肌注狂犬病病毒糖蛋白cDNA表达载体诱导的小鼠体液免疫反应

将狂犬病病毒糖蛋白ｃＤＮＡＢｇｌⅡ（１．６７ｋｂ）片段分别正向插入ｐｍＭＴ－１ＢｇｌⅡ位点和ｐＭＴ０１０／Ａ＋ＢａｍＨＩ位点，构建重组质粒ｐｍＭＴ－Ｒｇｐ和ｐＭＴ０１０／Ａ＋－Ｒｇｐ，通过磷酸钙共沉淀法转染ＢＨＫ－２１细胞，经ＰＣＲ、打点杂交及ＥＬＩＳＡ检测，证明糖蛋白基因发生了整合并获得表达。以该表达载体给小鼠肌肉内注射２～３次，采其注射前、后双份血清，经ＥＬＩＳＡ检测证明，注射了表达载体的小鼠，血清中病毒特异性抗体明显升高，表明狂犬病病毒糖蛋白ｃＤＮＡ在小鼠体内表达后，刺激机体产生了抗该糖蛋白特异性抗体     

伪狂犬病病毒糖蛋白gp50基因的克隆和表达

从包含伪狂犬病病毒（ＰＲＶ）闽Ａ株ＢａｍＨＩ－７片段的重组质粒ｐＰＲ１２８中分离出含有完整糖蛋白ｇｐ５０基因的２．１ｋｂＤＮＡ片段，用ＫｐｎＩ和ＳｔｕＩ酶切后，将其酶切片段分别克隆到ｐＵＣ１９载体中，构建了２．１ｋｂ片段完整测序用质粒。对其序列进行分析，发现与文献报道结果一致，证明分离的ｇｐ５０基因是正确的。将包含ｇｐ５０基因的２．１ｋｂ和１．６ｋｂＤＮＡ片段分别插入带有痘苗病毒天坛株ＴＫ基因区段的ｐＧＪＰ－５质粒Ｐ７．５启动子的下游，构建了ｐＧＢＴ５０－３６和ｐＧＢＴ５０－Ｓ２２个嵌合载体。将嵌合载体通过磷酸钙共沉淀法转染预先感染ＴＫ＋痘苗病毒天坛株的人ＴＫ－１４３细胞或ＣＶ－１细胞，进行体内同源重组。经蚀斑纯化，在ＢｄＵＲ选择压力下，通过光敏生物素标记的探针杂交，获得带有ＰＲＶｇｐ５０基因的重组痘苗病毒。用ＥＬＩＳＡ检测，重组痘苗病毒有特异性ＰＲＶｇｐ５０抗原存在。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒tk基因的克隆

根据牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒ＬＡ株的物理图谱及Ｃｏｐｅｒ株和ＬＡ标ｔｋ基因在基因组中的定位，将ＬＡ株ＤＮＡ ＨｉｎｄⅢＡ片段中的ＳａｌＩ－ＳａｌＩ亚片段、ＢｇｌⅢ－ＳａｌＩ双酶切亚片段分别克隆到载体质粒ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔＳＫ中，筛选出３个重组质粒ｐ＾ｔｋ－１，Ｐｔｋ－２和Ｐｔｋ－３，其外源片段大小分别为２．７ｋｂ，１．１ｋｂ和１．６ｋｂ。经酶切分析及同源核酸探针杂交试验表明，２．７ｋｂ ＳａｌＩ－     

伪狂犬病病毒gⅢ基因的克隆及其鉴定

以质粒ｐＵＣ１８和ｐＧＥＭ３Ｚｆ（＋）为载体，克隆了伪狂犬病病毒Ｓ株基因组ＤＮＡ的ＰｓｔⅠ酶切４．３ｋｂ片段，该片段含有完整的ｐｒｖ４３基因和ｇⅢ糖蛋白基因。经酶切分析和对转化菌融合蛋白的免疫反应性及免疫原性分析，鉴定了重组质粒ｐＵＣ４．３和ｐＧｅ４．３，从而证实其插入片段含有完整的ｇⅢ糖蛋白基因。     

狂犬病病毒糖蛋白基因在原核细胞中的表达

将狂犬病病毒糖蛋白（ＲＶｇｐ）基因ＢｇｌⅡ片段（１６７５ｂｐ）分别正向插入到原核高效表达载体ｐＥＴ－１７ｂ和ｐＥＴ－１７ｂ２（用ＳａｃⅠ－ＮｄｅⅠ缺失掉ｐＥＴ－１７ｂ６０ｂｐ含起始密码子ＡＴＧ小片段）的ＢａｍＨⅠ切点，构建重组质粒ｐＥＴ－１７ｂＲＶｇｐ和ｐＥＴ－１７ｂ２ＲＶｇｐ。将其分别转化表达受体菌Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）和Ｅ，ｃｏｌｉＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）ｐｌｙｓＳ．ＩＰＴＧ诱导表达，菌体经超声波裂解处理后ＳＤＳ－ｐＡＧＥ，染色，在分子量约６００００处可见重组质粒表达的较宽的蛋白带，以抗ＲＶｇｐＭｃＡｂ进行Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ检测，表明该表达蛋白为ＲＶｇｐ。通过扫描显示，表达的ＲＶｇｐ占菌体总蛋白的１０％～１４％，其中ｐＥＴ－１７ｂ２ＲＶｇｐ在Ｅ。ｃｏｌｉＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）中的表达量最高。     

狂犬病病毒糖蛋白转基因小鼠对该病毒形成免疫耐受

对带有绵羊ＭＴ启动子－狂犬病病毒糖蛋白基因的（ＭＴ－Ｒｇｐ）的ＴｇＮ（ｏＭＴ－Ｒｇｐ）２Ｌｇｅ、ＴｇＮ（ｏＭＴ－Ｒｇｐ）４Ｌｇｅ和ＴｇＮ（ｏＭＴ－Ｒｇｐ）６Ｌｇｅ３株转基因小鼠系（子代）进行了表达检测。ＥＬＩＳＡ结果表明，小鼠肝脏、肾脏中均有糖蛋白表达产物，以肝脏的表达量较高；对肝脏的免疫组化检测结果显示，糖蛋白分布在肝脏实质细胞，主要位于细胞膜上和胞浆内。对８只ＴｇＮ（ｏＭＴ－Ｒｇｐ）２Ｌｇｅ子代鼠一次接种灭活的狂犬病病毒８２０２株，接种前和接种后３周的血清抗体水平变化在转基因鼠和非转基因鼠之间有明显区别，非转基因鼠抗狂犬病病毒抗体水平明显升高，而转基因鼠抗体水平基本保持不变。经统计学分析，转基因鼠的抗体水平变化相差不显著，表明转基因小鼠对该病毒形成了部分免疫耐受性。     

PRV特异性糖蛋白gp50基因片段的克隆探针制备

在ＢＨＫ２１细胞中增殖伪狂犬病病毒（ＰＲＶ），提纯ＰＲＶＤＮＡ，选编码特异性糖蛋白ｇｐ５０基因中的２６２ｂｐ片段进行ＰＣＲ扩增。扩增产物经ＫｐｎⅠ和ＳａｌⅠ双酶切后，将２２２ｂｐ片段与质粒ｐＵＣ１９连接构成重组子ｐＵＰ。通过转化大肠杆菌ＪＭ８３、Ａｍｐｒ和α互补效应筛选后，扩增、提纯重组子ｐＵＰ，用ＫｐｎⅠ和ＳａｌⅠ酶切，电泳回收克隆的２２２ｂｐ片段。用光敏生物素标记２２２ｂｐ片段和重组子ｐＵＰ制备的探针，分别检出４６．８ｐｇ和９３．６ｐｇ的ＰＲＶＤＮＡ，且ｐＵＰ探针只与ＰＲＶ呈杂交阳性反应，与ＨＳＶ－１、ＨＳＶ－２及ＣＭＶ呈阴性反应。     

鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒王岗株gC和gD基因的克隆及序列分析

根据已发表的传染性喉气管炎病毒（ＩＬＴＶ）ＳＡ－２株的核酸序列,设计了１对引物,以ＩＬＴＶ－中国王岗株ＤＮＡ为模板,ＰＣＲ法扩增出１条１．３９ｋｂ的基因片段,将扩增产物插入到真核表达质粒ｐＣＲ＾ＴＭ３－Ｕｎｉ,得到重组质粒ｐＴＡ－ｇＤ,另将克隆到ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔ ＳＫ质料中的ｇＣ基因酶毁后,插入到ｐＣＲ＾ＴＭ３－Ｕｎｉ载体,得到重组质粒ｐＴＡ－ｇＣ,经电泳分析、酶分、ＰＣＲ鉴定后,进行序列测     

马立克氏病病毒糖蛋白B基因克隆及其在家蚕细胞中的表达

将马立克氏病病毒（ＭＤＶ）ＧＡ株基因文库中的ＢａｍＨＩＩ３和Ｋ３克隆质粒分别用双酶切消化，获得２．８ｋｂ的ＢａｍＨＩ－ＳａｌⅠ片段和１．１ｋｂ的ＢａｍＨＩ－ＥｃｏＲＩ片段，然后将这２个片段定向克隆于载体ｐＵＲ２２２中，构建了含ＭＤＶ糖蛋白Ｂ（ｇＢ）基因的重组质粒。为了基因操作方便和高效表达，设计了１对带有酶切位点的引物，用ＰＣＲ扩增了ＭＤＶｇＢ基因部分片段，并按正确方向插入去磷酸化的载体质粒中，得到起始密码子前带有ＥｃｏＲＩ酶切位点的ＭＤＶｇＢ基因克隆，再将该基因插入去磷酸化的家蚕核型多角体病毒（ＢｍＮＰＶ）转移载体ｐＢＦ１４中，ＤＮＡ序列分析确证了克隆基因及阅读柜架的正确性。以重组转移载体与野生型ＢｍＮＰＶ共转染家蚕细胞，用有限稀释法点杂交结合空斑技术纯化重组病毒。用荧光抗体试验检查重组病毒感染的家蚕细胞，可见感染细胞的胞浆及胞膜出现强荧光反应     

传染性支气管炎病毒类M_(41)地方分离株S_1基因克隆及高变区序列分析

传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）分离株ＱＤ经ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增出约１．７ｋｂＳ１糖蛋白基因ｃＤＮＡ，修饰后插入ｐＵＣ１８ＳｍａｌⅠ／ＥｃｏＲＩ位点构成质粒ｐＵＣＱＤＳ１。对克隆的Ｓ１基因５′端高变区序列测定显示，起始密码上游６０碱基和下游３８０碱基中与参考株Ｍ４１Ｓ１基因序列仅有１个碱基的差异，表明ＱＤ为一类Ｍ４１分离株。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.