朝天罐的离体培养与植株再生

以朝天罐（Osbeckia opipara）的茎段为外植体进行离体培养植株再生研究,结果表明：茎段在适宜的培养基上可形成愈伤组织,并分化成再生植株。培养基MS + 6-BA 2 mg/L  + NAA 0.2 mg/L + 蔗糖30 mg/L+ 琼脂7 mg/L,既适合于愈伤组织的诱导,也适合于愈伤组织的增殖和分化,诱导率为83.3％;丛生芽增殖的最佳培养基为MS + 6-BA 0.2 mg/L+ NAA 0.1 mg•L-1 + 蔗糖 50 mg/L + 琼脂 7mg/L,增殖系数为 7.2; 试管苗生根的最佳培养基为1/2 MS + NAA 0.5 mg/L + IBA 0.2 mg/L + 6-BA 0.05 mg/L + 蔗糖 20 mg/L + 琼脂 7 mg/L,生根率为100％。     

植物生长调节物质及外植体部位对树莓愈伤组织诱导的影响试验初报

以有刺黑树莓叶柄、叶片及茎段为外植体,接种在附加不同浓度和种类的生长素(NAA、IBA、2,4-D)及细胞分裂素(KT、6-BA)的MS基本培养基上,探讨植物生长调节物质及外植体部位对愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明:当选叶柄、叶片作为外植体时,诱导形成愈伤的最佳生长素为NAA,浓度分别为1.0 mg·L-1、0.2~0.5 mg·L-1;当选茎段作为外植体时,宜用IBA诱导形成愈伤,浓度为3.0 mg·L-1。经比较分析,筛选出的诱导愈伤形成的最佳外植体为叶柄,培养基为MS+NAA 1.0 mg·L-1。     

火龙果茎段愈伤组织诱导及再生体系的建立

为了进一步改良火龙果品种,提高产量,以红皮红肉型火龙果紫红龙幼嫩茎段为试材,通过不同植物生长调节剂及浓度配比筛选出适宜火龙果愈伤组织诱导、不定芽再生及生根成苗的培养基,以建立稳定、快速、高效的火龙果再生体系.结果表明:高浓度的TDZ有利于茎段愈伤组织的形成,但不利于不定芽的再生,纵接比横接更利于愈伤组织和丛生芽的诱导,TDZ、2,4-D和NAA 3种生长调节剂通过正交试验筛选的愈伤组织和丛生芽诱导的最适培养基为:MS +2,4-D 1.0 mg·L-1 +TDZ0.4 mg·L-1+ NAA 0.5 mg· L-,愈伤组织诱导率为89.1％,丛生芽诱导率高达94.0％;生根诱导最适培养基为MS+ CCC 0.5 mg· L-1+6-BA 3.0 mg· L-1+ AC 200 mg· L-1,生根率达到97％,平均根数7.0条每株,平均根长达10.3 cm.     

安祖花愈伤组织诱导及其分化的正交试验设计

用正交设计法研究了不同激素处理及不同外植体对安祖花愈伤组织诱导及分化的影响。结果表明,在本试验设计中,外植体是诱导安祖花愈伤组织的主要因素;以茎段为外植体诱导愈伤组织的最佳培养基为MS+1.0mg/L NAA+2.0mg/L 6-BA;愈伤组织不定芽诱导的主要因素是6-BA;不定芽诱导分化的最佳培养基为1/2MS+0.5mg/L 2,4-D+1.0mg/L 6-BA。     

预处理和激素对草莓花药离体培养的影响

花药培养是进行植物脱毒和获取单倍体的有效方法。为提高草莓花药培养的再生效率,采用低温和黑暗的方式对草莓花药进行预处理,以不同种类和浓度的激素诱导诱导愈伤组织形成、不定芽形成与增殖。结果表明,培养前低温处理可促进愈伤组织形成,以4℃低温处理72h的效果最好。但花药黑暗预处理对愈伤组织形成没有作用。较高浓度的2,4-D(MS+1.0mg·L-16-BA+2.0mg·L-12,4-D)最适合诱导且促进花药愈伤组织形成,有助于下一步分化培养。而NAA对不定芽分化起着重要作用,诱导成功率达到10%以上,其中以MS+1.0mg·L-16-BA+0.2mg·L-1NAA诱导效果最好。在添加NAA的基础上再加入KT也能提高不定芽分化率。不定芽增殖过程不宜添加过高浓度的细胞分裂素和生长素,以MS+0.7mg·L-16-BA+0.1mg·L-1NAA诱导增殖效率最高,激素浓度过高时易出现玻璃化,现象,形成畸形苗。本研究建立了高效的草莓花药培养再生体系,为获得无病毒草莓苗和单倍体提供了条件。     

不同激素对微型月季诱导愈伤组织的影响

微型月季应用前景广泛,但因种苗繁殖受限,难以满足大规模生产需要。本试验主要探索诱导微型月季愈伤组织形成的适宜培养基,为进一步研究开发微型月季快繁技术提供数据参考和奠定基础。研究结果表明,以微型月季带腋芽茎段为外植体,在MS+2,4-D 3.0 mg/L+KT 1.0mg/L(p H5.8)中培养(温度25℃,光照1500~2500 Lx)培养基得到的愈伤组织不仅颜色浅黄且比较疏松易于下一步培养;MS+NAA 0.2 mg/L+6-BA 1.0 mg/L培养基愈伤组织诱导率也高达70%;因此,诱导微型月季愈伤组织形成的适宜培养基为MS+2,4-D 3.0 mg/L+KT 0.5 mg/L和MS+NAA0.2 mg/L+6-BA1.0 mg/L。     

紫花苜蓿组织培养体系的建立

通过外植体类型、生长素和细胞分裂素浓度等因素对紫花苜蓿愈伤组织诱导、分化影响的试验,建立了高效的紫花苜蓿组织培养体系,即以真叶为外植体,在MS+0.2mg/L2,4-D+0.01mg/LNAA+0.2mg/LKT培养基上进行愈伤组织的诱导,诱导率可达到100%,愈伤组织继代2～3次,然后在MS培养基上分化,分化率可达90%。分化苗转入1/2MS培养基进行生根,形成完整的组培苗。愈伤组织诱导的正交试验表明,2,4-D浓度是影响苜蓿愈伤组织诱导率的主要因素,其次是外植体类型、NAA浓度、6-BA浓度和KT浓度;对苜蓿愈伤褐化率影响较大的因素是外植体类型,其次是KT、2,4-D、6-BA、NAA浓度。外植体类型对愈伤组织诱导率和褐化率的影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01);生长素(2,4-D、NAA)对苜蓿愈伤组织的诱导作用大于细胞分裂素(6-BA、KT)。分化试验表明,紫花苜蓿愈伤组织分化的主要决定因素是愈伤诱导培养基的激素配比。     

雪樱子组织培养及植株再生体系的研究

以雪樱子无菌苗叶片及茎段为外植体,研究了不同激素及不同浓度激素配比的培养基对雪樱子愈伤组织的诱导、不定芽分化及其生根的影响。结果表明,愈伤组织诱导以及芽分化最适培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+ IAA 0.2 mg/L,出愈率为87.5%,分化率为65.0%;生根最适培养基为MS+ IAA 0.2 mg/L。     

滇黄芩器官发生与不同继代次数遗传稳定性的RAPD分析

本研究以滇黄芩不带腋芽茎段为外植体,采用不同配比激素的MS培养基建立了滇黄芩器官发生,植株再生体系。结果表明,茎段在MS＋6-BA 2mg／L＋NAA 0.5mg／L培养基上培养时,愈伤组织诱导率达到100％;以相同培养基进行分化,并在MS＋6-BA 2mg／L＋NAA 0.2mg／L培养基上扩繁丛生芽。在1／2MS＋IBA 0.2mg／L培养基诱导生根,扦插继代。利用RAPD分析不同继代次数再生植株,所用的39条随机引物中只有1条引物带型发生变化。说明经组织培养获得的再生植株遗传稳定,可多次继代培养,为滇黄芩进一步遗传操作和扩大药材资源奠定基础。     

虎杖茎尖离体再生体系的建立和优化

研究了苗龄、接种方式、不同植物生长调节剂、硝酸银和蔗糖等对虎杖(Polygonum cuspidatum)茎尖愈伤组织诱导、不定芽分化和生根的影响。结果表明:愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基是MS+蔗糖28g/L+琼脂5.5g/L+2,4-D 1.5mg/L+6-BA 1.0mg/L,诱导率为100%;3-7d苗龄的虎杖茎尖愈伤组织诱导能力无显著差异,诱导率均达到95%以上,此后随着苗龄的增加,愈伤组织诱导能力快速下降,苗龄为12d时愈伤组织诱导率只有55.6%;以正插(形态学下端插入培养基)方式接种的外植体愈伤组织诱导率显著大于反插(形态学上端插入培养基)和平放的;不定芽分化最佳培养基为MS+AgNO34.0mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂6.0g/L+NAA 0.5mg/L+TDZ 0.8mg/L,分化率为83.9%,增殖系数为7.63;生根培养基选用1/2 MS+蔗糖26g/L+琼脂6.5g/L+活性碳3%+IBA 0.2mg/L+NAA 0.3mg/L,生根率为100%。用透气膜封口比用聚乙烯菌膜生根率明显提高,生根明显提前。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.