不同成熟度番茄果实在贮藏期间的品质变化

以京采8号为试材，研究不同成熟度番茄果实在4℃条件下随贮藏时间的品质变化，并利用番茄品质指数（TQI）对果实品质进行综合评价。结果表明：不同成熟度番茄果实的硬度均随贮藏时间的延长呈逐渐降低趋势，可溶性固形物、VC含量和糖酸比分别在贮藏3、7、7 d时最高，硝酸盐含量在贮藏3 d时最低；半熟期和坚熟期果实的可溶性糖含量在贮藏3 d时最高，完熟期果实的可溶性糖含量则在贮藏7 d时最高；半熟期和完熟期果实的有机酸含量在贮藏1 d时最高，坚熟期果实的有机酸含量则在贮藏3 d时最高；不同成熟度果实的TQI在贮藏3 d和7 d时较高。综合来看，半熟期、坚熟期和完熟期的果实，采收后在4℃条件下分别贮藏7、3、3 d，可在延长番茄货架期的同时获得果实最佳综合品质。     

成熟度及贮藏环境对迷你冬瓜果实品质的 影响

以春丰迷你冬瓜果实为试材，研究不同采收成熟度及贮藏环境对迷你冬瓜果实贮藏期间品质
的影响。结果表明，低成熟度的果实虽采收时营养价值高，但不耐贮藏，贮藏3 d 后果皮即出现皱缩现象；
高成熟度的果实耐贮性好，贮藏100 d 后外观仍保持良好，且在地下室环境中贮藏能延缓果实品质下降的
速度；在冷藏环境下各成熟度的果实贮藏20 d 后出现腐烂症状。分析认为：短期贮藏可选择花后15 d 的
嫩瓜冷藏；长期贮藏则应选择花后30 d 或45 d 的老熟瓜在地下室相对低温的环境中贮藏。     

超干贮藏对不同成熟度鸡腿葱种子发芽活力的影响

以大通鸡腿葱为试材,分别于花后45、50、55、60、65d采种,研究检测了不同采收期大通鸡腿葱种子的形态特征和内含物含量;研究了分级干燥处理并常温贮存1.5a后,鸡腿葱种子的发芽活力进行了发芽试验。结果表明:随着鸡腿葱成熟度的提高,其种子饱满度增加;种子的含水量和可溶性糖含量随鸡腿葱成熟度提高有下降趋势;粗脂肪和可溶性蛋白质有升高趋势;不同成熟度鸡腿葱种子超干贮藏后发芽活力存在差异,种子在2.5%～3.5%含水量条件下的活力显著提高,花后45d采收的种子通过超干贮藏后可以大幅度提高种子活力,花后60d采收的种子更适宜超干贮藏。     

10～12月份柑橘、枇杷、杨梅管理技术要点

1柑橘 1.1适期采收鲜食用的果实,要贯彻选黄留青、分批采收的原则,采收的成熟度应在9成以上,直至完熟.即要求达到该品种成熟时的固有指标充分体现.加工贮藏用的果实,一般适当地早采,通常成熟度达到8成左右采收.若过早地采收,果皮蜡质尚未形成,不易贮藏;过迟采收,易发生浮皮和枯水,亦会影响贮藏和加工的质量.采收时要认真执行"采收十大注意事项".     

1-MCP处理八成熟柿果可有效延缓冰温贮藏中的软化衰老进程

据《果树学报》2012年第2期《1-MCP对不同成熟度冰温贮藏磨盘柿品质和生理的影响》（作者寇文丽等）报道,以磨盘柿为试材,探讨冰温贮藏过程中1-MCP对不同成熟度磨盘柿品质和生理的影响,测定了不同成熟度磨盘柿用1-MCP处理后在冰温贮藏过程中的贮藏品质、生理代谢及软化相关指标。结果表明,1-MCP可以有效延缓不同成熟度柿果冰温（-O．5～-O．2℃）贮藏过程中硬度、可滴定酸、维生素C含量的下降,     

采摘成熟度对'新白8号'枇杷常温贮藏效果的影响

【目的】探讨白肉枇杷新品种'新白8号'不同成熟度果实的常温贮藏效果的变化,为指导科学采摘与合理贮藏提供参考依据。【方法】比较了室温贮藏条件下,七成熟至十成熟的'新白8号'鲜果,果皮色差、果实失水率、坏果率、皱果率、果肉硬度、糖组分、酸组分等指标的动态变化。【结果】各成熟度的H0值缓慢下降,a*值上升,L*值略降,b*、c*值呈"升—降—升"的趋势;失水率呈抛物线式上升,七成熟最高;贮藏4 d后,十成熟皱果率快速增大,至13 d达34.71%,八、九成熟增加较缓慢,七成熟无皱果;坏果率呈增大趋势,十成熟最高,至13 d达44.29%,其次是七成熟;果肉硬度均缓慢增大,成熟度越高增加幅度越大;TSS、总糖含量0～4 d小幅上升,之后均缓慢下降;果糖含量呈上升趋势,七成熟的增幅最大;0～7 d葡萄糖含量上升,7 d后九、十成熟的下降;蔗糖含量变幅最大,除十成熟外,0～1 d提高12.03%～16.08%,而后下降,七成熟降幅最大;山梨醇先增大后降低,十成熟增幅最大;总酸、苹果酸含量总体下降且趋势一致,成熟度越低下降幅度越大;奎尼酸、富马酸含量有波动,贮藏后差异不显著;乳酸含量在贮藏4～10 d时上升后下降;糖酸比、固酸比呈"升—降—升"波动上升,低成熟度果接近贮藏前十成熟果。【结论】采摘成熟度对'新白8号'枇杷常温贮藏效果的影响较大,八、九成熟果更适合常温贮藏,有效贮藏期宜小于10 d;十成熟果常温贮藏宜小于4 d。     

香蕉贮藏工艺

1品种耐藏性不同品种的香蕉其耐藏性不同,春芽蕉、短把、油蕉3个品系的香蕉耐贮藏。用于贮藏的香蕉应在七八成熟时采收,成熟度过高不耐贮运,成熟度低品质差。香蕉适宜的贮藏条件为11～13℃,相对湿度为90%～95%。气调贮藏香蕉的气体成分指标是:氧气为2%～8%,二氧化碳为2%～5%。香蕉在贮藏过程中乙烯释     

苹果采收适期的确定

为了使苹果早上市卖高价,将未成熟的苹果过早提前采摘,会严重影响苹果的产量和质量,降低苹果的贮藏性能.要增加果农的生产效益,必须适期采收苹果.适期采收是保证苹果优质高产,提高果品贮藏力的重要环节.要生产优质高档的苹果,特别是晚熟品种苹果,果实一定要达到适宜成熟度后采收,才能充分显示其食用品质和商品价值.     

红地球葡萄保鲜贮藏技术

1　适期采收　根据试验观察 ,红地球葡萄的耐贮性随成熟度的增加而提高。但过熟的葡萄 ,贮藏效果反而下降。因此 ,贮藏葡萄含糖量应在 14 %以上 ,要求充分成熟 ,适期采收。在涿鹿县 ,红地球葡萄的适采期应在 10月 10日前后。2　贮前处理　因机械损伤会降低贮藏效果 ,所以 ,在采收、运输、包装过程中要轻拿轻放 ,避免或减少磕碰、挤压、摩擦、震动造成损伤 ,并保护果面的果粉和蜡质层。要尽量缩短从采收到入库的时间 ,并迅速在 0℃条件下预冷 ,包装物 (吸水纸和 0 .0 4 mm的聚乙烯薄膜袋等 )要严格消毒灭菌 ,避免再次污染造成腐烂。3　贮藏温…     

花蕊成熟度及花粉贮藏条件对朝天椒杂交结实率的影响

对花蕊成熟度及花粉贮藏条件影响朝天椒杂交结实率进行了研究.试验结果表明,不同成熟度花蕊的授粉受精能力差异明显,开花前5 d的过嫩花蕾基本不具备授粉受精能力.开花前4 d的嫩花蕾开始具备授粉受精能力,无论雌蕊还是雄蕊均以开花当天和开花前1～2 d的花蕾(朵)有较高的杂交坐果率和结籽率.朝天椒花粉的生活力与温度、空气相对湿度和贮藏时间密切相关,相对低温高湿的环境有利于延长花粉的贮藏时间,并能保持较高的杂交坐果率和结籽率.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。     

Effects of simvastatin on PDGF-BB and serum-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and on the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN

AIM:To observe the effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) induced by serum and growth factor PDGF-BB and the effect of simvastatin on the expression of PTEN,a important regulator of G₁/S cell cycle transition. METHODS:The DNA synthesis was determined by [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle was examined with flow cytometry, the protein level of PTEN was measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: (1)Simvastatin inhibited [³H]-TdR incorporation in a dose dependent manner. (2) Flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed that simvastatin induced significantly enhancement of G₀/G₁ phase and decrease in S phase VSMCs.(3)Simvastatin increased protein level of PTEN and mevalonate, a metabolite of HMG-COA, reversed the effect of simvastatin on PTEN protein expression. CONCLUSION:Simvastatin may inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and retarded cell cycle in G₀/G₁ phase by increasing PTEN expression through inhibiting synthesis of mevalonate.