解磷菌剂对作物生长和土壤磷素的影响

利用课题组自行分离筛选的B2和B67解磷菌株研制的菌剂,在盆栽和大田试验过程中,菌剂在增加作物产量的同时,有提高土壤速效磷含量、培肥土壤的作用,而且是菌剂和化肥配合施用效果显著。施用了解磷菌剂或菌剂和化肥配合施用后,盆栽玉米的株高、鲜重和干重,较CK增加15．2％～89．2％,玉米单株吸养量较CK增加20％～146％;青菜的鲜重、干重和生物量较CK增加15．8％～41．6％,和CK比较差异显著;小麦的株高、有效小穗数、穗粒数、粒重以及生物量也较CK差异显著,大田试验的几种作物也有不同程度的增产。另外B2和B67接种到山西省典型土壤中,土壤速效磷含量较CK增加1．35～3．04倍,且发现其溶磷效果和土壤磷酸酶活性与有效活菌数相关,解磷菌剂在提高土壤速效磷含量的同时,也有提高土壤速效钾含量的作用。     

轮作提高土壤磷生物有效性改善后茬作物磷素营养

[目的]豆科作物与禾本科作物轮作能够提高轮作体系的磷效率,本研究调查了前茬作物收获后的土壤磷状况,并尝试采用基于生物有效性的磷素分级方法 (BBP) 评价其对后茬玉米磷营养状况的影响.[方法]设置室内模拟盆栽试验,前茬作物处理包括蚕豆 (Vicia faba)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)、黑麦草 (Lo...     

植物的磷素营养和土壤磷的生物有效性

本文介绍了近年来植物磷素营养研究的发展趋势,强调了开展不同基因型作物品种耐低磷机理研究的重要性;阐述了磷有效性品种生产率和根形态的差异、吸收动力学参数与耐低磷的关系、缺磷的酶促适应性,以及作物根系分泌物的作用等。对土壤根际磷有效的影响因素(如根际pH、磷亏缺梯度、有效扩散系数、缓冲力等)进行了综合讨论。     

磷在土壤中有效性的衰减

培育试验表明,磷与红壤中有效性的衰减可分为快反应（3小时）阶段和慢反应阶段,前者有效磷以直线关系下降,后者则为一渐减性曲线。快反应阶段磷有效性的衰减量和土壤活性铝含量显著相关,但与活性铁和交换铝相关不显著。用红壤、潮土、板浆白土三种性质不同的土壤进行的生物试验表明,产量也随着土－磷作用时间延长而下降,而且有一个终止时间,中性水稻土在8个月培育后产量即可不再下降,石灰性潮土为16个月,而酸性红壤在28个月以上,影响产量衰减的可能和磷在土壤中的双核化（转化为环状双核结构）和吸收作用有关,它们在程度上和延续时间上不同土壤不同,在水稻土上最弱,延长时间最短,而在红壤上作用最强,延长时间最长,潮土处于两者之间。     

土壤磷素的化学组分及其植物有效性

本文主要论述了土壤磷素分级方法、土壤不同磷素组分的转化与植物有效性的关系及影响因子等方面的研究进展,对不同分级方法的优缺点给予了评价,并提出了该领域今后的重点研究方向。     

连续淋洗对山东省主要土壤磷素有效性及磷库的影响

研究采取室内模拟降雨淋洗的方法,研究了连续淋洗对山东省3大土类磷素有效性和磷库的影响。结果表明,3种土壤的磷淋失量均随着供磷水平的提高而升高。3种土壤出现磷淋失量峰值的时间有着明显差异,褐土施磷处理的磷淋量峰值分别出现在第3 d,4 d和5 d;而潮土高磷和低磷处理的磷淋洗最高值分别出现在第2 d和3 d;而棕壤不同施磷处理的磷淋洗高峰值均出现在第2 d。在相对较低的施磷水平下（P3以下）,3大土类的速效磷含量基本均保持在20μg/g左右,再提高供磷水平,褐土和棕壤的土壤速效磷含量随施磷量的增加显著升高,而潮土的速效磷含量则随着施磷量的增加先升高后降低。在3大土类中,全磷含量最高的是褐土,其次是潮土,再次是棕壤。在淋洗条件下,褐土的土壤磷库相对变化不大,而潮土和棕壤的磷库则随施磷量的变化有着较大的起伏。因此,施磷水平控制在P3水平（180 kg P/hm^2）,3大土壤的磷淋失量较低,土壤速效磷变化不大,有利于减少土壤磷素淋失到水体的风险,也保证了土壤磷的供应能力。     

热带胶园土壤磷素形态和生物有效性

采用Ｈｅｄｌｅｙ的磷素分级方法研究热带胶园土壤磷的形态，结果表明，热带胶园土壤磷主要以ＲｅｓｉｄｕａｌＰ、ＮａＯＨ－Ｐｏ和ＮａＯＨ－Ｐｉ形态存在；各种形态磷的损失质量分数均高于３８％；其中Ｒｅｓｉｄｕａｌ Ｐ和ＮａＯＨ－Ｐｏ的损失量最高，分别占全磷损失量的５２％和１６％，它们是长期耕作条件我园土壤磷两种最重要的有效磷源。     

杨凌地区大棚土壤无机磷形态及有效性研究

为了研究杨凌地区不同年限大棚土壤磷素的有效性及无机磷的空间分布状况,采用蒋-顾石灰性土壤无机磷形态分级方法.对大棚土壤磷素形态、空间分布特性以及无机磷形态的生物有效性进行了研究.结果表明:大棚土壤各形态无机磷呈现出在表层(0-10 cm)强烈富集,向下剧减的垂直分布特征,大棚土壤的磷素以无机磷为主,Ca-P含量占无机磷含量的73.61%～77.11%,平均74.99%,大棚土壤0-40 cm土层中各形态无机磷含量大体也表现Ca-P含量(Ca10-P、Cas-P)高于其他形态的磷;大棚土壤无机磷含量高于露天菜地,但无机磷占全磷的比例有所下降,随着大棚土壤栽培年限的延长,Ca-P在无机磷组分中始终占主导地位,Ca10-P、Ca8-P、Ca2-P等无机磷组分的含量顺序及比例在一定范围内基本不变,保持耕层各形态磷的平衡,无机磷组分的形态分布及比例分配并没有随棚龄的变化而发生改变;与露天土壤相比,大棚种植的环境提高了Ca8-P、Ca2-P在无机磷所占的比例,从而提高了土壤中磷素的生物有效性.     

定植3,13,34年热带胶园的土壤磷素形态变化和有效性研究

采用Hedley磷素分级方法研究了定植3，13，34年热带胶0－20cm深的土壤磷素形态，结果表明：在不施肥条件下，随着定植年限的增加，土壤磷素总量（∑P）基本保持不变，但土壤中的无机磷（∑Pi）增加了273％，有机磷（∑Po）降低了55％。并且发现，残留磷（Residual P）在长期耕作条件下是无铲的。由于土壤有机磷的矿化，使土壤磷素有效性水平降低。     

石灰性土壤中解磷优势菌的筛选研究

从石灰性土壤作物根际土样筛选出2株具有较强解P能力的优势菌株“B2”和“B67”,平板培养溶P圈D/d值分别为5.1和3·8,液体摇床培养过程中产生苹果酸、丙二酸、草酸和乳酸等多种有机酸,产酸总量分别为对照的28·25和19.78倍,pH分别较对照下降2.3和1.1,将“B2”和“B67”的培养液分别接种到4个不同地区土壤中恒温恒湿培养20d后测定结果表明,所有土壤中速效磷含量均有所提高,且接种“B2”处理分别为对照的2.64、3.04、1.71和2.20倍,接种“B67”处理分别为对照的2.12、1.90、1.35和1.78倍,且发现其溶P效果和土壤磷酸酶活性与有效活菌数变化趋势基本一致。     

Effect of phosphorus status of the soil on selenium availability

Due to its importance for human and animal health, low bioavailability of selenium (Se) is of concern in large parts of the world. Among the factors determining Se availability is competition for binding sites by other anions. In order to evaluate the effect of different soil P status on Se availability from fertilizer, adsorption studies were conducted with soils ranging from low to very high available P as measured in ammonium lactate (P‐AL) and addition of Se as either selenate or selenite. Generally selenite, and to some extent also selenate, adsorption decreased with increasing P‐AL status of the soil. However, in a silt loam, the increase in P‐AL from 140 (high) to 210 mg P kg^–1 (very high) did not result in a corresponding decrease in Se adsorption. Phosphorus saturation, on the other hand, was found to be lower in the sample that was very high in available P, suggesting that both the total amount of P on binding sites and the amount of plant‐available P influence Se availability. Selenate addition caused an increase in P availability, especially when added together with phosphate to a silt loam with very high P‐AL status.     

超微活化条件对磷矿粉磷素形态及肥效的影响

采用化学分析、红外光谱分析以及盆栽试验研究了活化剂添加量及研磨时间对超微活化磷矿粉磷素形态及生物有效性的影响.结果表明,与普通磷矿粉相比,磷矿粉经超微活化处理后有效磷提高了45.1％～58.7％,活性磷提高了169.4％～203.6％,水溶性磷含量随活化剂添加量的增加也明显提高;当活化剂添加量达到5％时,3次水溶性磷的累积释放量较相同条件下制得的超微细磷矿粉提高84倍以上.适当延长研磨时间有利于磷矿粉磷素的释放,但效果不显著.红外光谱分析结果表明:超微细活化磷矿粉中与PO3-、HPO2-相关的特征吸收峰强度较普通磷矿粉显著增强,且生成了与PO43-、HPO42-相关的新特征吸收峰,使磷矿粉中的磷向有效状态转变.盆栽试验结果进一步表明,超微活化磷矿粉处理的玉米生物量、磷素利用率均显著高于磷矿粉、普通超微细磷矿粉以及过磷酸钙和磷酸二铵等常规水溶性磷肥,可增强抗固定能力而显著提高土壤有效磷含量.超微活化磷矿粉较高的活性磷总量和水溶性磷持续适度的供磷强度是其生物有效性高的原因.     

土壤磷有效性及其与土壤性质关系的研究

选取我国14个不同地点土样,测定理化性质、全磷、速效磷、水溶性磷含量,采用通径分析研究土壤磷有效性与土壤性质的关系。结果表明,土壤磷有效性是各个土壤性质综合作用的结果。土壤CEC、有机碳、粘粒、砂粒、碳酸钙含量对土壤速效磷比例影响显著,土壤CEC、粘粒、砂粒含量对土壤速效磷比例贡献为正值,而土壤有机碳对土壤速效磷比例贡献为负值;土壤pH和CEC含量对土壤水溶性磷含量影响显著,土壤pH对水溶性磷比例贡献为正值,土壤CEC对土壤水溶性磷比例贡献为负值。本文所选土样基本符合土壤磷有效性与土壤性质之间通径分析的结果。     

Transformation of organic rhizodepositions by rhizosphere bacteria and its influence on the availability of tertiary calcium phosphate

This study assesses the influence of saccharides in the rhizodeposition on the phosphate solubilizing ability of rhizosphere bacteria. Water‐soluble rhizodeposits were analyzed of ¹⁴C‐labeled pea plants (Pisum sativum, cv. ‘Grapis’) which were grown at two different levels of P‐nutrition. The sugars produced were fed in vitro either as single compounds or as synthetic mixtures to three bacterial strains and the ability of the bacteria to mobilize Ca₃(PO₄)₂ was measured. The relative glucose proportion of pea exudates decreased under P deficiency while the content of galactose, ribose, xylose and fucose increased. In vitro feeding of single sugars and sugar mixtures showed that the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PsIA12) to dissolve tertiary calcium phosphate was lower with pentoses and the mixed sugars of the P‐deficient plants than with glucose. On the other hand, the shifted sugar pattern observed under P deficiency increased the phosphate mobilization ability of Pantoea agglomerans (D5/23) and Azospirillum sp. (CC 322) considerably. This observation can only partly be explained by the acidification of the nutrient medium. Bacteria also produced different carboxylic anions depending on sugar supply. In addition to low‐molecular mono‐, di‐, and tricarboxylic acids which are known as P‐solubilizing substances, sugar acids also played an important role in cultures D 5/23 and CC 322.     

长期施肥对黑土磷素积累、形态转化及其有效性影响的研究

1980年开始,在小麦大豆玉米轮作制中,研究长期定位施用常量的氮、磷、钾(小麦、玉米施肥量为N150、P2O575、K2O75kg/hm2;大豆为N75、P2O5150、K2O75kg/hm2)和有机肥(马粪,折N75kg/hm2,只在玉米后茬上施用),以及二倍和四倍量对土壤磷素积累、形态变化及磷肥后效的影响。23年研究结果表明,长期不施肥,黑土土壤全磷下降37.4%、速效磷下降了60%;施用磷肥土壤全磷增加53.9%～65.7%、速效磷增加6～15倍。积累的磷素大部分以有效性较高的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P形态积累在土壤中,施用磷肥可使Ca2-P增加4～15倍,Ca8-P增加4～16倍,Al-P增加1.6～11.8倍,Fe-P增加1.4～4.4倍,O-P增加0.6～1.7倍,Ca10-P增加0.3～0.7倍。所积累在土壤中的磷素具有生物有效性。     

固、液态磷源在石灰性土壤中的移动性及其对土壤有效磷含量影响的研究

采用同心圆扩散法对固体和酸性液体磷肥在石灰性土壤中的移动性与有效性进行研究。结果表明,土壤Olsen-P含量随施肥点圈层由内向外层而递减,液肥处理的Olsen-P量在施肥点以外的3个土壤圈层中均高于固肥处理。固体肥料大部分停留在距施肥点0~7.5 mm圈层,占施磷总量的55%~70%;液体肥料虽在0~7.5 mm层的含量低于固体肥料(约占15%~40%),但在远离施肥点的后3个圈层(7.5~43 mm)中均高于固体肥料处理,其中7.5~13.5 mm最为明显(液肥占35%,固肥占20%)。3种施磷量在砂土、壤土及粘土上均表现出一致的变化规律。肥料对土壤pH值的影响仅限制在距施肥点最近的0~7.5 mm范围,该层的pH值显著低于后层。本研究说明在石灰性土壤中液体磷的移动性、有效性明显高于固体磷,但对土壤pH值无显著影响。     

Residual effects of organic acid-treated phosphate rocks on some soil properties and phosphate availability

The effects of the application of organic acid-treated phosphate rocks on the growth and nutrient uptake of Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Tachiwase) and some properties of the soil were evaluated in a greenhouse pot experiment. Phosphate rocks (PRs) collected from six countries; China, Florida (USA), Jordan, Sri Lanka, Togo, and Tanzania, were treated with 1 M oxalic or tartaric acid at the ratio of 2.5 mL g^-1 PR. The organic acid-treated PRs, containing 12–31% water soluble P, were applied to a granitic regosol (pH 5.8) at 200 mg P pot^-1 (4 kg soil). Untreated PRs and single superphosphate (SSP) were included in the treatments. Italian ryegrass was grown for 175 dafter planting (DAP) with ample supply of other nutrients and water. Shoots were harvested at 56, 119, and 175 DAP and the soils were analyzed for pH and Olsen-P after the experiment. Application of organic acid-treated PRs consistently increased the dry matter yield and P uptake of the plants compared with the application of untreated PRs at each harvest, but they were less effective than SSP. A larger amount of P (calculated per unit water-soluble P applied) was recovered from the organic acid-treated PRs than from SSP. The amount of residual extractable P in the soils with the organic acid-treated PRs was about the same as or significantly larger than that in the soil treated with SSP. Soil pH was also significantly higher than in the control and SSP soils. The results suggest that organic acids could be used to improve the P availability of PRs to plants with favorable residual effects in terms of available P and soil pH, without exerting any adverse effects on plant growth or nutrient acquisition.