浅谈政府性投资建设项目管理策略

随着中央和地方财政收入的不断增长,财政用于基本建设支出占整个财政支出的比例将会越来越大,要把财政性资金管好用好。使政府投资项目充分发挥其作用,就需从项目的立项、实施到项目的竣工决算进行全过程多环节的监督管理,充分发挥财政对基本建设项目价值管理的手段,努力提高基本建设项目的管理水平尤其是财务管理水平。     

Sustainable Management Principles of French Hydro-Agricultural Schemes

Everyone in France, whether user, manager, or local authority, is aware of the common heritage of water, which implies management of the assets in the general interest. This management engages the responsibilities of all the participants, and relies on the golden rules of public service – continuity, equity, transparency – to guarantee the required level of service at the least cost. Because of its enduring importance, water use cannot be regulated only on the basis of short-term market forces.Generally, the facilities belong to a public authority, either a Water User Association (with public status) or a Regional Development Agency concession awarded by the local authorities. These service-providers develop very long-term management strategies to ensure financial autonomy and sustainable quality of service. The efforts that have been made to ensure effective accounting mechanisms and to obtain objective data on the real condition of their systems have proved to be very effective in optimizing the management organisation, particularly in terms of maintenance, modernisation and renewal policy.     

Asset Management for Irrigation Systems – Addressing the Issue of Serviceability

This paper advocates the need for defining criteria for level of service provision for irrigation networks and outlines a proposed Irrigation Serviceability Matrix to be used in the preparation of asset management plans and investment strategies for irrigation infrastructure. The development of the Irrigation Serviceability Matrix is based on experienced gained in the UK by the privatised water industry where the level of service provision to customers has become a key determinant for investment in infrastructure. The paper describes the evolution of this process within the UK water industry and its application to the irrigation sector.     

基于资产管理方法的灌区资产综合评价体系研究

加强灌区建筑物管理是实现灌区可持续发展的有效途径。将商业财务领域中的资产管理方法引入到灌溉系统管理中来,根据其基本原理建立了灌区资产综合评价体系,通过层次分析法和熵值法确定指标权重,对灌区资产的运行状况、水力性能、重要度等类别的不同指标进行综合评价,其评价结果可以作为决策支持信息确定资产更新改造的优先性,制定中长期的投资策略。以湖北省漳河灌区四干渠和二干渠为例,对其干渠沿线资产(水闸、涵管、渡槽、桥梁、泵站等5类)进行评价和对比分析。评价结果与灌区实际运行、管理情况基本一致。     

Asset Management for Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure – Principles and Case Study

This paper presents the general principles and functions of asset management for irrigation and drainage infrastructure: Asset planning and creation strategies, operation and maintenance, performance monitoring, accounting and economics and audit and renewal analysis. The various elements of the program are conceptually defined and their application is illustrated with the asset management program (AMP) formulated for the La Khe Irrigation System in Vietnam. It also identifies the role of the AMP within the framework of service oriented management of irrigation and drainage services. An infrastructure and investment profile developed from the asset survey identified the investment requirement over the next 40 years. The analysis of cost of service and revenues shows a shortfall of US£17.00/ha/annum to meet the investment requirement over this period. The asset audit and renewal analysis shows the upgrades of the main system needed to improve the current level of service.     

农业装备运维与作业服务管理信息化技术研究进展

智能农业装备是信息化、自动化、智能化的综合体,其智能化水平主要表现在作业过程状态感知、数据分析、科学决策与自主控制等先进技术的应用。目前,我国农业装备在作业服务方面主要存在故障自动监测实用性差、维修服务资源配置失衡以及服务调度成本高等问题。本文以农业装备中典型机具——联合收获机为例,重点综述了国内外联合收获机运维服务管理相关典型技术的现状和特点,阐述和剖析了农业装备远程运维服务平台、作业数据监测、多机协同作业以及运维服务优化等方面的研究现状和发展动态。阐述了运维服务管理平台总体构架与技术进展;并分别阐述了作业工况、作业质量感知与车载终端管理等远程运维数据监测技术研究进展,路径规划、协同控制与任务分配等多机协同作业技术研究进展,故障诊断预测、维修策略与群体调度等运维服务优化技术研究进展;最后,结合实际应用场景,总结分析了农业装备运维服务管理技术所面临的挑战和机遇,提出了农业装备信息化管理技术的未来发展方向;并指出我国农业装备运维服务管理信息化技术未来研究方向。     

并行工程在车辆产品可靠性管理中的应用

提出了基于并行工程的车辆产品可靠性管理方法,使其系统地贯穿车辆产品的设计、试验、制造、检验、销售以及售后服务的全过程。重点分析在产品开发过程的各阶段应用基于并行工程的可靠性管理工作,并且将其应用于车架横梁断裂的失效原因分析、反馈和改进中。实例证明可以降低成本,缩短开发周期。     

A Farmer-Centered Analysis of Irrigation Management Transfer in Mexico

With the rewritten Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution and the National Water Law of 1992, Mexico embarked on an ambitious program of transferring the management of many irrigation systems to local user groups, primarily farmers. By 1996, 372 water user associations had been formed to control water delivery to 2.92 million hectares. During this time water prices increased by 45–180% and government O&M subsidies were eliminated. Limited economic analysis of stakeholder impact has been conducted of the irrigation management transfer (IMT) program. This research effort pilots a partial budget analytical framework for analyzing the social benefits and costs of IMT. Two irrigation modules near Culiacan, Sinaloa were selected as case studies. Results reveal that even with significantly higher water prices, water users have invested more in their systems than during the post-IMT period and consider their overall irrigation costs to be lower. Lower transaction costs in the pre-IMT period explain the majority of these cost savings. Efforts to quantify incremental benefits and costs associated with IMT at the module and district levels proved difficult given the unavailability of reliable, time series information.     

Asset management modelling framework for irrigation and drainage systems: Principles and case study application

Sustainability of irrigation and drainage infrastructure poses many challenges to many irrigation authorities worldwide due to a mismatch between the actual cost incurred in the provision of irrigation and drainage service and pricing of this service. This shortfall often leads to inadequate expenditure on maintenance in the absence of adequate subsidies from government or other sources.The asset management modelling framework (AMMF) presented in this paper enables the quantification of on-going ownership costs and operation costs. A life cycle cost (LCC) model for the evaluation of alternative irrigation and drainage asset management strategies is also presented. The AMMF is applied to the evaluation of asset ownership costs and LCC for alternative maintenance and interest rate scenarios in the Cu Chi irrigation system, Vietnam. The cost of three renewal strategies was evaluated: linear depreciation, full annuity and partial annuity. The cost ranges between US$ 28.00/ha and US$ 41.00/ha when interest rate varies between 9 and 3%. The average maintenance expenditure during recent years was estimated to be only US$ 1.30/ha which translates into 0.68% of the total asset replacement cost.The application of a simplified LCC model reveals that the least LCC varies with the level of maintenance and interest rate between US$ 353.5/ha for 5% maintenance expenditure and 12% interest rate to US$ 522.3/ha for 3% maintenance expenditure and 6% interest rate. The importance of exercising value judgements in applying the LCC model is also emphasised and discussed.     

Asset Management of Irrigation Infrastructure – The Approach of Goulburn-Murray Water, Australia

This paper presents a case study of Goulburn-Murray Water's approach to the development and implementation of its asset management program for irrigation infrastructure. The success and effectiveness of asset management is not a matter of technical aspects only, rather it depends on an integrated package of institutional, organisational, technical and financial aspects.     

农民专业合作社财务管理工作存在的问题及对策

农民专业合作社作为提高农民组织化程度、维护农民利益、增加农民收入的一种新的组织形式,要想发展壮大,必须重视财务管理。在阐述农民专业合作社财务管理工作重要性的基础上,详细分析当前合作社财务管理工作中存在的主要问题及可能造成的不良后果,并针对这些问题提出切实可行的对策。     

水电施工质量控制及管理模式分析

水利水电工程作为国家基础设施建设的重点项目,是经济社会发展的重要基础设施和基础产业,有效保证了人们日常生活的正常运行.文章详细分析了构建水利水电工程质量控制及管理模式的重要性,提出了符合我国国情和发展需要的质量控制及管理模式.保证水利水电工程的建设质量安全,促进国家经济的发展.     

基于平衡计分卡的农田水利设施管护绩效指标的设定与评价——以农民用水户协会为分析对象

管护机制逐渐成为影响农田水利设施持续应用的重要内容,不断提升设施管护绩效对推进农业现代化具有重要意义。凭借便捷性和时效性的特点,农民用水户协会在水利设施管护中的作用不断凸显,但其会员服务能力、管护组织能力还有待提高。以平衡计分卡为架构标准,从管护效能、会员服务、内部管理、学习与发展4个方面对农民用水户协会参与农田水利设施管护的绩效进行评价,有利于提升用水户协会的设施管护能力,促进协会自身的战略发展,以期对农村基础设施建设有所裨益。     

我国金融业实施混业经营的途径及其风险分析

20世纪80年代以来,在金融自由化浪潮的冲击之下,金融监管逐步放松,各种金融机构之间业务相互渗透,混业经营将成为21世纪金融业发展的必然趋势.加入WTO之后,为直面国际金融挑战,发展金融控股公司不失为我国金融业从分业经营向混业经营过渡的一个较好方案.     

Optimal management of molds in stored corn

Long term storage of corn is becoming more common due to the recent increase in the demand for corn by ethanol plants. Infection of maize kernels by toxigenic fungi remains a challenging storage problem despite decades of research. Experts in storage management propose the use of a combination of preventive and monitoring-based responsive strategies in response to mold risks. In this paper, a stochastic dynamic programming model is solved to determine the expected profitability and optimal combination, timing, and intensity of the proposed mold management strategies using farmers’ existing infrastructure. The results show that even with relatively high monitoring costs, maintaining high quality grain using a monitoring-based optimal mold management strategy costs less than the benefit it fetches. The current typical practice by Indiana farmers of aerating the grain until the end of December and doing nothing thereafter bears a high risk of economic losses if grain is to be stored until later during the summer. Generally, the optimal mold management strategy depends on monitoring the biophysical conditions of the grain and the time period under consideration. If the in-bin temperature is high and less than 5% of kernels are mold damaged, then aerating when the outside temperature is at least 3 °C less than the in-bin temperature and continuing to store the grain is the optimal strategy.     

食品企业资金运营管理存在的问题与对策

根据我国食品企业的生产、管理特点,深入分析食品企业在资金运营管理方面存在的主要问题．并提出有针对性的解决对策,以期为提高食品企业资金管理水平提供借鉴。     

Pricing of irrigation water under alternative charging methods: Possible shortcomings of a volumetric approach

The European water framework directive aims to protect the environmental quality of water and encourage its efficient use. EU member states are required to implement efficient water management systems and appropriate water-pricing methods. This paper examines the economic effects that may arise given the introduction of two different methods for pricing irrigation in the Mediterranean area. The considered pricing methods charge farmers for the costs incurred by water user associations (WUAs) in managing water distribution networks. The first method, based on the metered use of water by farms, is known as the volumetric pricing method. The second is an area-based pricing method, whereby fees are charged per hectare according to the estimated average water use for each crop. The economic effects and the impacts on the water usage of these two schemes are analyzed using a mathematical model that represents the farm sector in a Mediterranean area that relies on a dam for irrigation. The possible effects are analyzed under two scenarios: first, the methods are applied to the observed water-pricing conditions, second, an additional charge is introduced to recover unaccounted costs of the water supply system (e.g., long-term costs related to infrastructure, and the operational and maintenance costs of dams) in line with the water framework directive principle of cost recovery. The results show that the introduction of an additional charge via the volumetric pricing method could stimulate the substitution of water provided via collective networks with groundwater. This could adversely affect the financial situation of the WUA and have negative environmental consequences. This negative outcome does not arise in the case that an additional charge is applied via the area-based pricing method.     

Water user associations in Inner Mongolia: Factors that influence farmers to join

Irrigation districts in Inner Mongolia face problems that are familiar to irrigation areas around the world: shortage of water resources, poor management of water, inefficient use of water resources, and imbalance of financial revenues and expenditures. Water user associations have been promoted to address water supply problems and to encourage efficient water use. In this study, farmers from three distinct areas in Inner Mongolia were surveyed to determine their level of understanding of water user associations and the factors that affect their becoming members. A majority of respondents thought that water user associations were useful to safeguard farmers’ interests, to help reduce labour inputs and disputes about water, to reduce irrigation costs, and to promote efficient water use. The factors found to be most important were: (1) being a village cadre; (2) good state of health; (3) high degree of understanding about water user associations; (4) small percentage of the household in the labour force; (5) cropping income a high percentage of family income; (6) having had previous conflicts involving water use issues.     

Development and Application of Simplified Asset Management Procedures for Transferred Irrigation Systems

This paper describes the practice of assetmanagement and its application toirrigation system maintenance. It thenpresents the application of a simplifiedasset management procedure for transferredirrigation systems in Albania. In thisapplication, the procedure was introducedto assess, monitor, and regulate, overtime, the condition of government-ownedirrigation infrastructure; management,operation and maintenance of which has beentransferred to Water Users Associations andFederations of Water Users Associations. The paper describes the procedures used tocarry out asset surveys, and to process anduse the data collected. The procedureshave been found to be relevant andapplicable to the conditions experienced inAlbania and a valuable mechanism forfocussing the attention of Water UserAssociations and Federations of Water UsersAssociations on sustaining and enhancingthe condition of the irrigationinfrastructure.     

The Experience of Irrigation Management Transfer in Ghana: A Case Study of Dawhenya Irrigation Scheme

Government disengagement from day-to-daymanagement of irrigation infrastructure hasbecome a widespread strategy in Asia,Africa and Latin America. This paperexamines a case study of managementtransfer of a rice irrigation scheme inGhana. The criteria used relate toagricultural, financial and economicperformance and environmental sustainability.The study showed that whilstboth cropping intensity and cultivated areadecreased after transfer, the relativelyhigh yields were sustained. The averageproduction cost before transfer decreasedby about 7% from $827/ha to $774/haafter transfer. Most importantly, averagenet income increased by more than 100%from $260/ha to $549/ha after transfer.Very high financial self-sufficiency ratioscoupled with low running cost achieved bythe farmers' co-operative led to theconclusion that transfer has resulted inbetter performance so far.