电融合/激活对于巴马小型猪体细胞克隆胚胎生产的影响

本试验旨在建立适用于猪体细胞克隆的融合/激活体系(试验1),优化融合/激活条件以提高重构卵融合率和激活率,为生产足够数量的克隆胚胎用于胚胎移植最终诞生体细胞克隆猪奠定条件。首先比较脉冲时间确定适合体细胞克隆的最佳融合/激活参数,然后利用此参数验证巴马小型猪耳部成纤维细胞克隆胚胎的发育潜能。结果显示:场强100 V/mm,3次电脉冲,脉冲时间为30μs时适于猪体细胞克隆。在试验2中,利用巴马小型猪耳部成纤维细胞为供体细胞构建体细胞克隆胚胎,得到了较高的卵裂率(83.1%)和囊胚发育率(12.4%)。     

Timing and uniformity of embryonic gene activation affect subsequent pre-implantation development of cloned bovine embryos

In the present study, we examined the timing of onset, intensity, and mosaicism of embryonic gene expression in bovine nuclear transfer (NT) embryos. The relationship between gene expression and early embryonic development was also examined. To monitor the gene expression of NT embryos, we produced NT embryos with bovine transfected fibroblasts carrying a firefly luciferase gene under the control of a chicken beta-actin promoter, an expression system that has previously been shown to be representative of embryonic gene expression in mice. Photon count imaging showed that luciferase luminescence began in NT embryos with fibroblasts 48 hours post fusion (hpf) and reached a plateau at the 4- to 8-cell stage at 60 hpf. Only 4- to 8-cell NT embryos luminescent by 60 hpf developed to the blastocyst stage. At 60 hpf, strongly luminescent embryos developed to the blastocyst stage at a higher rate (P<0.05) than embryos with weak or absent luminescence. However, embryos with mosaic luminescence developed at a much lower rate (P<0.05) than those with whole-embryo luminescence, even if the embryos exhibited strong luminescence. Our results indicate that precise and uniform embryonic gene expression at the 4- to 8-cell stage at 60 hpf may be closely related to development of bovine NT embryos to the blastocyst stage.     

山羊早期胚胎发育相关基因的克隆

用单胚构建的mRNA差异显示技术,对体外培养的山羊早期2、4、8～16细胞期胚胎的基因表达进行了研究,并筛选到了1条在8～16细胞期胚胎特异表达的条带进行分析。结果表明,该片段与犬细胞周期蛋白B3（CCNB3）基因具有82%的同源性。该基因作用和调控细胞的分裂活动,是羊早期胚胎发育过程中的重要影响因素。     

聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和牛血清白蛋白对牛卵母细胞成熟及体细胞克隆胚胎发育的影响

为了比较不同浓度的聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)对牛卵母细胞体外成熟率、重组胚卵裂率和发育率的影响,试验采用抽吸法回收卵母细胞,用不同的无血清成熟液进行卵母细胞的体外成熟培养,然后对成熟卵母细胞进行核移植、融合、激活以及胚胎的体外培养.结果表明,适合延边黄牛卵母细胞成熟及体细胞克隆胚胎发育的PVA、PVP和BSA的最佳浓度分别是1.0 mg/mL,0.3%和0.4%.     

体细胞克隆的小鼠胚胎在附植前后发育的研究

采用成年小鼠的卵丘细胞核、胎儿成纤维细胞作核供体细胞来进行核移植,研究小鼠卵母细胞的去核程序和影响重构胚附植前发育的激活条件;随后将重构胚与供体细胞系共培养后获得囊胚阶段的小鼠重构胚,并将其移植到受体鼠体内后获得了24%克隆胚胎。结果表明,小鼠卵母细胞质能够进行重编程来支持早期的胚胎发育。     

Aging of recipient oocytes reduces the development of cloned embryos receiving cumulus cells

Parthenogenetic activation is an important factor in successful production of cloned mammals. Because it has been reported that aged oocytes are more sensitive to parthenogenetic activation than young oocytes, the present study examined the effects of oocyte aging on the in vitro and in vivo developmental potential of nuclear-transferred (NT) mouse oocytes receiving cumulus cells. The potentials of young NT oocytes (14 h after human chorionic gonadotrophin [hCG] injection) to develop into blastocysts was, however, significantly higher than that of aged oocytes (20 h after hCG injection; 16% vs 6%). When the nuclei of NT oocytes at the 2-cell stage were fused with enucleated fertilized 2-cell embryos, the potentials of the serial NT embryos to develop into blastocysts were no different for both young and aged oocytes (74% vs 74%). Live young, however, were obtained only after transfer of serial NT blastocysts developed from young NT oocytes (2%). In contrast to a report using embryonic nuclei as the nuclear donors, the results of the present study indicate that young oocytes are superior to aged oocytes as a source of recipient cytoplasm for mouse somatic cell cloning.     

猪克隆胚早期发育过程中供体线粒体的动态变化及胞吐样排出对其清除的影响

为观察猪克隆胚早期发育过程中供体线粒体的动态变化,并初步探究2细胞时期卵裂球间胞质排出对供体线粒体清除的特异性,以孤雌胚为对照,并使用预先标记线粒体的供核体细胞生产克隆胚。分别收集特定时期的胚胎进行共聚焦显微镜以及透射电镜的观察。结果显示:电击活后0~4 h,供体线粒体逐渐从核周扩散到胞质中。与孤雌胚相比,4 h克隆胚中的线粒体具有更多异常的形态。在2细胞(28 h)以及4细胞(52 h)阶段,根据在各个卵裂球中存在的数量,我们分别观察到3种供体线粒体的分布形式。其中在2细胞阶段,以三种形式存在供体线粒体的胚胎的比例分别为51.22%(All)、26.83%(Half)以及21.95%(No)。而在克隆囊胚中,仍可观察到少量红色荧光。此外,在多数2细胞克隆胚(87.93%)卵裂球间有胞质排出,并且在部分胚胎排出的胞质中可以观察到供体线粒体的存在。5μg/mL细胞松弛素B(cytochalasin B,CB)的添加没有明显改变携带供体线粒体的2细胞克隆胚的比例。同时2细胞孤雌胚中也存在相似的胞质排出现象,并且排出区域也可以观察到母源线粒体的存在。结果提示:供体线粒体在2细胞以及4细胞克隆胚中存在不均等分布、并于部分2细胞克隆胚两个卵裂球间随胞质排出的现象,而这种排出对于克隆胚中供体线粒体的清除不具有特异性。     

波尔山羊与师宗山羊杂交效果试验研究报告

同时设置3个重复的杂交试验,在3群师宗母山羊中同时放入波尔及师宗种公羊各1只,自由交配观察测定种公羊的配种能力、产羔数、后代毛色、初生重、各月龄体重;并通过补饲对比试验测定波×师F1代的育肥性能和肉品品质。结果表明,波尔山羊的配种能力强,多羔率为48.72%,后代毛色近似父本的比例为64.91%;杂交羊适应性强,初生重提高18.27%;1～11月龄日增重提高17.79%;在其它条件相同的情况下,放牧加补饲的波×师F1代比单纯放牧的波×师F1代日增重提高85.16%,相同补饲条件下的波×师F1代比师×师日增重提高32.43%;每多增重1kg耗料量降低13.15%,耗料费降低13.03%。波×师F1代11月龄胴体重为(19.07±2.80)kg,净肉重为(15.47±2.20)kg,分别比同龄师×师羊(12.23±1.22)kg、(9.80±1.49)kg高55.93%、57.86%;品味鉴定、肉品理化特性和营养成分分析,其多汁性、嫩度、香气、香味、膻味、pH值、大理石纹、系水率、熟肉率、剪切力无明显差异。     

培养液及血清浓度对山羊孤雌胚胎体外培养的影响

试验比较了在SOFaa，CRlaa，mCRlaa3种培养液中添加不同浓度的成年山羊血清(NGS)对山羊孤雌胚胎进行体外培养的效果。结果表明：在3种培养液中，添加10％的NGS对山羊孤雌胚胎的体外发育效果较好，囊胚率分别可达62．79％(81／129)、53．52%(38／71)、13．64％(12／88)；mCRlaa组囊胚发育率和囊胚细胞数显著低于SOFaa组和CRlaa组，SOFaa组优于CRlaa组．但SOFaa组和CRlaa组间无显著差异。在现有试验条件下，以在SOFaa培养液中．山羊孤雌胚胎的体外培养的第72小时时加入10％的NGS的发育效果较好，囊胚率可达62．79％。     

影响山羊胚胎冷冻效果因素的研究

分别用浓度为1.5 mol/L的乙二醇(EG),1.5 mol/L 1,2-丙二醇(PROH)和1.5 mol/L甘油为冷冻保护液对山羊胚胎进行常规冷冻保存,结果三者对山羊胚胎的冷冻保护效果无显著差异,其中以1.5 mol/L EG的冷冻保护效果为佳。以EFS40为玻璃化液对山羊胚胎进行细管法和OPS法玻璃化冷冻,其结果与常规冷冻间差异不显著,表明常规冷冻法、玻璃化细管法和OPS法均可用于山羊胚胎的冷冻保存。采用25℃和37℃水浴对常规冷冻和玻璃化冷冻后的山羊胚胎进行解冻,从解冻后的发育效果看,二者间无显著差异,但37℃水浴解冻后的胚胎发育效果略好于25℃。还比较了玻璃化液EFS40中添加FCS和BSA后与不添加其他成分的EFS40对胚胎冷冻保护效果的影响,结果表明添加BSA的EFS40的冷冻保护效果显著地高于不添加其他成分的EFS40,但与添加FCS的EFS40间不存在统计学上的差异。     

In vitro development and postvitrification survival of cloned feline embryos derived from preadipocytes

The aim of the present study was to optimize the conditions for in vitro development and postvitrification survival of somatic cell cloned feline embryos. To determine the effects of cell cycle synchronization of the nuclear donor cells, we cultured preadipocytes under serum starvation or conventional conditions. After two days in serum starvation culture, the proportion of synchronized donor cells at the G0/G1 phase was 91.6%. This was significantly higher than the proportion of non-synchronized cells in the proliferative phase (72.6%, P<0.05). The in vitro development of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos reconstructed using donor cells treated under serum starvation conditions (normal cleavage rate of 65.7%, 46/70, and blastocyst formation rate of 20.0%, 14/70) was comparable to that of the serum supplemented group (52.5%, 31/59, and 20.3%, 12/59). Use of in vitro or in vivo matured oocytes as recipient cytoplasts equally supported development of the SCNT embryos to the blastocyst stage (11.9%, 5/42, vs. 9.5%, 2/21). SCNT-derived blastocysts were vitrified using the original minimum volume cooling (MVC) or the modified (stepwise) MVC method. Although none (n=10) of the SCNT blastocysts survived following vitrification by the original MVC method, the stepwise MVC method resulted in 100% survival after rewarming (n=11). In conclusion, we demonstrated that feline somatic cell cloned embryos with a high developmental ability can be produced irrespective of cell cycle synchronization of donor cells using either in vivo or in vitro matured oocytes. Furthermore, by utilizing a stepwise vitrification method, we showed that it is possible to cryopreserve cloned feline blastocysts.     

Effects of cumulus cells on in vitro maturation of oocytes and development of cloned embryos in the pig

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of porcine cumulus cells (CC) in oocyte maturation and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryo development in vitro. Denuded pig oocytes were co-cultured with CC or routinely cultured in maturation medium without a feeder layer. Porcine CC inactivated with mitomycin C or non-inactivated were used for the feeder layer in co-culture with porcine SCNT embryos to investigate comparatively the developmental competence of cloned embryos. The DNA damage aspects of apoptosis and expression pattern of genes implicated in apoptosis (Fas/FasL) as well as the mRNA expression of DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a) of porcine SCNT embryos were also evaluated by comet assay or real-time RT-PCR, respectively. The results showed that co-culture with CC improved the extrusion rate of pbI (49.3% vs 31.5%, p<0.05) and survival rate (75.7% vs 53.3%, p<0.05) of denuded oocytes, but had no effects on blastocyst developmental rate or 2-cell-stage survival rate of in vitro fertilization embryos. Co-culture with CC inactivated by mitomycin C improved the blastocyst developmental rate (26.6% vs 13.0%, p<0.05) and decreased the apoptotic incidence (27.6% vs 46.2%, p<0.05) of porcine cloned embryos. Co-culture with inactivated CC reduced Fas and FasL mRNA expression of cloned embryos at the blastocyst stage compared with NT controls (p<0.05), but there were no differences in Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a mRNA expression among groups. Co-culture with inactivated cumulus cell monolayer significantly increased blastocyst formation and decreased the apoptotic incidence in porcine cloned embryos during in vitro development.     

山羊卵泡颗粒细胞和输卵管上皮细胞共培养对山羊体外受精胚胎发育的影响

试验共分 3组 :对照组为单独培养液 ;第 2组为单层颗粒细胞 ;第 3组为输卵管上皮细胞 ,将山羊体外受精胚胎随机放入以上 3组处理中。结果显示山羊体外受精胚胎在卵泡颗粒细胞中发育到囊胚的比率为 4 1.0 % ,在输卵管上皮细胞中发育到囊胚的比率为 5 8.1% ,而在M199培养液中为 5 .6 %。山羊体外受精胚胎分别与山羊卵泡颗粒细胞和输卵管上皮细胞共同培养时 ,均可提高山羊体外受精胚胎的发育进程。且输卵管上皮细胞比颗粒细胞能显著提高山羊体外受精胚胎的发育进程 (P <0 .0 5 )。     

体细胞克隆波尔山羊0～12月龄生长发育测定研究

通过对2只体细胞克隆波尔山羊(单胎母羊)和与其相同饲养条件下自然繁殖出生的波尔山羊(单胎母羊)0～12月龄的体重、体尺指标测定,初步分析了其生长发育的变化规律。结果表明:①克隆羊初生重、体尺略高于自繁羊,但差异不显著(P>0.05);②克隆羊3月龄、6月龄、12月龄体重指标明显高于自繁羊,差异极显著(P<0.01);③克隆羊3月龄、6月龄、12月龄体尺指标除体长略高于自繁羊,差异不显著(P>0.05)外,体高、胸围均明显高于自繁羊,差异极显著(P<0.01)。④克隆羊生长发育速度前期快,逐渐减慢,后期趋于正常。0～3月龄阶段总增重、日增重明显高于自繁羊,差异极显著(P<0.01);3～6月龄阶段高于自繁羊,差异显著(P<0.05);6～12月龄阶段略高于自繁羊,差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

金属螯合剂对延边黄牛体细胞核移植重组胚发育的影响

由于在核移植试验中,所用的水和化学物质都不可避免的会被一些金属离子轻微污染,造成胚胎内抗氧化物和过氧化物之间难以保持平衡,从而导致胚胎发育率降低,本试验以此为出发点,探讨了在延边黄牛体细胞核移植重组胚早期培养液中添加乙二胺四乙酸钠（EDTA-Na）和柠檬酸钠（sodium citrate）2种金属螯合剂类抗氧化剂,对其后续发育的影响,以期筛选出最佳的体外培养条件。结果表明：适合延边黄牛体细胞核移植重组胚后期发育的EDTA-Na和柠檬酸钠的最佳浓度分别为50μmol/L和0.6mmol/L。     

山羊胚胎冷冻保存技术研究

本研究探讨了不同抗冻保护剂、不同冷冻方法、玻璃化液(EFS40)中添加FCS和BSA,以及冷冻前细胞松驰素B处理对山羊胚胎冷冻保存效果的影响。结果表明,山羊胚胎常规冷冻时以1.5 mol/L EG为抗冻保护剂的保护效果最好,解冻后胚胎发育率为70.59%,孵化率为58.82%;玻璃化冷冻细管法和OPS法以EFS40为保护液的冷冻效果较好,其解冻后胚胎的发育率分别为67.57%和52.94%;EFS40中添加BSA的冷冻保护效果显著地高于不添加其他成分的EFS40;山羊胚胎冷冻前用细胞松驰素B处理,能提高冷冻保存的效果。     

Effects of activation methods on DNA synthesis and development of parthenogenetic porcine embryos

This study investigated the timing of DNA synthesis and patterns of pronuclear (PN) formation during the first cell cycle, and its influence on developmental competence, velocity and proliferation index of porcine parthenote blastocysts produced by different activation treatments. Oocytes were activated as follows: electrical stimulation (EST), EST combined with 7.5 μg/ml cytochalasin B (EST + CCB), 10 μg/ml cycloheximide (EST + CHX) and 1.9 mm 6-dimethylaminopurine (EST + 6-DMAP) for 3 h. DNA synthesis and PN formation were evaluated using 1 mm 5'bromo-2'deoxy-uridne (BrdU) at 2 h intervals from 1 to 13 h or 5 to 13 h of post-activation (hpa), respectively. In EST, DNA synthesis started at 3 hpa, reached the peak at 11 hpa and decreased at 13 hpa. Treatment with 6-DMAP resulted in an early increase of DNA synthesis at 3 hpa, whereas CCB delayed DNA synthesis for 2 h. In EST and EST + 6-DMAP, most of the eggs showed 1PN, whereas, incidence of 2PN in EST + CCB was higher than 1PN. EST + CHX was observed with 1PN, 2PN and multiple PN. Blastocyst rate in EST + CCB and EST + 6-DMAP were significantly (p<0.05) higher than EST + CHX. But, the developmental velocity was not different among groups. Proliferation index of blastocysts, as indicated the number of blastomere at S-phase of the cell cycle was low in all groups. In conclusion, CCB, CHX and 6-DMAP used for producing porcine parthenogenetic embryos induced different onset of DNA synthesis and PN, but they did not affect the subsequent embryo development.