Acidity and sweetness in apple and pear

Summary Sweetness and acidity in apple and pear inherit independently and can be organoleptically evaluated separately, but less accurately in pear than in apple. For breeding purposes an analysis of fruits for acidity and sweetness with pH indicator paper and a hand refractometer is to be prefered to the organoleptic method.In apple, the acidity-decreasing with time-of the unripe fruit was already strongly indicative of that of the eating-ripe fruit; sugar-increasing with time-not before the fruit was picking ripe. Sugar content in apple and pear, and the pH in pear, appeared to be normally distributed; the pH in apple showed a segregation into an acid and a low-acid group, which occurred in both the unripe and ripe stage. The segregation ratio between these groups was found to be highly variable. On the whole, the mean acidity and sugar content of apple and pear progenies is significantly determined by that of the parents. Most of the observations made did not support the theory that low acidity in apple is determined by one recessive gene. The relationship between the pH of leaf juice and fruit juice in apple may offer a possibility for pre-selection.     

水稻高产节水灌溉技术及其生理生态效应

水稻是我国最大的粮食作物,也是农业上第一用水大户。随着人口的增长、城镇和工业的发展、人民生活水平的提高和全球气候的变化,一方面需要不断增加单位面积产量和产品质量以满足人口增长和人民生活水平日益提高的需求,另一方面需要应对水资源日益短缺的严重问题。因此,研究水稻高产优质节水灌溉技术,对于保障我国粮食安全、提高人们的生活质量和节约水资源,均有十分重要的意义。本文介绍了水稻高产节水灌溉技术,分析了这些技术的生理生态效应,对当前和今后一段时间内水稻节水灌溉的研究提出了建议。     

On Fengshui and Rockery and Water Layout

Definition of Fengshui and the theories of selecting mountain and water environment in Fengshui were elaborated. Theories about mountain-water relationship were expounded from the perspective of piling of rockeries and layout of water, a residential area in Hefei City, Beijing Olympics Park, Hangzhou Prince Bay Park, mineral pit of Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden, Beijing Beihai Park, Shanghai Changfeng Park were taken for example to demonstrate the influence of traditional rockery and mountain layout in Fengshui on modern landscape design.     

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and residues of oil and protein crops

Oil and protein crops are of growing importance in cropping systems. This study was carried out to compare oil crops of linseed, rapeseed, sunflower and protein crops of faba bean and white lupin for grain production, residual plant dry matter and nitrogen. Two field experiments with either oil or protein crops were conducted in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Total dry matter production, grain yield, residues, N concentrations and mineral N in the soil were measured. Dry matter production and distribution as well as N uptake and residues varied greatly among species and between years. In 1993, oil crops gave up to 3 t ha⁻¹ grain and 16 t ha⁻¹ residues with sunflower, while in 1994 up to 5 and 11 t ha⁻¹, respectively, were recorded with winter rape. Protein crops showed an opposite reaction in years. Nitrogen uptake and residual N amounts were correlated with dry matter production. Plant residues of oil crops contained 20–140 kg N ha⁻¹; those of protein crops up to 80 kg N ha⁻¹. Despite the variation of residual plant N the variability of mineral N in the soil at harvest was hardly influenced by crops and amounted to only 20–50 kg NO⁻₃-N ha⁻¹.     

Approaches and Applications of Chemomics and Chemoinformatics

Some novel concepts of chemomics/molomics are proposed including hydrocarbomics, alcophenomics, carboxomics, pepitomics, metabonomics, etc. like genomics, protomics and glycomics in bioomics. Some examples are given to demonstrate the chemomics and/or molomics methodology and technology based chemoinformatics and bioinformatics and their wide applications in Chemistry and Biology.     

乙烯的生物合成与信号及其对种子萌发和休眠的调控

种子萌发是一种关键的生态和农业性状,由调控种子休眠状态和萌发潜势的内在和外部信息所决定,在植物随后的生长发育和产量中起着极其重要的作用。休眠是指种子在合适的条件下暂时不能萌发。乙烯是一种简单的具有多种功能的气体植物激素,在分子、细胞和整体植物水平调节植物的代谢。在适宜和逆境条件下,乙烯通过与其他信号分子的相互作用影响植物的行为。本文主要综述乙烯的生物合成与信号、乙烯在种子萌发和休眠释放中的作用以及乙烯与植物激素脱落酸和赤霉素的相互作用;并提出了需要进一步研究的科学问题,试图为解释乙烯调控种子萌发与休眠的分子机制提供新的研究思想。     

Grain yield, and dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in durum wheat as affected by variety and seeding rate

The influence of crop density on the remobilization of dry matter and nitrogen from vegetative plant parts to the developing grain, was investigated in the durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) varieties Creso, Simeto and Svevo cultivated in the field at three seeding rates, 200, 250 and 400 seeds m⁻². Variety × seeding rate interaction was unsignificant for all recorded characters. Grain yield declined in the order Svevo > Simeto > Creso. Yield differences mainly depended on the different number of kernels per unit land and, secondly, on mean kernel weight. Spike components differed among varieties: Svevo and Simeto showed more kernels per spikelet and Creso more spikelets per spike. Grain yield was highest with 400 seeds m⁻² primarily due to the higher number of spikes per unit area, and secondly, to the higher mean kernel weight. Post-heading dry matter accumulation was highest in Svevo and lowest in Creso, but varieties showed a reverse order for dry matter remobilization and contribution of dry matter remobilization to grain yield. The increase of seeding rate increased both the post-heading dry matter accumulation and the dry matter remobilization from vegetative plant parts to grain. Nitrogen uptake of the whole crop and N content of grain was higher in Simeto and Svevo than in Creso. The N concentration of grain did not vary among varieties, but Svevo showed a markedly lower N concentration and N content of culms at maturity, which may be consequence of the high N remobilization efficiency performed by this variety. The N uptake by the crop was highest with 400 seeds m⁻², but the N concentration of culms, leaves and even grain was slightly lower than with the lower seed rates. The post-heading N accumulation was by far higher in Simeto and Svevo than in Creso, whereas remobilization was highest in Svevo and lowest in Simeto. The percentage contribution of N remobilization to grain N was by far higher in Creso than in the other two varieties. Post-heading N accumulation and N remobilization were highest with the highest plant density, but the contribution of N remobilization to N grain content did not differ between seeding rates.     

农药化肥污染与食品安全

农药、化肥等化学物质的不合理使用,带来了农副产品有害物质残留量超标、质量下降和环境污染等问题。采用随机抽样的方法,对农户使用农药和化肥的情况进行了调查,找出了农民在农药和化肥使用中存在的问题。由于农药、化肥的不合理使用,导致农产品安全问题十分突出,提出了让农民生产安全食品的措施与建议。     

中国与肯尼亚农业科技交流合作研究及启示

从1963年至今,中国与肯尼亚农业科技交流合作经历了从单向无偿援助向互利合作方式的转变,并通过政府高层往来、中非农业合作论坛、农业投资及研讨会、互派专家和留学生、高校与科研机构支持等途径,以农业科技合作示范与种质资源利用、中国农业高新科技在肯尼亚推广应用、短期技术研修与培训班开设、学历农业人才培养等内容方式,在中国优良农作物引种推广、栽培管理技术体系输出、科学合作研究、农业科技人才培养、生物多样性保护、扩大农产品市场等方面取得了不少成就,但仍然面临前期调研不够、途径内容不多、成效比较有限、投资不足等挑战以及语言、文化和历史等问题,需要从制定长期规划、建立高层次协调机制、加强基础调查研究、拓展途径与内容、加大投资力度、完善财税政支持体系、继续重视人才培养、坚持绿色合作与可持续发展等方面综合应对。     

Agriculture and conservation - ecological and social aspects

The technological features and the economic and political repercussions are discussed of an agricultural system which would meet strict conservation requirements in central Europe, should they exist. First, the rate and number of species losses are discussed with special reference to vascular plants. A classification of endangered species according to the ecosystems to which they belong shows clearly that, among other activities, agriculture today contributes substantially to species reduction, mainly by levelling environments towards moderately moist and strongly eutrophic conditions, thereby destroying environmental variety, and by causing permanent stress from low-level toxicity. Traditional agriculture, on the contrary, largely enhanced species variety. Since a return to pre-industrial modes of agriculture seems impossible, it is suggested that the countryside be divided systematically into areas of high productivity, and others where traditional methods of land use are continued. According to present knowledge, high agricultural productivity does not itself seem to be ecologically deleterious if proper methods are used, nor should conserving the pre-industrial countryside pose any fundamental technical problems. Difficulties arise, however, in effectively separating the two areas from each other, as many factors responsible for species reduction are difficult to localize. Three possibilities for protecting ecologically valuable regions against these factors are discussed: abolishing the use of pesticides etc. altogether; improved methods of crop spraying to prevent spray falling onto adjacent areas; and adaptation to unavoidable spray scattering by spatial structuring, i.e., installing buffer areas between productive and protected zones. None of the three measures could be used exclusively, but, rather, a combination of them is required. With regard to the political and economic consequences of such a system, three indispensable prerequisites are identified: an adequate system of value judgements in society; sufficient economic flexibility to allow changes; and proper means of coordination, i.e., economic planning.It is maintained that economic inflexibility is the main obstacle to an ecologically sound agriculture, whereas planning requirements, though incompatible with market principles in theory, could in practice be absorbed by the political system in the long run. The main obstacles seem to lie, not in genuine structural principles of capitalism, but rather in complicated historical circumtances. It is concluded, therefore, that gradual improvements on a local scale are possible and should be encouraged.     

固定化菌株在土壤中的繁殖释放及性能分析

不同条件下固定化菌株在土壤中的释放情况存在差异,本实验测定固定化枯草芽孢杆菌在不同条件下土壤中的释放及其降解特性。通过设定不同温度、水分、pH值测定固定化枯草芽孢杆菌在灭菌土壤中的释放情况,并分别用碱扩散法、碳酸氢钠抽提-钼锑抗比色法、乙酸铵抽提-火焰光度计法测定菌株的固氮、解磷、解钾性能。结果表明：固定化菌株在温度35℃和40℃、水分为50ml/100g、pH5-8时均能大量繁殖释放,固定化后在不同温度和水分条件下不影响其降解特性。该研究结果为固定化菌株在农业复合微生物肥料上的应用提供理论基础。     

水丰湖流域沉积物、底质营养物及重金属含量调查与评价

为评价水丰湖流域沉积物与底质中富营养化和重金属累积的环境风险,于2014年5月（平水期）、8月（丰水期）和11月（冰封期）在水丰湖流域9个采样点中采集沉积物和底质样本,分析沉积物和底质中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机质、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)、砷(As)的含量,应用水体底质有机污染评价标准和Hakanson潜在生态风险评价方法对水丰湖富营养化程度和重金属的污染水平进行评估。结果显示,水丰湖流域沉积物和底质的TN含量分别为0.172%和0.167%,大部分点位（17/27和16/27）处于丰富状态,TP的含量分别为0.192%和0.174%,总体（25/27和20/27）处于丰富状态。沉积物、底质的有机质含量平均值分别为29.85、27.87 g/kg,均为较低程度。重金属方面,Hg和Cu的污染较为严重,大部分采样点(7/9)为中等程度污染,且有较高程度的潜在风险。综上,水丰湖流域的沉积物和底质的营养含量较为丰富,个别重金属(Cu、Hg)含量超标,尚未发生重大污染,但需要加强营养物质和重金属累积的管控。     

果蔬气调贮藏保鲜技术及设备

详细介绍了气调贮藏对果蔬延缓新陈代谢,保持新鲜度,延长贮藏期和销售货架期的功能,并对气调库库体结构进行了分析说明;同时,又对气调系统各个子系统功能进行了详实介绍.     

Effect of Sowing Date and Cutting Stage on Yield and Quality of Irrigated Barley and Triticale Used for Forage and Grain

The influence of cutting stage on forage and grain yield and quality has been studied in three barley and one triticale varieties, using two sowing dates in each of two sites. When cut at the first detectable node stage (C.31), forage yield was almost double the yield at the pseudo-stem erect stage (C.30). Barley yielded more forage than triticale at both cutting stages. Both species had similar forage protein content, but forage fibre content was greater in barley than in triticale. Cutting at stage 30 reduced grain yield by about 11 % and at stage 31 by nearly 35 %. Barley and triticale had similar grain yield. Grain protein content was not affected by forage removal, but was significantly greater in triticale than in barley. The later the stage of cutting, the greater was the delay in heading date. Triticale was more responsive to environmental conditions than barley.     

2014年我国大蒜产贮销情况及2015年展望和营销对策

回顾2014年我国大蒜的产贮销状况,分析大蒜价格的影响因素和2015年大蒜产业面临的机遇与挑战,并提出相应的经营对策,旨在为我国大蒜产业的健康持续发展提供有益的参考。     

不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对土壤养分及小麦产量和品质的影响

为探寻稻麦两熟区高产优质高效的耕作方式和秸秆还田组合,从2001年开始,在长江中下游稻麦两熟区进行田间连续定位试验。设置稻麦双季免耕与秸秆还田（NTS）、麦季免耕与秸秆减量还田（RNT）、稻季免耕与秸秆减量还田（RCT）、稻麦双季翻耕与秸秆还田（CTS）、稻麦双季少耕与秸秆减量还田（MTS）以及稻麦双季翻耕无秸秆还田（CT,对照）6个处理。分析了不同耕作方式与秸秆还田组合下2009-2018年土壤有机质与全氮含量的变化,进一步明确其对小麦产量与品质的影响。结果表明,连续秸秆还田显著提高耕层土壤养分含量,其中MTS处理下土壤有机质与全氮含量较对照分别增加了29.64%和19.76%,具有明显的养分积累效果;但连续免耕不利于小麦产量的提高,RNT和RCT处理小麦产量较高,分别比NTS处理增加了16.33%和10.34%;同时RNT处理小麦的加工品质及面条质量也有提高趋势。因此,麦季免耕与秸秆还田结合的耕作模式有利于提高中弱筋小麦的产量和品质,可作为该地区发展优质高产高效小麦优先选择的耕作技术组合。     

山西运城小麦和玉米苗期地下害虫调查与防控技术研究

为了解山西运城地下害虫对主要粮食作物小麦和玉米的危害并有效控制,调查了2011年山西南部运城市小麦和玉米的地下害虫发生情况,同时研究植物源农药苦参碱及常用的化学制剂吡虫啉和氟虫腈3种药剂拌种对小麦和玉米种子的出苗率、被害株率、防虫效果以及保苗效果的影响进行统计分析,并对拌种后幼苗的株高、根长及相关的抗氧化酶SOD、POD活性及膜脂过氧化产物MDA进行测定。结果表明,小麦和玉米的苗期地下害虫主要有金针虫、地老虎和蛴螬3种,为害程度因地块变化较为明显;苦参碱对小麦和玉米的种子萌发有一定促进作用,但效果不显著,而对地下害虫的防效和保苗效果相对低于吡虫啉和氟虫腈;幼苗的抗氧化酶SOD和POD活性相对提高,抗性增强,且植物源农药对环境友好,可以在农业中推广。     

花铃期棉田速效养分时空变异特征及对棉花产量品质的影响

试验于2004年在河南安阳(黄河流域黄淮棉区)和江苏南京(长江流域下游棉区)大田进行。氮素设0、120、240、360和480 kg hm^-2(分别用N0、N1、N2、N3、N4表示) 5个水平, 磷、钾施用量分别为185 kg hm^-2和118 kg hm^-2, 研究花铃期棉田土壤速效养分时间、空间变异特征及对棉花产量品质的影响。结果表明, 随着生育进程, 两试点N0处理0~60 cm土壤各层碱解氮呈先降低后升高的趋势, 其他4个处理先呈现下降趋势, 棉田追肥后, 含量明显增加, 之后明显降低, 吐絮后又开始回升; 两试点速效磷、速效钾含量均表现为先降低后升高的趋势。0~60 cm土壤各层速效养分含量随深度的增加呈下降的趋势。相同土层碱解氮、速效磷含量随距棉株水平距离的增加, 南京N1、N2、N3、N4处理呈下降趋势, N0处理水平变异特征不明显; 南京碱解氮含量时空变异较安阳显著, 安阳速效磷含量时空变异较南京显著。南京0~60 cm、安阳20~60 cm土层速效钾含量表现为随距棉株水平距离的增加均呈下降趋势, 而安阳0~20 cm呈现相反趋势。安阳、南京分别以360 kg hm^-2和240 kg hm^-2施氮水平棉花产量构成相对合理、皮棉产量最高、纤维长度和比强度较优。因此, 不同生态区应根据花铃期棉田速效养分时空变异特征, 确定适宜施肥量, 提高棉花产量品质。     

Energy Conservation and Energy Using and Recycling Energy

With science and technology developing, the need of energy increases in our lives and industries. Normal energy is lacking in our country, and the average is half of the average of the world. The conflicting between supplying and needing is apparent. So it seems that the energy may be gone. It is necessary that development of recycling energy is considered. The new energy and recycling energy will be the main energy in the future.     

玉米产量和品质与生态环境的关系

玉米籽粒产量和品质决定于基因型和环境因素。本文通过山东、新疆异地互换品种和播期试验，系统比较了两生态区玉米产量和品质的差异，并分析了差异的原因。结果表明，新疆地区的玉米籽粒产量、干物质积累和蛋白质含量均高于山东。其原因主要是花后(开花到成熟这一段时间，下同)光照、花后日均光照和积温的不同。气温日较差是