin D (3) was found to possess the most potential cytotoxic activities against both the two cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 1.29 ± 0.21 and 0.75 ± 0.25 μM, respectively. Moreover, some structure–function relationships of these bioflavones for cytotoxic activities were explored and summarized.     

Triterpenoids from the fruits of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae)

Four new triterpenoids, indicalilacols A-D (1–4), were isolated from the MeOH extract of the fruits of Azadirachta indica, including a new 19(10 → 9β)abeo-tirucallane derivative, two new tirucallane-type triterpenoids, and a new euphane-type triterpenoid, along with three known tirucallane-type triterpenoids. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configuration of 2 was elucidated by the chemical conversion of 2 into 21-oxo-melianodiol 24,25-acetonide. Compounds 2, 6–8 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells (KB-C2). Although compound 5 was not cytotoxic against any of the tested cancer cell lines, 5 showed cytotoxicity against KB-C2 cells in the presence of 2.5 μM colchicine, suggesting that 5 might have an MDR-reversal effect.     

Phytochemical investigation of sesquiterpenes from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis and their cytotoxic activity

Phytochemical investigation of ethanolic extract from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis led to the isolation of four new sesquiterpenes (1–4); their structures were determined by a combination of NMR (1D and 2D) and MS spectroscopic techniques. In addition, all these isolates were screened for their cytotoxic activities against MCF-7, Caco-2, Hela, Lncap, Hep G2 and MDA-MB231 cancer cell lines. Results indicated that compounds 2 and 3 displayed potent cytotoxic activity against Caco2 cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 17.10 μg/mM and 16.46 μg/mM, respectively.     

New cytotoxic compounds from flowers of Lawsonia inermis L.

Three new compounds, a bicoumarin A (1), a biflavonoid A (2), and a biquinone A (3), as well as 12 other known compounds, were isolated from the flower of Lawsonia inermis L. The structures were elucidated by spectral analysis and new compounds 2 and 3 then were further confirmed by ECD calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction crystallography respectively. The cytotoxicity of the compounds against four cancer cell lines, including MCF-7, Hela, HCT-116, and HT-29 were evaluated using MTT assay. The IC₅₀ values of compounds 3 and 5 against MCF-7, Hela, HCT-116, and HT-29 were 2.24, 1.42, 24.29, and 7.02 μM and 6.1, 2.44, 5.58, and 10.21 μM respectively. The two compounds exhibited stronger inhibitory activities than the positive control 5-fluorouracil (IC₅₀ = 7.34, 11.50, 36.17, 18.83 μM) against the four tested cell lines. These results demonstrated that compounds from the flowers of L. inermis L. showed cytotoxic activity on MCF-7, Hela, HCT-116, and HT-29 cell lines.     

Bioactive cis-stilbenoids from the tubers of Scirpus yagara

Two new cis-stilbenoids, sciryagarol I (1) and II (2) were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the tubers of Scirpus yagara, together with four known compounds. The structures of all compounds were determined by comprehensive analyses of their spectroscopic data and comparison with literature information. The compounds 3, 4 and 6 were isolated for the first time from this genus. Some compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines and antimicrobial activity. Compounds 1–4 showed significant cytotoxicity against the Hela cell lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 7.21 to 61.21 μM. 1 and 2 exhibited some antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans with uniform MICs of 79.3 μl/ml for 2, and 152 μl/ml for 1, respectively.     

Antibacterial prenylbenzoic acid derivatives from Anodendron formicinum

A phytochemical investigation on the stems of Anodendron formicinum led to the isolation of eight prenylbenzoic acid derivatives. Three of these were new compounds, designated as formicinuosides A (1), B (2), and C (3). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, as well as by comparison with the reported spectroscopic data. This is the first report of chemical constituents from A. formicinum and their antimicrobial activities. Among the isolated compounds, compounds 4, 6 and 8 showed significant antibacterial activities against Providensia smartii with MIC values of 0.781 μg/mL. Moreover, compound 8 showed remarkable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli with MIC value of 0.781 μg/mL.     

Ophiobolins P–T,five new cytotoxic and antibacterial sesterterpenes from the endolichenic fungus Ulocladium sp.

Five ophiobolane sesterterpenes, ophiobolins P–T, and three known compounds, 6-epi-21,21-O-dihydroophiobolin G, 6-epi-ophiobolin G and 6-epi-ophiobolin K, were isolated from the acetone extract of the endolichenic fungus Ulocladium sp. by using OSMAC method. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration of the 18,19-diol moieties in ophiobolin Q was assigned using the Frelek's method. The cytotoxic effects on KB and HepG2 cell lines, antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacille Calmette–Guerin were evaluated for all isolated compounds. Ophiobolin T and 6-epi-ophiobolin G exhibited the most potent cytotoxic activity against HepG2 with IC₅₀ of 0.24 and 0.37 μM, respectively. In antibacterial assay, ophiobolins P and T showed moderate antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and meticillin-resistant S. aureus. Ophiobolin T also displayed moderate antibacterial activity against the Bacille Calmette–Guerin strain.     

Bioactive carbazole alkaloids from Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng

Four new carbazole alkaloids (1–4) and fourteen known carbazole alkaloids (5–18) were isolated from Murraya koenigii. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 4, 6, 16, and 17 (10 μM) had moderate hepatoprotective activities against d-galactosamine-induced HL-7702 cell damage. Compounds 11, 12 and 18 showed significant PTP1B inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 1.773, 1.875 and 2.286 μM, respectively.     

Isocoumarins from American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and their cytotoxic activities

Four new isocoumarins (1–4), along with three known ones (5–7), were isolated from the 70% ethanol extract of the whole body of the traditional Chinese insect medicine, American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). The structures with absolute configurations of new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods in combination with X-ray diffraction experiment and CD analyses. Compounds 3–5 showed significant cytotoxic activities in HepG2 and MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ values in the ranges 6.41–23.91 μM and 6.67–39.07 μM, respectively.     

Chemical constituents of Lobelia chinensis

Three new 2, 6-disubstituted piperidine alkaloids (1–3), one new polyacetylene (8), together with eight known compounds (4–7, 9–12) were isolated from the whole plants of Lobelia chinensis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation. The absolute configuration of 1 was established by a convenient Mosher ester procedure in which the sample was treated with MTPA chlorides in deuterated pyridine directly in NMR tube. Cytotoxicities of compounds 1–12 were tested against two human lung cancer cell lines, NCI-H292 and MSTO-211H. Compounds 8 and 9 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against the two cancer cell lines with the IC₅₀ values in the range of 9.31–12.36 μM.     

Sesquiterpenes from the rhizomes of Alpinia japonica and their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production

A novel norsesquiterpene (1), three new bisabolenes sesquiterpenes (2–4), along with 7 known compounds (5–11), were isolated from the rhizomes of Alpinia japonica. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of C-1 in 3 was deduced via the circular dichroism data of the in situ formed [Rh₂(OCOCF₃)₄] complexes. Inhibitory effects of the isolates on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccaride-activated RAW264.7 macrophages were evaluated. Compound 6 showed significant inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ value of 5.3 μΜ, and compounds 1, 3, 5 and 7–10 exhibited moderate inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values between 24.5 and 46.3 μM.     

8-9′ linked neolignans with cytotoxicity from Alpinia conchigera

Five new 8-9′ linked neolignans conchigeranals A–E (1–5), together with three known compounds galanganal (6), galanganols A (7) and B (8), were isolated from the whole plant of Alpinia conchigera. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis, including 2D-NMR spectroscopic techniques. Cytotoxicities of compounds 1–8 were tested against two cancer cell lines A549 and Hela. Results showed that 4, 5, 7 and 8 exhibited cytotoxicity against A549 with the IC₅₀ values of 12.36, 9.72, 10.26, 13.05 μg/ml, respectively, and 1–8 against Hela with the IC₅₀ values from 1.53 to 5.29 μg/ml.     

Chemical constituents of Swertia yunnanensis and their anti-hepatitis B virus activity

Four new triterpenoids, sweriyunnangenin A (1), sweriyunnanosides A (2), B (3) and C (4), along with nineteen known compounds (5–23) were isolated from Swertia yunnanensis. Based on extensive spectroscopic analyses (1D- and 2D-NMR, HRESIMS, UV, IR, [α]_D), the structures of sweriyunnangenin A (1), sweriyunnanosides A (2), B (3) and C (4) were elucidated as taraxer-14-ene-3α,6β-diol, oleanolic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, 2α,3β-di-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranoside and hederagenin 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranoside, respectively. Twenty-two compounds were evaluated for their anti-HBV activities on the HepG 2.2.15 cell line in vitro, of which nine compounds showed potent anti-HBV activities. Compounds 1, 5–6, 14–16 and 19 showed activities against the secretion of HBsAg (IC₅₀ values from 0.10 to 1.76 mM) and HBeAg (IC₅₀ values from 0.04 to 1.41 mM), and compounds 11 and 13–16 exhibited significant inhibition on HBV DNA replication (IC₅₀ values from 0.01 to 0.09 mM).     

Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory ent-kaurane diterpenoids from Isodon wikstroemioides

Seven new ent-kaurane diterpenoids, isowikstroemins A–G (1–7), were isolated from EtOAc extracts of the aerial parts of Isodon wikstroemioides. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines, and compounds 1–4 exhibited significant activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.9 to 7.0 μM. In addition, compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 exhibited inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages.