中国苜蓿育成品种遗传多样性及亲缘关系研究

以苜蓿的种子贮藏蛋白的多态性为研究指标，对中国14个审定登记的苜蓿育成品种的遗传多样性及亲缘关系进行了研究。研究结果表明：蛋白单体的分子量介于21．2～85．1kD之间，蛋白单体电泳图谱多态性品种间无显著的特异性；在参试的14个育成品种中。品种内基因多样性平均值(Hs)为0.3136，总基因多样度(Hτ)为0．3741．基因分化系数(GST)为0．162；以λ=3.700为标准划分。14个育成品种划分为六个组群。各组群划分结果主要与参试品种的亲本来源有关，而与其种植地、育种地关系不大。     

苜蓿遗传多样性和亲缘关系的SSR和ISSR分析

在苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)基因组SSR和ISSR分析的基础上,筛选出8对SSR引物和12个ISSR随机引物,通过PCR扩增在55个国内外苜蓿品种(品系)中获得126条多态性位点.利用SSR和ISSR标记对其DNA指纹图谱和遗传多样性进行研究.采用类平均法(UPGMA)Nei氏距离进行聚类分析,将55个苜蓿种质划分为4个大类群和7个类型,为苜蓿引种、亲本选配和种质资源评价提供依据.分子标记分析结果表明:我国苜蓿地方品种遗传基础广阔,在基因型表现特异性的同时又有较强的地域性;我国苜蓿育成品种间的遗传距离大,表现出遗传基础的异质性.     

利用SSR、ISSR和RAPD技术构建苜蓿基因组DNA指纹图谱

在建立可靠的苜蓿基因组DNA提取分离和PCR扩增技术体系的基础上,筛选具有稳定多态性位点的RAPD、SSR和ISSR引物,建立苜蓿基因组DNA的SSR、ISSR和RAPD分子标记技术体系,并利用分子标记检测苜蓿品种(系)的DNA分子标记多态性,构建苜蓿品种的DNA指纹图谱.筛选出36个RAPD引物,8个SSR引物和12个ISSR随机引物,通过PCR扩增在55个国内外苜蓿品种(系)中获得了182个RAPD多态性位点和丰富的SSR和ISSR多态性位点,构建了55个苜蓿品种(系)的SSR、ISSR和RAPD指纹图谱.结果表明,不同苜蓿品种(系)的SSR多态性有较大差异;苜蓿品种ISSR指纹图谱多态性丰富,稳定性比RAPD强;可以通过2～3个引物鉴别我国主要苜蓿品种和引进品种,SSR和ISSR指纹图谱可以更好地用于苜蓿品种鉴定和遗传多样性分析.     

基于SSR标记的苜蓿种质资源遗传多样性与群体结构分析

种质资源遗传多样性和群体结构的分析是进行复杂性状关联分析的前提条件.从140对SSR引物中筛选到16对多态性引物,对82份苜蓿(Medicago spp.)材料进行遗传多样性与群体结构分析.结果表明;16对SSR引物共检测出190个等位变异,平均11.88个;多态性比率66.67％～100％,平均为83.05％;基因多样性为0.1447～0.3637,平均为0.2577;PIC为0.0079～0.9432,平均为0.5501.群体结构分析表明,当K=5时△K最大,即82份苜蓿材料可划分为5个类群,其中75.61％的种质遗传组分相对比较单一,24.39％的种质遗传背景比较复杂.苜蓿种质资源遗传多样性丰富,群体结构的划分与种质的来源不完全相关.     

利用RAPD分子标记研究苜蓿种质资源遗传多样性

利用RAPD分子标记对53份苜蓿Medicago sativa种质资源的遗传多样性进行分析,计算了35个RAPD分子标记的多态性比率和每份苜蓿种质资源的Shannon多样性指数和Nei指数,并通过计算53份苜蓿种质资源的遗传距离(CD),进行聚类分析,探讨它们之间的素缘关系.结果如下:1)35个RAPD标记扩增共得到306条带,其中多态性条带288条,多态位点比率为94.12%.说明这53份苜蓿种质资源具有较高遗传多样性.2)53份苜蓿种质资源的Shannon多样性指数和Nei指数变化规律一致.直立黄花苜蓿的Shannon多样性指数和Nei指数最低,说明其遗传多样性最小;公农1号的Shannon多样性指数和Nei指数最高,说明其遗传多样性最大.3)53份苜蓿种质资源间的遗传距离变异范围为0.136 3～0.661 0.以λCD=0.275为标准将53份苜蓿种质资源划分为7个组群,直立黄花苜蓿单独被划分成一个组群.     

苜蓿品种鉴定及其遗传多样性分析

为快速有效地鉴定苜蓿属（Medicago）在内蒙古地区种植较广泛的10个品种,为后续研究奠定基础。本试验利用SRAP（Sequence Related Amplified Polymorphism）标记初步建立了10个苜蓿品种的指纹图谱,并分析了其中3个苜蓿品种的遗传多样性。试验结果表明,SRAP标记FR12,FR14,FR16,FR18,FR21引物组合在10个苜蓿品种中的多态性较好;利用SRAP标记FR6和FR21组合、FR21和FR17组合,制作出2套指纹图谱,均可有效鉴定出10个苜蓿品种。通过对‘呼伦贝尔’黄花苜蓿、‘草原3号’杂花苜蓿、‘敖汉’苜蓿的遗传多样性进行分析,得到这3个苜蓿品种的平均Nei's遗传多样性指数H和平均Shannon's信息指数I变化规律均一致,且不同产地和利用年限的2份‘草原3号’杂花苜蓿材料的遗传多样性指数达到显著差异（P<0.05）;表明杂花苜蓿的遗传变异程度较大,多样性水平较高。本研究构建了2套苜蓿指纹图谱,有利于从分子水平鉴定不同苜蓿种质资源,同时苜蓿3个种的遗传多样性变异分析可为合理利用苜蓿种质资源和推广应用提供理论参考价值。     

基于EST-SSR及SRAP标记构建苦荬菜品种(系)DNA指纹图谱

苦荬菜是优良的一年生菊科青饲牧草,为构建苦荬菜品种(系)DNA指纹图谱,筛选出24对EST-SSR引物、32对SRAP引物组合构建指纹图谱。24对EST-SSR多态性引物对收集的14份苦荬菜品种(系)共扩增出270个清晰条带,多态性条带223个, PIC均值0.834,基因多样性指数变幅为0.2464~0.4288,Shannon指数变幅为0.3597~0.6148,可区分品种3~14个;32对SRAP引物检测到多态性条带367个,PIC均值0.826,基因多样性指数变幅为0.2006~0.3898,Shannon指数为0.3167~0.5716,可区分品种2~12个。7个引物在9个品种(系)上能扩增出特征谱带,综合各项遗传多样性指标筛选出IpSSR102、IpSSR80、IpSSR91、Me10+Em5、Me9+Em17,共5个核心引物的40个多态性条带构建苦荬菜品种(系)DNA指纹图谱,每个品种(系)都有一个特异分子身份指纹编码。     

国审苏丹草和高丹草品种SSR指纹图谱构建及遗传多样性分析

利用SSR分子标记技术,从108对引物中筛选出20对在国审10个苏丹草(Sorghum Sudanense)和7个高丹草(Sorghum bicolor×Sorghum sudanense)品种中进行了指纹图谱构建及遗传多样性分析。结果表明:20对引物在17个品种中共扩增出121条谱带,其中多态性条带有117条,多态性信息含量(PIC)平均为0.703;单对引物能将17个品种区分为2~14个类型,2~5对引物指纹图谱可以将17个品种区分开,可作为鉴别高丹草和苏丹草品种的分子依据;17个品种材料的平均Nei's基因多样性指数(H)为0.480,平均Shannon多样性信息指数(I)为0.820,品种间的相似系数介于0.58~0.96之间,可见,国审苏丹草和高丹草品种具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

沙打旺种质资源遗传多样性RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术对我国沙打旺育成品种，地方材料和野生材料的遗传多样进行研究。结果表明，沙打旺野生材料的多态性明显高于育品种和地方材料，在13份品种（材料）中，山西沁野生沙打旺基因多样性最大，山西五台山野生沙打旺多态位点比例最高，沙打旺生材料总基因多样性和平均基因多样性均大于育成品种和地方材料，其遗传变异幅度最大，而育成品种最小，沙打旺野生材料间遗传分化明显，其基因分化系数比育成品种和地方材料间大。     

紫花苜蓿根瘤菌分子分型和生物型划分研究

根据表型和共生效应,对种内根瘤菌划分生物型,为苜蓿与根瘤菌高效共生育种提供理论依据。以分离自甘肃省3个栽培区域5个苜蓿品种植株不同部位的根瘤菌株为材料,进行16SrRNA测序、多位点序列分型(Multilocus Sequence Typing,MLST)、表型数值分类和共生效应测定。结果表明,78株初筛菌经16SrRNA和MLST分析有20株属于Rhizobium radiobacter;表型特征数值分类将其聚为7个群。接种5个苜蓿品种,选择对共生效率贡献率最大的地上干重进行多重比较。当接种处理地上干重显著高于未接种处理CK时标记共生效应为A,与CK差异不显著时标记为B,显著低于CK时标记为C。以苜蓿品种为甘农3号、甘农9号、陇中、清水和WL168HQ的顺序,将各菌株共生效应结合,形成6种共生模式。结合表型和共生模式,20株R.radiobacter被划分为14种生物型,WL168HQ、甘农3号和陇中苜蓿品种内生物型多样性丰富,甘农9号和清水苜蓿品种内生物型单一。综上所述,根据表型特征和共生模型可以进行种内根瘤菌株的生物型划分,苜蓿品种内根瘤菌生物型多样性丰富。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.