Changes in maturity indicators during the degradation of organic wastes subjected to simple composting procedures

Selected maturity indicators were monitored over a period of 335 days during the degradation of organic wastes subjected to four simple composting procedures, which varied in raw material (garden refuse with and without market refuse) and turning frequency (0×, 6×). All procedures produced mature composts. The inclusion of market refuse and frequent turning generally increased the cation exchange capacity of compost on an ash-free basis. Until day 118 of the composting process, compost samples which contained market refuse in their raw material mixture had the lowest redox potentials after anaerobic incubation. Cress grown on these composts also produced the lowest fresh mass. At a later stage of the composting process, the same composts displayed increased cellulolytic activity. Frequent turning of the compost heaps resulted in greater fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, a greater occurrence of low-molecular-weight humic compounds and, occasionally, an inhibition of cellulolytic activity. The arginine ammonification assay gave information on the N-status of the composts, rather than on the compost maturity, and suggested that all the composts could be safely applied to soil with no risk of microbial immobilisation of soil N.     

几种化学物质配施对莴笋产量、硝酸盐含量和营养品质的影响研究

采用L8(27)正交设计研究了3种化学物质赤霉素(GA)、钼酸铵(Mo)、双氰胺(DCD)对盆栽莴笋产量、硝酸盐含量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,3种化学物质配施使莴笋增产10.7%～41.6%,其效应为Mo>GA>DCD;莴笋茎、叶硝酸盐含量分别降低21.8%～54.5%和4.3%～40.2%,其作用均为GA>DCD>Mo;莴笋茎Vc和氨基酸含量降低,水分增加;叶片Vc和氨基酸含量增加,水分无明显差异;莴笋施Mo明显增加茎和叶Mo含量,但食用安全。综合评价莴笋的产量、卫生安全和营养品质,以A1B1C1处理(GA25mg/L Mo150mg/L DCD12.5mg/盆)最理想。     

不同堆腐时间猪粪对花生产量及土壤动物群落影响

为了科学制订猪粪堆肥腐熟度的标准,在田间试验条件下s以施化肥和不施肥处理为对照,研究了不同堆腐时间(0 d、10 d、20 d和30 d)猪粪对花生产量及土壤生物的影响。采用手捡法和Tullgren漏斗法分别捕获土壤动物,进行分类鉴定。结果表明:猪粪堆腐30 d处理的花生产量最高,为6 713.4 kg.hm 2,显著高于猪粪堆腐0 d、10 d、20 d和不施肥处理(P<0.05)。各处理土壤动物数据的方差分析表明,手捡法分离土壤动物类群数、个体数、多样性指数和均匀度指数在处理间均无显著差异(P>0.05);Tullgren漏斗法分离土壤动物个体数(F=2.69,P<0.05)和均匀度指数(F=6.40,P<0.01)在处理间有显著和极显著差异,捕获个体数排序为:猪粪堆腐10 d>猪粪堆腐30 d>猪粪堆腐0 d>猪粪堆腐20 d>化肥>不施肥对照;均匀度指数排序为:猪粪堆腐0 d>不施肥>猪粪堆腐20 d>化肥>猪粪堆腐10 d>猪粪堆腐30 d。手捡法和Tullgren法分离土壤动物类群数、个体数、多样性指数和均匀度指数在不同取样时间之间均有极显著差异(P<0.01)。S rensen指数和Whittaker指数表明,不同处理间土壤动物群落物种和群落组成的相似度均较高。将猪粪腐熟指标分别与手捡法和Tullgren法捕获土壤动物的总类群数、总个体数、多样性指数和均匀度指数进行相关分析,结果表明,手捡法捕获土壤动物总个体数、总类群数和不同腐熟度猪粪总氮含量呈显著负相关(相关系数r分别为0.951、0.967,P<0.05),总个体数与花生产量负相关(r=0.916,P<0.1),腐殖质总量与多样性指数呈正相关(r=0.916,P<0.1)。Tullgren法捕获土壤动物类群数与胡敏酸呈显著负相关(r=0.958,P<0.05),与猪粪总磷含量呈负相关(r=0.917,P<0.1),与pH和富里酸呈正相关(r分别为0.919、0.921,P<0.1)。土壤动物主成分分析结果表明,在手捡法捕获动物中,猪粪腐熟30 d处理的直翅目、蜱螨目、蜘蛛目和倍足纲等动物出现较多;在Tullgren法捕获动物中,猪粪腐熟30 d处理的弹尾目、膜翅目、原尾目、盲蛛目、双尾目、鞘翅目和双翅目出现较多。研究表明,施用高腐熟度猪粪可显著提高花生产量。高腐熟度猪粪处理下,手捡法捕获大型土壤动物个体数和种群数较少,群落多样性和均匀度较高;Tullgren法捕获中型土壤动物个体数较多,种群数和群落多样性较低,均匀度显著较低。     

餐厨垃圾与菌糠混合好氧堆肥效果

分别使用玉米秸秆与菌糠作为餐厨垃圾的堆肥调理剂,进行堆肥1次发酵对比试验,旨在考察菌糠作为餐厨垃圾堆肥调理剂的可行性。通过对2种调理剂与餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中理化性质及腐熟度变化的分析,表明餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥时,菌糠是一种优于玉米秸秆的良好调理剂,餐厨垃圾与菌糠混合堆肥时升温速度快、高温期持续时间长,含水率与有机质分别下降19.6%和20.2%。同时,其混合堆料在堆肥过程中散发臭气较少,1次堆肥处理后发芽指数较高（55.6%）,基本实现腐熟。     

水肥耦合对基质栽培番茄产量及品质的影响

为有效提高农业废弃物的利用率,将堆肥、秸秆等农业废弃物和黏土等拌制成一种抗旱促根的基质,研究水肥耦合效应对     

Effects of five non-agricultural organic wastes on soil composition, and on the yield and nitrogen recovery of Italian ryegrass

Abstract. We studied the effects of five diverse non-agricultural organic wastes on soil composition, grass yield and grass nitrogen use in a 3–year field experiment. The applied wastes were distillery pot ale, dairy salt whey, abattoir blood and gut contents, composted green waste (two annual applications each), and paper-mill sludge (one annual application). With the exception of N immobilization in the paper-mill sludge treatment, the wastes had no unfavourable effects on the soil. In the 2–year treatments, grass dry matter yields from the abattoir and distillery wastes (26.3 t ha⁻¹) were larger than those from a NH₄NO₃ fertilizer treatment (24.3 t ha⁻¹) and from the dairy waste (20.4 t ha⁻¹) and composted waste (22.8 t ha⁻¹). Yield and N recovery were impaired markedly after the single application of paper-mill sludge, both in the year of application and in the following year. The results demonstrated clear differences in the ability of the applied wastes to provide crop-available N. We conclude that in order to improve prediction of both the benefits and risks from waste recycling to land, more information should be gathered on soil/waste/crop interactions.     

浒苔堆肥化处理及对大白菜产量和品质的影响

以浒苔和玉米秸秆为主要堆肥原料,采用高温堆肥技术进行堆肥处理,并在大白菜生产中进行了试验研究.结果表明,浒苔+秸秆+EM菌剂堆肥处理50℃以上高温持续时间最长,达到19 d,优于鸡粪堆肥处理的高温时间,堆肥效果最好.有机物料腐熟剂可使堆体温度快速上升,主要保持在中温阶段发酵.浒苔堆肥对大白菜具有明显的增产作用,对其品质影响较小,肥效与鸡粪堆肥相当.施用浒苔堆肥可以减少化肥的施用量,避免养分淋失和对环境的污染.但浒苔堆肥施用量过大时可导致土壤pH值降低和土壤盐分含量提高.因此,浒苔堆肥在蔬菜生产中应用时要根据土壤理化性状确定施肥量,浒苔与秸秆或鸡粪混合堆肥作基肥施用时一般以不超过11.25 t/hm~2、单独施用浒苔(干),其用量以不超过5.6 t/hm~2为宜.     

施用木质素对春玉米生长发育及产量的影响研究

试验研究施用木质素对春玉米生长发育及产量的影响结果表明 ,施用木质素可促进春玉米对N、P的吸收 ,提高肥料利用率 ,减少肥料污染和提高作物品质 ,有显著增产作用 ,且不同处理春玉米增产率均≥ 2 0 %。     

添加酸解氨基酸对植物源废弃物好氧堆肥品质及其应用效果的影响

[目的]探究添加酸解氨基酸 (AA) 对不同植物源废弃物堆肥进程、氮素损失阻控、堆肥品质和产品效果的影响.[方法]分别向3种含碳量不同的植物源废弃物 (中药渣、木薯渣和蘑菇渣) 中添加5％、10％和15％(体积质量比) 的酸解氨基酸,以不添加酸解氨基酸处理作为对照,监测堆肥过程中的温度和理化指标.堆肥结束后,以辣椒和茄...     

Impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield,taste, and nutritional quality of tomatoes

In a greenhouse experiment, tomato plants were grown in sand culture to test whether different fertilization regimes (mineral or organic fertilizers) at low (500 mg N plant^–1 week^–1) and high (750 mg N plant^–1 week^–1) nitrogen levels affected yield, nutritional quality, and taste of the fruits. In the mineral‐fertilizer treatments, nitrate‐ or ammonium‐dominated nutrient solutions were used. Organic fertilizer was supplied as fresh cut grass‐clover mulch (a total of 2.4 kg and 3.6 kg were given per plant at low and high N level, respectively) without (orgN) and with additional sulfur fertilization (orgN+S). Yields of red tomatoes from the organically fertilized plants were significantly lower (1.3–1.8 kg plant^–1) than yields from plants that received mineral fertilizer (2.2–2.8 kg plant^–1). At the final harvest, yields of green tomatoes in the organic treatment with extra sulfur were similar (1.1–1.2 kg plant^–1) to the NO ‐dominated treatments at both nutrient levels and the NH ‐dominated treatment at high nutrient level. Organic fertilizers released nutrients more slowly than mineral fertilizers, resulting in decreased S and P concentrations in the leaves, which limited growth and yield in the orgN treatments. Analysis of tomato fruits and plants as well as taste‐test results gave no conclusive answer on the relationship between sugar or acid contents in the fruits, macronutrient content of plant leaves and fruits, and perceived taste. Sugar contents were higher in the fruits given mineral fertilizer, whereas acid contents were higher in the fruits given organic fertilizer. Preference in taste was given to the tomatoes from plants fertilized with the nitrate‐dominated nutrient solution and to those given organic fertilizer with extra sulfur. Thus, a reduction in growth, which was expected to lead to a higher concentration of compounds like sugars and acids, did not result in better taste. Overall, it can be concluded that an appropriate nutrient supply is crucial to reach high yields and good taste.     

花后人为模拟倒伏对超级稻生长、产量和品质的影响

倒伏是水稻实现高产优质的主要限制因子之一。以‘南粳9108’为材料,研究人为模拟倒伏对超级稻物质生产和分配、产量和产量构成因素以及稻米品质的影响及其与倒伏发生时期的关系,探讨倒伏对水稻生长、产量和品质的影响,为超级稻抗倒栽培提供依据。试验设3个处理,分别为正常植株(CK)、抽穗后15 d倒伏(AL15)和抽穗后30 d倒伏(AL30),成熟期测定水稻物质积累与分配、产量和产量构成以及稻米主要品质性状。结果表明,与正常生长水稻相比,AL30和AL15处理使水稻地上部各器官生物量下降,总生物量分别显著降低7.3%和24.3%。从物质分配看,AL15处理使水稻生物量在生殖器官中的分配比例显著下降,而AL30处理植株响应不显著。AL30和AL15处理使水稻产量分别显著下降8.3%和36.4%。抽穗后倒伏造成的产量损失主要与饱粒率和饱粒千粒重下降有关。AL30处理使饱粒率和饱粒千粒重分别显著下降5.6%和3.3%,AL15处理分别极显著下降30.8%和6.7%。水稻结实期倒伏导致饱粒重下降主要与糙米变小,稻谷充实程度明显降低有关。从稻米品质看,AL30和AL15处理使水稻整精米率分别下降7.5%和14.7%,达显著和极显著水平;AL30处理对稻米蛋白质和直链淀粉含量均无显著影响,但AL15处理使稻米蛋白质含量极显著增加20.2%;RVA谱数据表明,结实期倒伏水稻崩解值减少而消减值增加,但均未达显著水平。以上结果表明,结实中后期发生倒伏对超级稻‘南粳9108’籽粒产量和稻米品质影响较小,但结实早期倒伏将使物质生产和籽粒灌浆均受到抑制,最终导致产量大幅下降,同时稻米加工和食味品质亦呈变劣趋势。     

高矮秆夏谷个体发育差异及产量形成特点的研究

通过对高矮秆夏谷品种个体发育过程的研究及性状变化与小区产量的相关分析,证明高矮秆夏谷个体发育及产量形成存在着差异.矮秆比高秆品种前期发育早,其植体灌浆期干物质积累和转移变化不明显,籽粒产量主要源于开花后的光合产物积累;高秆品种植体灌浆期干物质积累和转移变化明显,籽粒产量源于植体中的营养转移和开花后的光合产物积累.根据高秆与矮秆品种的形态和个体发育特点,对矮秆品种施行窄行距密植,促使其前期幼苗生长,重视后期植体功能期的延长;对高秆品种施行宽行距适当密植,避免灌浆后期植体营养积累较多和贪青晚熟,有利于谷子高产.     

Effects of subsoil compaction on yield and yield attributes of wheat in the sub-humid region of Pakistan

The prolonged use of vehicular traffic for farming creates subsoil compaction, which reduces crop yield and deteriorates the physical conditions of the soil. Field experiments were conducted during 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 in Pakistan to study subsoil compaction effects on soil bulk density, total porosity, yield and yield components of wheat. Soil compaction was artificially created at the start of the experiment using 7.0 t roller having length of 1.5 m and diameter of 1.22 m. Treatments consisted of T₁ = control (no compaction), T₂ = two passes of roller, T₃ = four passes of roller, T₄ = six passes of roller. The experiments were arranged in randomised complete block with four replications. Results indicated that subsoil compaction adversely affected the bulk density, total porosity of soil and root length during both the years. Soil compaction increased the bulk density (BD) from 1.37 for T₁ to 1.57, 1.61 and 1.72 Mg m⁻³ whereas decreased the total porosity from 47.3% for T₁ to 40.0, 37.4 and 34.5% for T₂, T₃ and T_4, respectively. Similarly grain yield decreased from 4141.7 for T₁ to 3912.8, 3364.5 and 3010.3 kg ha⁻¹ for T₂, T₃ and T_4, respectively. The deteriorating effect of compaction depended upon the degree of compaction. Subsoil compaction adversely affected the yield and yield attributes of wheat during both years of experiments. The subsoil compaction adversely affected soil physical conditions, which substantially decreased the yield of wheat. Therefore, appropriate measures of periodic chiselling, controlled traffic, conservation tillage, and incorporating of crops with deep tap root system in rotation cycle is necessary to minimize the risks of subsoil compaction.     

腐殖酸长效尿素在土壤中转化及其对玉米增产的效应研究

试验研究腐殖酸长效尿素(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)在土壤中转化及其对玉米增产效应结果表明,与普通尿素相比,施用腐殖酸长效尿素玉米生长发育前期可抑制土壤中脲酶活性,向土壤环境供N速度基本与玉米生长发育需N速度相一致。同时可提高玉米不同生育期叶片叶绿素含量和光合作用强度,显著提高玉米籽粒产量。其中以Ⅰ型长效尿素效果最佳,比普通尿素处理增产35.1%。     

不同施肥方式对水稻产量构成及其稳定性的影响

以中国科学院常熟农业生态站的养分循环长期定位试验为研究平台,利用单个生长季的数据研究不同施肥制度对水稻产量构成(单穴有效穗数、单穗粒重和单穴产量)及其稳定性的影响,并通过回归分析方法对产量构成及其稳定性与水稻孕穗期植株的养分含量关系进行了研究.结果表明:氮肥有利于水稻有效穗数的形成,N处理的单穴有效穗数比CK处理多4.2穗,比NP和NPK处理分别多0.9穗和0.7穗;施用氮肥显著降低水稻单穗粒重,氮磷配施可以协调水稻单穴有效穗数和单穗产量之间的矛盾,获得较高的单穴产量.施用猪粪可以增加水稻的单穴有效穗数和单穴产量,但不会降低水稻的单穗平均粒重.施肥处理仅对水稻单穴有效穗数的稳定性产生显著影响,对单穴产量和单穗平均粒重的稳定性没有显著影响.CK、N、NP、NPK处理单穴有效穗数的变异系数分别为19.5%、17.9%、1813%和22.9%,施用钾肥会显著增加水稻单穴有效穗数空间变异.施用猪粪对3个指标的稳定性影响不显著.水稻3个产量构成因素及单穴有效穗数标准差与水稻孕穗期茎秆和根系养分含量间具有较好的线性拟合关系,单穴有效穗数变异系数与水稻植株钾含量正相关.     

基于叶片数增长动态的营养液供给对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响

【目的】 针对基质栽培番茄的营养液管理问题,研究了基于叶片数增长动态调控营养液供给对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响。 【方法】 温室基质栽培条件下,以番茄为试验材料,根据植株每增长 1、2 和 3 片叶时营养液浓度的提高幅度分别设置 TR0.1 (0.1 mS/cm)、TR0.2 (0.2 mS/cm)和 TR0.3 (0.3 mS/cm) 3 个处理,即叶片数增长动态处理;另设常规营养液管理模式作为对照（CK),即番茄定植至开花前、开花至第一穗果坐果、第一穗果坐果至采收结束 3 个生育期内供给营养液浓度分别为 1.5、2.1 和 2.7 mS/cm。通过测定营养液总盐含量和番茄株高、茎粗、叶片数、产量、养分利用率和品质等指标对不同营养液管理方法进行评价。 【结果】 叶片数增长动态处理 (TR0.1、TR0.2和TR0.3) 营养液浓度提高频率是 CK 的 2.0～5.6 倍,且可利用的营养液总盐含量、大量元素和微量元素的总含量均表现为 CK > TR0.1 > TR0.2 > TR0.3。叶片数增长动态处理 (TR0.1、TR0.2和TR0.3) 和 CK 的茎粗和叶片数受营养液浓度提高幅度影响较小。TR0.1 处理的产量和营养液养分利用率比 CK 分别提高了 30.4% 和 37.7% ( P < 0.05)。与 CK 相比,TR0.1、TR0.2 和 TR0.3 处理的果实中硝酸盐含量和可滴定酸含量分别降低了 19.4%～68.6%和16.7%～23.2% ( P < 0.05),总可溶性固形物和糖酸比分别增加了 0.8%～12.9% ( P < 0.05,TR0.3 除外) 和 31.3%～34.7% ( P < 0.05),说明叶片数增长动态处理的果实品质优于 CK。基于叶片数增长动态调控营养液供给的方法中,与 TR0.3 处理相比,TR0.1 处理的株高增加 7.5 cm ( P < 0.05),产量和营养液养分利用率分别提高了 30.7% 和 29.4% ( P < 0.05);TR0.1 处理果实硝酸盐含量、总可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量和糖酸比均最高,除糖酸比外,各处理呈显著性差异。 【结论】 基于叶片数增长动态调控营养液浓度供给的方法优于常规基质栽培营养液管理方法,可以实现基质栽培番茄的高产优质,提高营养液养分利用率,其中每增长 1 片叶营养液浓度增加 0.1 mS/cm 的供给方法 (TR0.1),因营养液浓度变化速率快,浓度变化幅度小,对促进番茄生长、养分吸收及增加产量、改善品质的效果最好,为供试条件下最优的营养液调控方法。      

4种杀虫剂对优质小麦产量和品质的影响

田间试验研究了4种杀虫剂(啶虫脒、吡虫啉,氧化乐果及高效氯氰聚酯)对3个优质小麦品种("临优145"、"临优2069"和"临优2018")千粒重、产量及品质的影响,结果表明:杀虫剂提高了优质小麦千粒重和产量,氧化乐果处理提高最多,高效氯氰菊酯处理次之,且两处理间差异不显著.杀虫剂对优质小麦品质的影响因小麦品种而异,氧化乐果处理和高效氯氰菊酯处理使3个小麦品种蛋白质含量提高,强筋"临优145"和"临优2069"加工品质下降,但大多指标与对照差异不显著,中筋"临优2018"营养品质和加工品质均得到改善;啶虫脒处理对优质小麦产量提高和品质改善效果最差;杀虫剂对优质小麦可溶性蛋白质(清蛋白和球蛋白)影响较小,对贮藏蛋白(醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白)影响较大.     

不同氮源与镁配施对甘蓝产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究不同氮源与镁配施对甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.)产量、品质和养分吸收的影响。试验在等氮条件下设4个氮源,分别为不施氮肥、100%铵态氮、50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮、100%硝态氮;设4个硫酸镁施用量,分别为0、75 kg·hm-2、150 kg·hm-2、300 kg·hm-2。结果表明,100%硝态氮与中量(150 kg·hm-2)镁配施处理的甘蓝产量比不施肥处理、100%铵态氮与中量镁配施处理和50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮与中量镁配施处理分别增产56.9%、14.7%和5.2%。施用100%硝态氮处理的甘蓝产量略高于50%硝态氮+50%铵态氮处理,比施用100%铵态氮处理和不施肥处理分别增产13.0%和44.2%。施用低量(75kg·hm-2)镁肥的甘蓝产量比不施镁肥增产9.3%,而增加镁肥用量对甘蓝产量没有显著影响。施用100%硝态氮、50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮和100%铵态氮处理的甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施氮肥处理分别增加84.4%、63.4%和6.9%。100%硝态氮与高量(300 kg·hm-2)镁肥配合施用的甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施肥处理、100%铵态氮与高量镁肥配施处理和50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮与高镁肥配施处理分别增加101.4%、82.3%和14.1%。施用高量镁肥处理甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施肥处理增加11.2%。随着硝态氮比例增加,甘蓝维生素C、还原糖、总氨基酸含量相应增加,镁肥施用量对甘蓝维生素C、还原糖、总氨基酸含量影响明显。随着硝态氮比例增加,甘蓝对磷、钾和钙吸收量显著增加;随着镁施用量增加,磷、钾和镁吸收量相应增加。不同氮源与镁肥相互作用对甘蓝维生素C含量,氮、磷、钾、钙和镁养分吸收均有明显的影响。本研究表明,50%硝态氮和50%铵态氮混合与适量镁肥配合施用,既能增加甘蓝产量,提高维生素C、还原糖和总氨基酸含量,又能减少硝酸盐含量,提高甘蓝品质。     

不同措施对土壤-植物系统植物地上部产量及氟含量的影响

盆栽试验研究不同措施对土壤-植物系统植物地上部产量及F含量的影响结果表明,F对黑麦草发芽有抑制作用,干旱下植物易受F中毒,黑麦草地上部鲜物质量、干物质量及F含量在2种土壤(黄壤、石灰土)间呈相同变化趋势,试验所选4种物质不利于黑麦草干物质量的积累。硅钙肥、石灰对黑麦草F含量均为负效应,有利于降低F含量,粉煤灰对2种土壤黑麦草F含量均为正效应,风化煤对黄壤黑麦草F含量表现为正效应,而对石灰土黑麦草F含量则表现为负效应;硅钙肥和风化煤对2种土壤黑麦草F含量均表现为负交互作用,而石灰和粉煤灰对黑麦草F含量均为正交互作用。     

Effect of composting on extractability and relative availability of heavy metals present in Calcutta municipal solid waste

How composting affects heavy metal content is largely unknown. Accordingly, we investigate the total content of six heavy metals, Cd/Zn ratio and the Zn-equiv, the relative availability and fractionation study to assess the suitability of compost derived out of those for environmental concerns. During composting, total metal content increased but their RA decreased. As a result of composting bioavailable form of metals also decreased. High significant correlations between different forms of heavy metals content and degree of humification were found for all the elements. Composting increases humic acid content than fulvic acid. This transformation is mainly responsible to serve as binding agent for metal thereby moderating the rapid metal mobilization.