树枫杜鹃菌根真菌分离与鉴定

杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)植物约75属,1 350余种,主产南非和中国西南及西部,我国产20属,约800余种。杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)是杜鹃花科植物中最大的一个属,我国约产600余种,全国均有分布,尤其以四川、云南和贵州的种类最多[1]。杜鹃花为我国的十大传统名花之一,是世界著名的观赏     

A scientific assessment of traditional knowledge on firewood and fodder values in Sikkim,India

Communities in the Yuksam-Dzongri trekking corridor of Sikkim use a wide variety of plant species as firewood and fodder with species preferences based on their local knowledge. Current practices are increasing harvest pressures on good quality firewood and fodder plants leading to deteriorating forest condition along the trekking corridor. To help develop management strategies and to ensure the long term sustainability of forest resources in this region, it is important to understand local peoples’ basis for their species preferences. In this paper, we compared people's preferences for species used as firewood and fodder using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools with data on these species’ chemical constituent properties to better understand the rationale for local preferences. Sixteen woody trees species (Rhododendron arboreum, Rhododendron falconeri, Rhododendron barbatum, Quercus lamellosa, Q. lineate, Schima wallichii, Prunus cerasoides, Prunus nepalensis, Castanopsis hystrix, Beilschmiedia sikkimensis, Acer oblongum, Betula alnoides, Eurya acuminate, Symplocos ramosissima, Alnus nepalensis and Litsaea elongate) and twenty-three fodder plants (including Thysanolaena maxima, Ficus nemoralis, Q. lamellosa, Imperata cylindrical, and Saurauia nepaulensis), the most widely used species in the area, were selected for study. The tree species were evaluated for their wood properties (calorific value, wood density, moisture and ash content) based on the Firewood Value Index (FVI), and fodder species for their nutritional qualities (dry matter, nitrogen and crude protein, and fat content). Most of the highly preferred species were found to have high values for firewood or fodder properties, and a significant correlation was found between the community scores and the FVI and some fodder attributes, namely dry matter and protein content. The study illustrates the applicability of local knowledge in relation to the chemical properties of species used for firewood and fodder.     

青海杜鹃属植物种质资源及园林应用

在了解青海野生杜鹃属植物种质资源调查现状的基础上,从中筛选出观赏价值较高的15种野生杜娟属植物,并对所选植物利用分层聚类的方法,研究其亲缘关系,分析其园林用途。     

Mast seeding in deciduous forests of the northern Apennines (Italy) and its influence on wild boar population dynamics

Context

Pulsed food resources may strongly affect the population dynamics of several consumer species, with consequences on the ecosystem. One of the most common pulsed resources is forest mast seeding.

Aims

We analysed mast seeding in deciduous forests in a mountainous area of northern Apennines and its effect on population dynamics of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.).

Methods

We performed a quantitative, 20-year analysis on annual seed production in Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) forest stands using litter traps. The wild boar population density was estimated by means of drive censuses and hunting bag records. The role of other biotic (density of predators) and abiotic (climate) factors potentially affecting wild boar mortality was also investigated.

Results

Turkey oak and chestnut showed high levels of seed production, whereas lower levels were found in beech. The pulsed resources of chestnut and Turkey oak positively affected piglet density. Analyses also highlighted the influence of snow cover and wolves on wild boar population dynamics.

Conclusion

Wild boar can be considered a pulse rate species, the management of which can be improved by annual monitoring of seed production.     

长蕊杜鹃扦插内源激素变化及解剖结构观察

以野生长蕊杜鹃半木质化茎段为试材,采用植物生长激素KIBA,KNAA和Hormodin对插穗进行处理,测定不同生根期内源激素IAA、GA3、ZR、ABA含量,对扦插不同时期插穗茎段进行电镜扫描。结果表明:先快蘸液态KNAA(3 000mg·L-1),再迅速蘸取粉状Hormodin#1处理对插条生根具有显著影响,插穗生根率达到了81.25%;较高浓度的内源IAA含量有利于根原基分化形成,GA3含量上升与插穗愈伤组织的诱导、不定根的形成呈正相关性,低水平的ABA更有利于长蕊杜鹃扦插生根;插穗在根原基分化和愈伤组织形成时期消耗內源ZR,在不定根长出后自身合成ZR;通过对淀粉粒研究表明扦插期补充糖类物质是必要的,簇状晶体产生表明钙调控等生理机制形成。     

油茶不同品种(系)对茶黄蓟马的抗性研究

正茶黄蓟马又称茶黄硬蓟马(Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood),属缨翅目蓟马科(Thysanoptera:Thripidae)[1],在国内主要分布于海南、广东、广西、云南、浙江、江苏、安徽、福建、台湾、河南等省区;国外主要分布于日本、印度、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、印度尼西亚、澳大利亚等国家[2-3]。主要寄主有茶叶(Camellia sinensis O.Ktze)、葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)、芒果(Mangifera indica L.)、花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)、     

长白山区野生杜鹃花属种质资源及其开发利用

对长白山区野生杜鹃花属植物的资．源状况、分布和生物学特性等的调查结果表明，长白山区有野生杜鹃花属植物9种，大多数分布于海拔1100m以上的抚松、安图、长白县境内，在较湿润的酸性土壤上生长良好。具有很高的经济价值。     

Protective effect of a new amide compound from Pu-erh tea on human micro-vascular endothelial cell against cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide

A new amide, N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-3,4-dihydroxybenzamide (1), was isolated from the Pu-erh tea made with the leaf of Camellia assamica (Mast.) Chang by special fermentation techniques with bacteria and fungus. Its structure was established by means of spectroscopic data analyses, including mass spectrometry and both 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Human micro-vascular endothelial cell (HMEC) injured with H₂O₂ was used as the model to test protective effect of compound 1 in contrast with other known compounds isolated from Pu-erh tea. These results suggested that compound 1 is a very useful compound to prevent H₂O₂-induced cell death of HMEC.     

Anti-cariogenic effects of polyphenols from plant stimulant beverages (cocoa,coffee, tea)

Polyphenols occurring in cocoa, coffee and tea can have a role in the prevention of cariogenic processes, due to their antibacterial action. Cocoa polyphenol pentamers significantly reduce biofilm formation and acid production by Streptococcus mutans and S. sanguinis. In the same way, trigonelline, caffeine and chlorogenic acid occurring in green and roasted coffee interfere with S. mutans adsorption to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads. Studies carried out on green, oolong and black tea indicate that tea polyphenols exert an anti-caries effect via an anti-microbial mode-of-action, and galloyl esters of (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin and (−)-gallocatechin show increasing antibacterial activities. The anti-cariogenic effects against α-haemolytic streptococci showed by polyphenols from cocoa, coffee, and tea suggest further studies to a possible application of these beverages in the prevention of pathogenesis of dental caries.     

Life cycle and taxonomy of Chrysomyxa succinea in China and phylogenetic positions of Caeoma species on Rhododendron

Rust diseases of spruce and rhododendrons caused by Chrysomyxa succinea are commonly observed in forests of northern and eastern Asia. The heteroecious life cycle of this species alternating between spermogonial and aecial stages on Picea jezoensis and uredinial and telial stages on Rhododendron aureum is confirmed for the first time in China by inoculations and phylogenetic analyses. Morphological characters of all stages are described based on specimens obtained from the field and from inoculations. Based on morphological similarities and phylogenetic analyses, Ch. zhouniensis reported on Picea asperata is treated as a synonym of Ch. succinea. Four Caeoma species on Rhododendron are included in the same phylogenetic group as species of Chrysomyxa. Therefore, these species are treated as Chrysomyxa, and four new combinations in Chrysomyxa are proposed.     

Assessment of plant species diversity of ancient tea garden communities in Yunnan, Southwest of China

Ancient tea garden has existed in Lancang County, Yunnan Province for more than 1,300 years, and is regarded as the provenance of Pu’er Tea’s seed source. The ancient tea garden ecosystem is a typical model that integrates conservation biodiversity and utilization of natural resources. In order to reveal the role of biodiversity conservation of this ecosystem, plant diversity and application value of ancient tea gardens, normal tea gardens and secondary forestry communities in Lancang County were surveyed and compared. 360 households investigation were also conducted by using household-based agro-biodiversity assessment (HH-ABA). The results showed: (1) Ancient tea garden communities have high biodiversity, whose plant species diversity (H = 3.03) is lower than that of secondary forestry (H = 4.59) and higher than that of normal tea garden (H = 2.62); (2) Life forms analysis of plant species showed the vertical structure of the ancient tea garden communities are intact, herbs, trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes are included, which is similar to that of secondary forest, while normal tea garden is dominant by herbs and no trees; (3) A large number of protected species, including five endangered, seven vulnerable and three rare, is well conserved in the ancient tea garden, while no protected species were found in secondary forest and normal tea garden; (4) The analysis of agro-biodiversity revealed that 56 % of plant species in the ancient tea garden are effectively used by households, while no plant except tea trees is used in normal tea garden; (5) The integrated values of ancient tea garden and normal tea garden illustrated that both biodiversity conservation and economic income of ancient tea garden are higher than that of normal tea garden. We suggest that the local peoples’ knowledge and experience on resource management and utilization should be well documented and encouraged, and effective conservation and reasonable utilization of ancient tea garden would be achieved through training and demonstration with the participation of the local government, research institution and farmer.     

Immunomodulatory effects of proanthocyanidin A-1 derived in vitro from Rhododendron spiciferum

The objective of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of proanthocyanidin A-1 (PAA-1) from leaves of Rhododendron spiciferum (Ericaceae). In vitro tests showed that PAA-1 stimulated cell proliferation of splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells and increased CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cell populations. PAA-1 also regulated the expression of Th1- and Th2-related cytokines. Moreover, this study showed that PAA-1 exhibited a significant effect on NBT dye reduction and lysosomal enzyme activity responses in macrophages, indicating effective phagocytic activation. These results revealed that PAA-1 exhibits immunomodulatory activity without a clear dose response.     

Variation in spring and autumn freezing resistance among and within Spanish wild populations of Castanea sativa

? Genetic variation in freezing resistance was evaluated among and within six populations of Spanish wild chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller). The extent to which frost susceptibility was related to phenology and the relationship between population differentiation and climatic conditions was studied.

? Twigs were collected in March and November from saplings (5-year-old trees) of 41 open-pollinated families from the six populations in a provenance-progeny test, and were subjected to artificial freezing. Damage to each twig was assessed as visible browning of bud and of stem tissues.

? Population differences as regards frost damage traits were highly significant (p < 0.01) in both spring and autumn. Family differences within populations were low, often non-significant, and in all cases smaller than differences among populations. Population means were closely correlated with the parental drought and frost conditions. Populations originating from dry areas or from regions where frost seldom occurs were the least resistant.

? Drought is suggested to be the one of the most important selective agents that shapes population differentiation in Spanish wild chestnut, while frost may be more important in northern Spain. Phenological differences are not always good predictors of the degree of frost damage. Thus, freezing tests should be used to detect frost susceptibility in chestnuts.

     

天井山野生杜鹃花属植物种子育苗技术*

根据广东省天井山地区气候特点和育苗实践经验,结合野生杜鹃（Rhododendron sp.）的生物学特性,介绍了天井山地区野生杜鹃种子采集、种子处理、整地作床、苗期管理等育苗技术。     

高山野生杜鹃在深圳的引种研究

通过研究种源地和引种地的气候及植被差异,采用逐步引种的方法,将贵州六盘水12种野生高山杜鹃花引种到深圳市梧桐山风景区,结果表明马缨杜鹃(Rhododendron delavayi)、狭叶马缨杜鹃(R.delavayi var.peramoenum)和露珠杜鹃(R.irroratum)生长良好并能正常开花,常绿杜鹃亚属的成活情况比杜鹃亚属要好。     

Phytochemical analysis of the triterpenoids with cytotoxicity and QR inducing properties from the total tea seed saponin of Camellia sinensis

The tea seed triterpene saponin (TS) from Camellia sinensis was found to exhibit better antitumor activity in vivo in S180 implanted ICR mice and QR inducing activity for hepa lclc7 cells respectively compared with the total tea seed saponin (TTS), hydrolysate of the TTS and tea seed flavonoid glycosides (TF). By bioassay-guided isolation, the TS fraction was separated and seven major components were purified and identified as theasaponin E1 (1), theasaponin E2 (2), theasaponin C1 (3), assamsaponin C (4), theasaponin H1 (5), theasaponin A9 (6), and theasaponin A8 (7), among which compounds 4 and 5 were isolated from this genus for the first time. The antitumor bioassay of the isolated compounds showed that compounds 1, 2 and 3 exhibited potential activities against the human tumor cell lines K562 and HL60. Furthermore, compound 1 (the major constituent with a mass content of over 1%) showed significant QR inducing activity with an IR value of 4.2 at 4 μg/ml. So it can be concluded that tea seed especially the compound 1 (theasaponin E1) could be used as an antitumor agent and a chemoprevention agent of cancer. The preliminary structure–activity relationship in the anti-tumor activity and QR inducing activity of tea saponins was discussed briefly.     

云锦杜鹃等3种野生杜鹃花属植物在广东天井山苗期生长特性研究*

对云锦杜鹃（Rhododendron fortunei）、毛棉杜鹃（R. moulmainense）和刺毛杜鹃（R. championae）3种野生杜鹃花属植物在广东天井山林场的生长特性包括种子发芽、幼苗形态建成及苗木生长节律进行大田观测,结果表明：云锦杜鹃、毛棉杜鹃和刺毛杜鹃种子成熟度较好,平均发芽率分别为77.83%、65.83%、83.34%,可以用种子进行苗木繁殖;幼苗形态建成较为缓慢需80～95 d,为播种繁殖的关键期。3种植物生长期约为10个月,高生长集中在3月下旬至9月中旬,9月中旬至11月下旬进入缓慢生长期,12月下旬基本停止生长进入休眠期。刺毛杜鹃在12月下旬是否完全进入休眠期有待进一步研究。     

甘肃高山杜鹃花引种驯化及栽培技术研究初探

从杜鹃花的野外采挖、栽培管理等方面就9种甘肃高山杜鹃花的引种栽培技术进行了初步研究。通过资源调查综述了头花杜鹃等9种甘肃高山杜鹃的分布及生境；根据对甘肃高山杜鹃花的引种驯化经验，简单总结出了野外引种和驯化栽植的方法，归纳了养护管理等一般栽培技术。     

北亚热带土地利用变化对土壤有机碳垂直分布特征及储量的影响

利用野外调查的方法,研究了北亚热带地区土地利用变化对土壤有机碳的垂直分布特征及储量的影响.研究结果表明:(1)除茶园土壤外,不同林分土壤有机碳含量均以0～10cm土层最大,随着土层深度的增加,含量总体表现为下降的趋势;茶园土壤有机碳含量在0～30cm土层范围内增加,30cm以后表现下降的趋势;(2)次生林转变成农耕地以后土壤有机碳含量平均下降21.1%,而转变成集约经营早竹林后,土壤有机碳含量平均下降近48.5%;1m深度以内,土壤有机碳平均含量由高到低的顺序为:茶园、灌木林、次生林、粗放经营毛竹林、集约经营毛竹林、马尾松林、农耕地、杉木林和早竹林;(3)土壤有机碳储量随土层深度变化的趋势和土壤有机碳含量变化趋势基本一致;次生林转变成长期经营的农耕地后,土壤有机碳储量下降22.5%,而转变成长期集约经营早竹林后土壤有机碳储量则下降51.4%9种土地利用类型中,土壤有机碳储量由高到低的顺序为:茶园、灌木林、次生林、粗放经营毛竹林、马尾松林、农耕地、集约经营毛竹林、杉木林和早竹林.     

宁波市杜鹃属植物资源调查

2012-2018年采用典型地块、典型线路详查为主,全面踏查为辅的方式对宁波市杜鹃属植物资源进行调查.结果 表明,宁波市共有野生及习见栽培的杜鹃属植物9种1变种1变型,其中野生种6种1变种1变型,习见栽培种4种.从水平分布看,有广域种、区域种、局域种和微域种4种类型;从垂直分布看,只分布于海拔700 m以上的有华顶杜鹃...