丛枝菌根真菌对重茬草莓产量和品质的影响

于日光温室条件下,研究了丛枝菌根真菌Glomusmosseae(Nicol.&Gerd.)Gerd.&Trappe,GlomusintraradicesSchenck&Smith和Glomusversiforme(Karsten)Berch对重茬土壤中草莓生长、结实和品质的影响。结果表明,供试真菌在同一时期的侵染率不同,同一菌种在不同时期侵染率有较大区别;无论土壤消毒与否,它们均可促进草莓的生长发育,提早开花4～12d,显著提高草莓单果重、单株果数和单株产量,单株产量提高27.6%～39.5%,提早4～6d成熟,而且有利于草莓前期产量的形成。接种处理还提高了草莓果实中维生素C和糖的含量,降低了可滴定酸的含量,改善了草莓果实品质。其中以Glomusversiforme接种效应最大。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对草莓基质育苗生长及果实品质的影响

以从日本引进的“天皇御用”草莓品种为试材,在日光温室条件下研究了接种丛植菌根真菌对草莓苗期生长及果实品质的影响.结果表明:接种丛枝茵根真菌显著提高了草莓苗期株高、叶柄长及根冠比.单果重增加8.76％,草莓果实维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量均有提高,而可滴定酸含量有所下降,从而提高了草莓品质,改善了草莓风味.     

丛枝菌根菌在草莓上的应用试验

为研究丛枝菌根菌对草莓生长、结果及果实品质的影响 ,进行了温室接种试验。结果表明 ,接种后促进了草莓的营养生长和生殖生长 ,并使草莓提早开花 6d ,果实成熟期提前 6d ,单株产量增加 34 2 g;同时 ,接种后草莓果实Vc含量、含糖量均有提高 ,可滴定酸含量略有下降 ,从而提高了草莓品质     

无公害草莓重茬病防治剂对草莓生长的影响

无公害莓莓重茬病防治剂不同剂量处理中以150g／m^2的处理表现最好,初花期和盛产期叶绿素含量、叶片光合速率,末产期SOID活性均高于其他处理和对照;可溶性固形物含量极显著高于其他处理及溴甲烷、空白对照;株高、根系活力值稍高于溴甲烷,但无显著差异;草莓每m^2产值高达11．38元,比溴甲烷高35．25％。     

丛枝菌根真菌缓解对羟基苯甲酸抑制草莓生长的作用

以草莓为试材,采用接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌和添加对羟基苯甲酸(PHBA)的方法,研究了根内球囊霉和摩西球囊霉对草莓自毒物质对羟基苯甲酸胁迫的缓解作用,即对草莓光合作用、根系结构和抗氧化物酶活性的影响。结果表明:0.5mmol·L~(-1) PHBA浓度时,接种根内球囊霉显著提高了草莓净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度和蒸腾速率;摩西球囊霉显著提高了草莓的净光合速率、胞间CO_2浓度和瞬时水分利用效率;根内球囊霉明显提高了草莓实际光化学效率(Ф_(PSII))、荧光淬灭系数(qP)、电子传递速率(ETR);摩西球囊霉提高了Ф_(PSII)和ETR。0.5mmol·L~(-1) PHBA浓度时,根内球囊霉明显增加了草莓根长、根投影面积、根表面积、根体积、根尖数、根分叉数,摩西球囊霉显著增加了根长和根尖数。0.5mmol·L~(-1) PHBA胁迫下,2株AM真菌均明显提高了草莓根部超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性。2株AM真菌通过增强草莓光合能力、根系发育和提高抗氧化物酶活性缓解了PHBA对草莓的毒害作用,根内球囊霉改善根系结构和提高抗氧化物酶活性的效果较摩西球囊霉明显,可能与菌根侵染率相关。     

丛枝菌根真菌对君迁子生长及抗病性的影响

研究了在田间条件下 3种丛枝菌根真菌Glomusmosseae(Nicol.&Gerd .)Gerd .&Trappe ,GlomusintraradicesSchenck&Smith和Glomusversiforme(Karsten)Berch接种 ,对君迁子 (DiospyroslotusL .)生长及抗病性的影响。接种后显著促进了君迁子的生长 ,各接种处理的苗高、地径、副梢数均显著高于对照 ,角斑病 (CercosporaKakiEll.EtEv .)病情指数显著下降 ,其中苗高提高了 2 2 2 %～ 5 4 .9% ,地径增加了 2 6 9%～ 5 7.2 % ,副梢数增加了 1.6 2～ 2 .13个 ,角斑病病情指数下降 18.77%～ 38.34%。 3个菌种以接种Glomusversiforme对君迁子生长的促进作用最大。     

不同丛枝菌根真菌对草莓生长结果的影响

以草莓品种‘甜查理’为研究对象,分别接种地表球囊霉(Gv)、根内球囊霉(Gi)、摩西球囊霉(Gm)、根内球囊霉和摩西球囊霉1∶1的混合菌种(Gi+m),以不接种的灭菌土为对照,观察草莓植株生长和开花结果状况,并测定相关生理指标。结果表明,接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对草莓的促生长作用明显,可以减少草莓从移栽到开花所需天数,提高单果重,但不同种类AMF对草莓的促生长作用不尽相同,其中接种Gm对草莓的促生长作用最大,接种Gi+m和接种Gi对草莓的促生长作用次之,接种Gv对草莓的促生长作用较小。因此,摩西球囊霉(Gm)和‘甜查理’草莓的共生效果最好。     

丛枝菌根真菌和促生细菌对草莓生长、产量和白粉病的影响

以“章姬”“京藏香”“京桃香”3个品种的草莓为试材,采用盆栽试验的方法,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi,AMF)摩西斗管囊霉Funneliformis mosseae、根内根孢囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices、植物根围促生细菌(plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,PGPR)PGPR 5-1和PGPR PS1-1菌株对草莓生长、产量和白粉病的影响。结果表明:AMF+PGPR处理的AMF侵染率、丛枝着生率和泡囊数均大于单接种AMF处理,表明PGPR菌株能够促进AMF的侵染和根内扩展;AMF+PGPR组合促生防病的效应大于任一单接种处理。其中,Fm+PS1-1和Fm+5-1′组合促生、增产和控制白粉病的效果最好。“章姬”草莓的接种效应大于其它2个品种的接种效应。Fm+PS1-1处理显著增加了“章姬”草莓的单株花蕾数、单株开花数、单株结果数和单株产量,单株产量最高达到75.8g,而白粉病的病情指数最低。可知,Fm+PS1-1和Fm+5-1′为最佳组合,对促进草莓高效高质绿色生产具有较大的应用潜力和研发前景。     

丛枝泡囊菌根菌对西瓜枯萎病发生情况的影响

用主要成分为丛枝泡囊菌根的恩益碧（简称NEB）菌肥在西瓜定植期灌根，能有效抑制西瓜枯萎病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌的发生发展。通过对不同用量的NEB菌肥在西瓜定植期灌根试验，认为每67.5m^2计90株西瓜，用NEB7ml，约含14亿个菌根菌孢子，兑水45kg灌根的效果最好，在连续2年重茬田中应用后，西瓜枯萎病病情指数仅为3.15，死苗率1.11％。其防治效果达到甚至超过了嫁接栽培的水平。     

丛枝菌根对甘草幼苗生长及抗性的影响

为了探索丛枝菌根真菌对甘草幼苗的侵染特性,揭示不同丛枝菌根与甘草幼苗生长的关系,以甘草为试材,通过盆栽方式栽植,以不接种丛枝菌根菌为对照(CK),研究接种丛枝菌根菌对甘草1年生幼苗生长及抗性生理指标的影响。结果表明:接种的4种丛枝菌根真菌都能与甘草幼苗形成菌根,显著促进甘草幼苗的生长,丛枝菌根明显提高了甘草幼苗的抗性指标,提高甘草幼苗可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低了游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量。     

丛枝菌根真菌接种时期和剂量对葡萄扦插苗生长的效应

在温室盆栽条件下,通过在不同接种时期对葡萄扦插苗接种不同剂量的丛枝菌根真菌,研究了丛枝菌根真菌接种时期和剂量对葡萄扦插苗的生长效应。结果表明:在葡萄扦插过程中接种丛枝菌根真菌,能促进扦插苗的生长发育,但其促进作用受到接种时期和接种剂量的影响,一般扦插后14～21天接种30个孢子/株的AM菌剂作用最佳,能显著促进葡萄扦插苗根系对磷、氮等矿质养分的吸收和积累,提高扦插苗的生长效应。     

Selection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for citrus growth promotion and Phytophthora suppression

In order to reduce unnecessary amount of P-fertilizer and severity of Phytophthora root rot in citrus orchards, the experiment was set up. Thirteen indigenous arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi species were isolated from rhizosphere soil of citrus orchards in Thailand and were then propagated into three host plants [sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), maize (Zea mays), and leek (Allium cepa)] by trap culture. We also tested whether indigenous AMF species (13 different species) could colonize into three cultivars of citrus scions and rootstocks (Shogun: Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Shogun; Tangerine: C. reticulata; and C-35 citrange: Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata). With root colonization rates, the results indicated that Acaulospora tuberculata and Glomus etunicatum provided the best colonization in all citrus cultivars. We selected, therefore, those AMF species to verify their influences on citrus growth and Phytophthora root rot resistance. Three cultivars of citrus scions and rootstocks, Shogun, Tangerine and C-35 citrange, were inoculated with two effective indigenous AMF species, G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata in order to determine the influences on citrus growth. The plants were investigated to determine the mycorrhizal efficiency index (MEI), AM colonization, P content, and other parameters. Co-inoculation of AMF species (G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata) with Phytophthora nicotianae was also carried out in Shogun scion/C-35 citrange rootstocks. The results of citrus growth revealed that Shogun and Tangerine inoculated with G. etunicatum produced the highest MEI. Tangerine and C-35 citrange amended with fertilizers and G. etunicatum showed the highest P content in leaves. This indicated that G. etunicatum has an influence on citrus growth and P uptake, suggesting it to be the highly effective strain. Shogun scion/C-35 citrange rootstock combinations that were inoculated by both P. nicotianae and different AM fungi (G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata) showed root injury at low level of root rot symptom. However, the part of Shogun scions grafted on rootstocks showed severe symptom of shoot die back in treatment inoculated with P. nicotianae alone, while treatment inoculated with different AM species (G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata) and P. nicotianae rendered lower shoot die back symptoms than that of Phytophthora treatment. The low level of shoot die back symptom was shown at first, then healthy young shoot was restored. Our results indicated the facts that different host plants and different AMF species produced different outcomes of growth and pathogen resistance. The application of both AM isolates, therefore, has an enormous potential to be produced the inoculum for citrus orchards.     

丛枝菌根真菌对酸枣水分状况影响

在塑料盆栽条件下,研究了丛枝菌根真菌对酸枣(Zizyphus spinosus Hu．)苗生长和水分状况的影响。结果表明,接种丛枝菌根真菌显著促进了植株生长,接种处理的苗高、叶数、地径、单株叶面积、茎和叶鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量都显著高于对照,苗高提高了21．9％～28．5％,叶干重增加了53．0％～73．2％。同时,接种后也提高了苗木的抗旱性,束缚水含量提高了17．2％～23．7％,显著提高了离体叶片的保水力;在干旱胁迫下,酸枣叶片推迟13～27．5h出现萎蔫,重新复水后,提前0．8～1h恢复正常。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities improve the phytochemical quality of strawberry

The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in strawberry cultivation can improve its growth and development. The objective of this study was to evaluate if strawberry plants in the absence and presence of inoculation with AMF communities, obtained from soils collected in reference-sites in the cultivation of this species, differ in their morpho-horticultural performance. Two experiments were carried out: in experiment I (frequency of AMF communities species) the treatments were eight soils containing AMF communities, collected from natural and agricultural ecosystems in reference-sites of strawberry cultivation in southern Brazil, with nine samples per treatment; in experiment II (use of AMF communities in strawberry) the treatments were eight AMF communities and one control (non-mycorrhizal plants), arranged in a completely randomised design, with three replicates. The species Claroideoglomus aff. luteum, C. claroideum, C. etunicatum, Funneliformis mosseae and Glomus sp2 were the most frequent in the studied sites and the morpho-horticultural performance of strawberry plants was improved when plants inoculated with AMF communities. Strawberry plants inoculated with mycorrhizae develop a more profuse root system and fruit anthocyanin content is increased.     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on aster yellows phytoplasma-infected tobacco plants

The objective of the research was to asses if arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) can modify the effect of two aster yellows phytoplasma strains infection in tobacco plants. Tobacco plants experimentally inoculated with aster yellows phytoplasma strains did not develop visible disease symptoms. However, PCR examination indicated that the inoculated plants were phytoplasma infected. Mycorrhiza inoculation had a positive effect on the shoot height of healthy plants, but did not influence shoot growth and weight of phytoplasma-infected plants. The roots of all mycorrhiza-inoculated plants were slightly reduced but significant differences were found in the total root length of plants infected with the phytoplasma strain AY1. AM inoculation had a positive effect on photosynthetic activity of tobacco plants infected with the phytoplasma strain AYSim, but net photosynthesis of tobacco infected with the phytoplasma strain AY1 was decreased. Transpiration rate and calcium content of AM and phytoplasma-infected plants were not affected. The mechanisms underlying these interactions are discussed and a direct action of the AM fungus is hypothesized.     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth,mineral nutrition,antioxidant enzymes activity and fruit yield of tomato grown under salinity stress

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying alleviation of salt stress by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Zhongzha105) plants were cultivated in soil with 0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl. Mycorrhization alleviated salt induced reduction of root colonization, growth, leaf area, chlorophyll content, fruit fresh weight and fruit yield. The concentrations of P and K were higher in AM compared with nonAM plants grown under nonsaline and saline conditions. Na concentration was lower in AM than nonAM plants grown under nonsaline and saline conditions. AMF colonization was accompanied by an enhancement of activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in leaves of both salt-affected and control plants. In addition, inoculation with AMF caused reduction in MDA content in comparison to salinized plants, indicating lower oxidative damage in the colonized plants.     

Influence of sulfur supply,ammonium nitrate ratio,and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on growth and composition of Chinese chive

Tissue concentrations of phytochemicals formed by Allium species may be influenced by plant nutrient supply or rhizosphere microorganism activity. To test these relations, three plant nutritional factors were varied in two experiments with Chinese chive [Allium tuberosum]: (a) increasing sulfur concentrations in the substrate, (b) two ratios of ammonium to nitrate in supply, and (c) inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Shoot dry weight, nutrient composition (nitrate, N, P, S), and organosulfur compounds (measured indirectly as pyruvic acid) were determined.     

丛枝菌根真菌对葡萄幼苗抗旱性的影响研究

研究了丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对葡萄幼苗水分代谢及抗旱性的影响,结果表明:正常供水条件和干旱条件下AMF都能影响葡萄苗的水分代谢,改善叶片水分状况,增强蒸腾作用,从而增强其抗旱能力;而干旱胁迫下AMF改善葡萄苗水分状况的作用明显强于正常供水条件下,表明AMF在逆境条件下作用更明显;通过对葡萄苗膜保护系统的影响研究,发现AMF能增强葡萄苗叶片膜保护酶活性,降低植株叶片膜脂过氧化程度,从而缓解干旱对质膜透性的破坏,增强葡萄植株的抗旱性。     

Nursery inoculation of tomato with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and subsequent performance under irrigation with saline water

Protected horticultural crops as well as those planted in open fields particularly in the Mediterranean region have to cope with increasing salinization of irrigation water. High salinity of the supply water has detrimental effects on soil fertility and plant nutrition and reduces crop growth and yield. This study was conducted to determine if pre-inoculation of transplants with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi alleviates salt effects on growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cv. Marriha) when irrigated with saline water. Tomato seeds were sown in polystyrene trays with 20 cm³ cells and treated with AM fungi (AM) or without (nonAM) Glomus mosseae. Once the seedlings were reached appropriate size, they were transplanted into nonsterile soil in concrete blocks (1.6 m × 3 m × 0.75 m) under greenhouse conditions. The soil electrical conductivity (EC_e) was 1.4 dS m⁻¹. Plants were irrigated with nonsaline water (EC_w = 0.5 dS m⁻¹) or saline water (EC_w = 2.4 dS m⁻¹) until harvest. These treatments resulted with soil EC at harvest 1.7 and 4.4 dS m⁻¹ for nonsaline and saline water treatments, respectively. Root colonization with AM fungi at flowering was lower under saline than nonsaline conditions. Pre-inoculated tomato plants with AM fungi irrigated with both saline and nonsaline water had greater shoot and root dry matter (DM) yield and fruit fresh yield than nonAM plants. The enhancement in fruit fresh yield due to AM fungi inoculation was 29% under nonsaline and 60% under saline water conditions. Shoot contents of P, K, Zn, Cu, and Fe were higher in AM compared with nonAM plants grown under nonsaline and saline water conditions. Shoot Na concentrations were lower in AM than nonAM plants grown under saline water conditions. Results indicate that pre-inoculation of tomato transplants with AM fungi improved yield and can help alleviate deleterious effects of salt stress on crop yield.     

Enhanced growth of micropropagated bulblets of Lilium sp. inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at different P fertility levels in an alfisol

Summary

The effect of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inocula at four available levels of phosphorus (8.41, 12.53, 13.63 and 14.6 ppm) in non-disinfected soil was studied on the growth, flowering, P uptake and root colonization in micropropagated bulblets of Lilium sp. (Asiatic hybrid ‘Gran Paradiso’). The inoculated bulblets fared significantly better than the uninoculated ones in terms of all the growth variables, namely size, weight, shoot length, number of leaves and leaf area, and in P uptake. However, bulblets inoculated with different AM inocula had optimum growth at different P levels. Bulblets inoculated with indigenous mixed vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza species (VAM I) and Glomus intraradices isolate 2 (VAM III) showed the best growth and early flowering at available soil P of 13.6 ppm, whereas those inoculated with Glomus intraradices isolate 1 (VAM II) showed higher growth at 2.5 ppm available soil P. Amongst the three tested inocula, VAM I promoted maximum shoot length, bulblet size, and weight at 13.6 ppm P. The bulblets under this treatment also flowered earlier, nearly a month before the uninoculated control ones.